Thrombosis causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]

Overview

Thrombosis is caused by abnormalities in one or more of the following (Virchow's triad): the composition of the blood (hypercoagulability or thrombophilia), quality of the vessel wall (endothelial cell injury), and/or nature of the blood flow (stasis, turbulence).

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Atherosclerosis

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Antithrombin III deficiency, aortic dissection, arteritis, atheroma, atherosclerosis, atrial fibrillation, atrioventricular septal defect, cholesterol embolization, congestive heart failure, coronary artery thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis, defibrination syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, Eisenmenger syndrome, elevated lipoprotein a, hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, Kawasaki disease, left ventricular failure, mesenteric venous thrombosis, obesity, Paget-Schroetter disease, pelvic vein thrombosis, peripheral vascular disease, plasminogen deficiency type I, plasminogen deficiency type II, postphlebitic syndrome, presence of a central venous catheter, stent, stroke, subclavian vein thrombosis, superficial thrombophlebitis, superior vena cava syndrome, vasculitis
Chemical/Poisoning	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	Behcet's disease, Klippel Trenaunay syndrome, vasculitis
Drug Side Effect	Aflibercept, Asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi, asparaginase, chemotherapy, coagulation factor IX, coagulation factor XIII A-subunit, conestat alfa, desmopressin, elspar, eltrombopag, estramustine, estrogen replacement therapy, ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol, femara, glucocorticoids, hormone replacement therapy, iodixanol, lenalidomide, letrozole, leunase, meclofenamate, oral contraceptives, pegaspargase, rapamune, romiplostim,sirolimus, tamoxifen, thalidomide, tromethamine
Ear Nose Throat	Mastoiditis, superior vena cava syndrome
Endocrine	Diabetes mellitus, obesity
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Budd-Chiari syndrome, chronic pancreatitis, hemorrhoids, hepatic vein thrombosis, inflammatory bowel disease, liver cirrhosis, liver disease, mucormycosis, obesity, pancreatic cancer, zygomycosis
Genetic	Ales dysfibrinogenemia, elevated plasma fibronectin levels, factor V Leiden mutation, Marchiafava-Micheli disease, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Hematologic	Ales dysfibrinogenemia, antiphospholipid syndrome, antithrombin III deficiency, cavernous sinus thrombosis, decreased heparin cofactor II, decreased thrombomodulin, decreased tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), decreased tissue plasminogen activator deficiency, deep vein thrombosis, defibrination syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, dysfibrinogenemia, elevated fibrinogen, elevated plasma fibronectin levels, elevated thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), essential thrombocythemia, factor XII deficiency, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, hypercoagulability syndrome, hyperviscosity syndrome, increased factor IX, increased factor VII, increased factor VIII, increased factor XI, increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), Klippel Trenaunay syndrome, leukostasis syndrome, Marchiafava-Micheli disease, multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, Osler-Vaquez disease, Paget-Schroetter disease, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, pelvic vein thrombosis, plasminogen deficiency type I, plasminogen deficiency type II, polycythemia vera, polycythemia, postphlebitic syndrome, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency, prothrombin gene mutation, sickle cell disease, sticky platelet syndrome, superior vena cava syndrome, thrombophilia, thrombotic microangiopathy, Von Willebrand factor, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, Wiesbaden dysfibrinogenemia
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Mastoiditis, meningococcal meningitis, mucormycosis, nipah virus encephalitis, sepsis, zygomycosis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	Arthroscopy, fracture, hip surgery, immobility, knee surgery, Maffucci syndrome, orthopedic surgery
Neurologic	Antiphospholipid syndrome, cavernous sinus thrombosis, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, meningococcal meningitis, nipah virus encephalitis, stroke, thoracic inlet syndrome, thoracic outlet syndrome
Nutritional/Metabolic	Elevated lipoprotein a, glycosylphosphatidylinositol deficiency, homocystinemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, obesity
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Abruptio placentae, antiphospholipid syndrome, eclampsia, leiomyoma, pre-eclampsia, pregnancy
Oncologic	Cancer, leukemia, Maffucci syndrome, malignancy, multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, Osler-Vaquez disease, pancreatic cancer, paraneoplastic syndrome, polycythemia vera, superior vena cava syndrome, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
Ophthalmologic	Retinal artery thrombosis, retinal vein thrombosis
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte	Acute kidney injury, chronic renal disease, nephrotic syndrome, renal vein thrombosis
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Antiphospholipid syndrome, Behcet's disease, elevated interleukin 8, Klippel Trenaunay syndrome, polyarteritis nodosa, vasculitis
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Trauma
Urologic	Fournier gangrene
Miscellaneous	General surgery, high altitude, radiation, smoking, varicose veins

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

↑ Kuipers S, Cannegieter SC, Middeldorp S, Robyn L, Büller HR, Rosendaal FR (2007). "The absolute risk of venous thrombosis after air travel: a cohort study of 8,755 employees of international organisations". PLoS Med. 4 (9): e290. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040290. PMC 1989755. PMID 17896862.
↑ Mammen EF (1999). "Sticky platelet syndrome". Semin Thromb Hemost. 25 (4): 361–5. doi:10.1055/s-2007-994939. PMID 10548069.

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[pmid17896862-1] Kuipers S, Cannegieter SC, Middeldorp S, Robyn L, Büller HR, Rosendaal FR (2007). "The absolute risk of venous thrombosis after air travel: a cohort study of 8,755 employees of international organisations". PLoS Med. 4 (9): e290. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040290. PMC 1989755. PMID 17896862.

[pmid10548069-2] Mammen EF (1999). "Sticky platelet syndrome". Semin Thromb Hemost. 25 (4): 361–5. doi:10.1055/s-2007-994939. PMID 10548069.

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