Viral gastroenteritis overview
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Gastroenteritis is the inflammation of the stomach and the small and large intestines. Viral gastroenteritis is an infection caused by a variety of viruses that results in vomiting or diarrhea. It is often called the "stomach flu," although it is not caused by the influenza viruses.
Causes
Many different viruses can cause gastroenteritis, including rotaviruses, noroviruses, adenovirus type 40 or 41, sapoviruses, and astroviruses. Viral gastroenteritis is not caused by bacteria (such as Salmonella or Escherichia coli) or parasites (such as Giardia), or by medications or other medical conditions, although the symptoms may be similar.
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Rotavirus infection can be diagnosed by laboratory testing of a stool specimen. Tests to detect other viruses that cause gastroenteritis are not in routine use, but the viral gastroenteritis unit at the CDC can assist with special analysis upon request.
Treatment
Medical Therapy
The most important aspect of treating viral gastroenteritis in children and adults is to prevent dehydration. This treatment should begin at home. A physician may give specific instructions about what kinds of fluid to give. CDC recommends that families with infants and young children keep a supply of oral rehydration solution (ORS) at home at all times and use the solution when diarrhea first occurs in the child. Medications, including antibiotics (which have no effect on viruses) and other treatments, should be avoided unless specifically recommended by a physician.
Diagnosis
Primary Prevention
Currently, there is a licensed rotavirus vaccine available that protects against severe diarrhea from rotavirus infection in infants and young children. Studies into a norovirus vaccine are underway.
Persons can reduce their chance of getting infected by frequent handwashing, prompt disinfection of contaminated surfaces with household chlorine bleach-based cleaners, and prompt washing of soiled articles of clothing. If food or water is thought to be contaminated, it should be avoided.