Avian influenza natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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{{Avian influenza}} | {{Avian influenza}}'''For more information about seasonal human influenza virus that is not associated with animal exposure, see [[Influenza]]'''<br><br> | ||
{{CMG}} | {{CMG}} | ||
== Overview == | |||
Following exposure to the [[avian influenza virus]], an incubation period of 2 to 3 days for [[H5N1]] and 2 to 8 days for H7N9 delays the onset of symptoms. The majority of patients present with with a high grade [[fever]], [[cough]], [[headache]], [[sore throat]], [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]], and [[abdominal pain]]. Approximately 50% of patients with avian influenza develop severe complications such as [[acute respiratory distress syndrome]], [[renal failure]], [[sepsis]], and [[multiple organ dysfunction syndrome]]. Of the reported cases, about 60% of patients have died, particularly those who develop early complications. Patients without complicated disease usually recover within 3 to 5 days with no sequelae. | |||
== Natural History == | |||
* Following initial exposure to the [[virus]], the usual incubation period for the [[H5N1]] avian influenza is approximately 2 to 3 days, but possibly as long as 17 days in some individuals. For the H7N9 avian influenza, the [[incubation period]] ranges from 2 to 8 days, with an average of 5 days.<ref name=":0">Avian Influenza Factsheet. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian_influenza/en/ Accessed on April 22, 2015</ref> | |||
* The majority of patients present with a high grade [[fever]], [[cough]], [[headache]], [[sore throat]], [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]], [[abdominal pain]]. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Yuen KY, Chan PK, Peiris M, et al. Clinical features and rapid viral diagnosis of human disease associated with avian influenza A H5N1 virus. Lancet. 1998;351(9101):467-71. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9482437 PMID: 9482437]</ref> | |||
* The illness is has an very aggressive clinical course, often with rapid deterioration.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
* Most patients develop significant [[lower respiratory tract]] involvement, with aggressive [[viral pneumonia]], [[pleural effusion]]<nowiki/>s, and [[ARDS]].<ref name=":1" /> | |||
* The rate of complications is very high with approximately 50% of patients suffering from life-threatening complications.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
==Complications== | ==Complications== | ||
Approximately 50% of patients with avian influenza develop one or more of the following complications:<ref name=":1" /> | |||
* [[Pneumonia]] | |||
* Acute pulmonary hemorrhage | |||
* [[Pleural effusion]] | |||
* [[Acute respiratory distress syndrome]] | * [[Acute respiratory distress syndrome]] | ||
* [[ | * [[Acute renal failure]] | ||
* [[ | * [[Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome]] | ||
* [[Sepsis]] | * [[Sepsis]] / [[Septic shock]] | ||
* [[Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy]] | |||
* [[Reye's syndrome]] | |||
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
Of the human cases associated with the | Of the human cases associated with the [[H5N1]] outbreaks in [[poultry]] and wild birds in Asia and parts of Europe, the Near East, and Africa, about 60% of people reported to be [[infected]] with the virus have died. Most cases have occurred in previously healthy children and young adults.<ref name=":2">Key Facts About Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) and Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avian/gen-info/facts.htm Accessed on April 22, 2015 | ||
</ref> Patients with early complications are at a much higher risk of death, often from [[multiple organ dysfunction syndrome]].<ref name=":1" /> Patients with no complications usually recover within 3 to 5 days with no [[sequelae]].<ref name=":2" /> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Pandemics]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Influenza]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Infectious diseases]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Medicine]] | ||
[[Category:Virology]] | |||
[[Category: | |||
[[Category:Microbiology]] | [[Category:Microbiology]] | ||
[[Category:Pulmonology]] | [[Category:Pulmonology]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Occupational safety and health]] | ||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | <references />{{WS}} | ||
Latest revision as of 20:22, 23 April 2015
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For more information about seasonal human influenza virus that is not associated with animal exposure, see Influenza
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Following exposure to the avian influenza virus, an incubation period of 2 to 3 days for H5N1 and 2 to 8 days for H7N9 delays the onset of symptoms. The majority of patients present with with a high grade fever, cough, headache, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Approximately 50% of patients with avian influenza develop severe complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, renal failure, sepsis, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Of the reported cases, about 60% of patients have died, particularly those who develop early complications. Patients without complicated disease usually recover within 3 to 5 days with no sequelae.
Natural History
- Following initial exposure to the virus, the usual incubation period for the H5N1 avian influenza is approximately 2 to 3 days, but possibly as long as 17 days in some individuals. For the H7N9 avian influenza, the incubation period ranges from 2 to 8 days, with an average of 5 days.[1]
- The majority of patients present with a high grade fever, cough, headache, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain. [1][2]
- The illness is has an very aggressive clinical course, often with rapid deterioration.[2]
- Most patients develop significant lower respiratory tract involvement, with aggressive viral pneumonia, pleural effusions, and ARDS.[2]
- The rate of complications is very high with approximately 50% of patients suffering from life-threatening complications.[2]
Complications
Approximately 50% of patients with avian influenza develop one or more of the following complications:[2]
- Pneumonia
- Acute pulmonary hemorrhage
- Pleural effusion
- Acute respiratory distress syndrome
- Acute renal failure
- Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
- Sepsis / Septic shock
- Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
- Reye's syndrome
Prognosis
Of the human cases associated with the H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Asia and parts of Europe, the Near East, and Africa, about 60% of people reported to be infected with the virus have died. Most cases have occurred in previously healthy children and young adults.[3] Patients with early complications are at a much higher risk of death, often from multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.[2] Patients with no complications usually recover within 3 to 5 days with no sequelae.[3]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Avian Influenza Factsheet. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian_influenza/en/ Accessed on April 22, 2015
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Yuen KY, Chan PK, Peiris M, et al. Clinical features and rapid viral diagnosis of human disease associated with avian influenza A H5N1 virus. Lancet. 1998;351(9101):467-71. PMID: 9482437
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Key Facts About Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) and Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avian/gen-info/facts.htm Accessed on April 22, 2015