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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
[[Category:Inflammations]]
{{Lymphangitis}}
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{VD}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{VD}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Lymphangitis being a manifestation of wide concurrently occurring spectrum of manifestations or pathologies. Natural history, complications and prognosis varies from etiology to etiology.
Lymphangitis being a manifestation of wide concurrently occurring spectrum of manifestations or pathologies. [[Natural history of disease|Natural history]], [[complications]] and [[prognosis]] varies from etiology to etiology.


==Natural History==
==Natural History==
Lymphangitis being a manifestation of wide concurrently occurring spectrum of manifestations or pathologies. Natural history, complications and prognosis varies from etiology to etiology. In general the
Lymphangitis being a manifestation of wide concurrently occurring spectrum of manifestations or pathologies. Natural history, complications and prognosis varies from etiology to etiology. In general, the natural history of lymphangitis based on the classification follows:<ref name="harrison">lymphanitis "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on October 12,2016</ref><ref name="pmid27271418">{{cite journal| author=Füeßl HS| title=[Emergency checklist: Acute lymphangitis]. | journal=MMW Fortschr Med | year= 2016 | volume= 158 | issue= 11 | pages= 65 | pmid=27271418 | doi=10.1007/s15006-016-8384-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27271418  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8480962">{{cite journal| author=Kostman JR, DiNubile MJ| title=Nodular lymphangitis: a distinctive but often unrecognized syndrome. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1993 | volume= 118 | issue= 11 | pages= 883-8 | pmid=8480962 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8480962  }}</ref><ref name="pmid18317034">{{cite journal| author=Schubach A, Barros MB, Wanke B| title=Epidemic sporotrichosis. | journal=Curr Opin Infect Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 21 | issue= 2 | pages= 129-33 | pmid=18317034 | doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f44c52 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18317034  }}</ref><ref name="pmid27051706">{{cite journal| author=Chung E, Pulitzer MP, Papadopoulos EB, Papanicolaou GA, Babady NE, Marchetti MA| title=Lymphangitic papules caused by Nocardia takedensis. | journal=JAAD Case Rep | year= 2015 | volume= 1 | issue= 3 | pages= 126-8 | pmid=27051706 | doi=10.1016/j.jdcr.2015.03.001 | pmc=4808715 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27051706  }}</ref><ref name="pmid11472559">{{cite journal| author=Taylor MJ, Cross HF, Ford L, Makunde WH, Prasad GB, Bilo K| title=Wolbachia bacteria in filarial immunity and disease. | journal=Parasite Immunol | year= 2001 | volume= 23 | issue= 7 | pages= 401-9 | pmid=11472559 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11472559  }}</ref><ref name="pmid20739055">{{cite journal| author=Taylor MJ, Hoerauf A, Bockarie M| title=Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. | journal=Lancet | year= 2010 | volume= 376 | issue= 9747 | pages= 1175-85 | pmid=20739055 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60586-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20739055  }}</ref>


===Lymphangitis due to infectious etiology===
===Lymphangitis due to infectious etiology===
Natural history of lymphangitis due to infectious etiology varies widely from organism to organism, but in general, if left untreated or  body defenses weren't able to overcome the pathological nature of organism, could lead to bacteremia, sepsis, septic shock, multi-organ failure, and death.
Natural history of lymphangitis due to [[infectious]] etiology varies widely from [[organism]] to organism. Generally, if left untreated or  body defenses weren't able to overcome the [[Pathology (disambiguation)|pathological]] nature of [[organism]], could lead to [[Bacteremia|bacteremia,]] [[sepsis]], [[septic shock]], [[multi-organ failure]], and [[death]].


=== Lymphangitis due to non-infectious etiology ===
=== Lymphangitis due to non-infectious etiology ===


===Lymphangitis carcinomatosa===
===Lymphangitis carcinomatosa===
Lymphangits carcinomatosis, being a metstatic malignant condition, commonly results in respiratory failure even with treatment.
Lymphangits carcinomatosis, being a metstatic [[malignant]] condition, commonly results in [[respiratory failure]] even with treatment.


==== Sclerosing lymphangitis ====
==== Sclerosing lymphangitis ====
Being a self-limiting and self-resolving condition, If left untreated, it undergoes spontaneous resolvation in weeks.
Being a self-limiting and self-resolving condition, If left untreated, it undergoes spontaneous resolving in weeks.<ref name="pmid262288312">{{cite journal| author=Papeš D, Altarac S, Antabak A, Savić I| title=Nonvenereal sclerosing lymphangitis of the penis. | journal=Acta Dermatovenerol Croat | year= 2015 | volume= 23 | issue= 2 | pages= 150-1 | pmid=26228831 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26228831  }}</ref>


==Complications==
==Complications==
Complications of lymphangitis varies from etiology to etiology.
Complications of lymphangitis varies from etiology to etiology.


====Common complications of lymphangitis due to infectious etiology include:====
====Common complications of lymphangitis due to infectious etiology include:<ref name="harrison2">lymphanitis "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on October 12,2016</ref><ref name="pmid272714182">{{cite journal| author=Füeßl HS| title=[Emergency checklist: Acute lymphangitis]. | journal=MMW Fortschr Med | year= 2016 | volume= 158 | issue= 11 | pages= 65 | pmid=27271418 | doi=10.1007/s15006-016-8384-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27271418  }}</ref><ref name="pmid84809622">{{cite journal| author=Kostman JR, DiNubile MJ| title=Nodular lymphangitis: a distinctive but often unrecognized syndrome. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1993 | volume= 118 | issue= 11 | pages= 883-8 | pmid=8480962 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8480962  }}</ref><ref name="pmid183170342">{{cite journal| author=Schubach A, Barros MB, Wanke B| title=Epidemic sporotrichosis. | journal=Curr Opin Infect Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 21 | issue= 2 | pages= 129-33 | pmid=18317034 | doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f44c52 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18317034  }}</ref><ref name="pmid270517062">{{cite journal| author=Chung E, Pulitzer MP, Papadopoulos EB, Papanicolaou GA, Babady NE, Marchetti MA| title=Lymphangitic papules caused by Nocardia takedensis. | journal=JAAD Case Rep | year= 2015 | volume= 1 | issue= 3 | pages= 126-8 | pmid=27051706 | doi=10.1016/j.jdcr.2015.03.001 | pmc=4808715 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27051706  }}</ref><ref name="pmid114725592">{{cite journal| author=Taylor MJ, Cross HF, Ford L, Makunde WH, Prasad GB, Bilo K| title=Wolbachia bacteria in filarial immunity and disease. | journal=Parasite Immunol | year= 2001 | volume= 23 | issue= 7 | pages= 401-9 | pmid=11472559 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11472559  }}</ref><ref name="pmid207390552">{{cite journal| author=Taylor MJ, Hoerauf A, Bockarie M| title=Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. | journal=Lancet | year= 2010 | volume= 376 | issue= 9747 | pages= 1175-85 | pmid=20739055 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60586-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20739055  }}</ref>====
*Cellulitis
*[[Cellulitis]]
*Pneumonia
*[[Pneumonia]]
*Endocarditis
*[[Endocarditis]]
*Osteomyelitis
*[[Osteomyelitis]]
*Meningitis
*[[Meningitis]]
*Septic artheritis
*[[Septic artheritis]]
*Peritonitis
*[[Peritonitis]]
*Visceral abscess
*[[Visceral abscess]]
*Septic shock
*[[Septic shock]]
*Multi-organ failure
*[[Multi-organ failure]]


==== Complications of lymphangits due to non-infectious etiology include: ====
==== Complications of lymphangits due to non-infectious etiology include: ====


====Lymphangitis carcinomatosa====
====Lymphangitis carcinomatosa====
Most common complications of lymphangitis carcinmatosa are:
Most common complications of lymphangitis carcinmatosa are:<ref name="pmid8930034">{{cite journal| author=Bruce DM, Heys SD, Eremin O| title=Lymphangitis carcinomatosa: a literature review. | journal=J R Coll Surg Edinb | year= 1996 | volume= 41 | issue= 1 | pages= 7-13 | pmid=8930034 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8930034  }}</ref>
*Respiratory failure
*[[Respiratory failure]]
*Right Heart failure
*Right [[Heart failure]]
==Prognosis==
==Prognosis==
Prognosis of lymphangits varies from etiology to etiology
Prognosis of lymphangitis varies from etiology to etiology


=== Lymphangitis due to infectious etiology ===
=== Lymphangitis due to infectious etiology ===
With appropriate anitmicrobial treatment, most attacks of lymphangitis with infectious etiology resolve within days to weeks.
With appropriate anitmicrobial treatment, most attacks of lymphangitis with infectious etiology resolve within days to weeks.<ref name="harrison3">lymphanitis "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on October 12,2016</ref><ref name="pmid272714183">{{cite journal| author=Füeßl HS| title=[Emergency checklist: Acute lymphangitis]. | journal=MMW Fortschr Med | year= 2016 | volume= 158 | issue= 11 | pages= 65 | pmid=27271418 | doi=10.1007/s15006-016-8384-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27271418  }}</ref><ref name="pmid84809623">{{cite journal| author=Kostman JR, DiNubile MJ| title=Nodular lymphangitis: a distinctive but often unrecognized syndrome. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1993 | volume= 118 | issue= 11 | pages= 883-8 | pmid=8480962 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8480962  }}</ref><ref name="pmid183170343">{{cite journal| author=Schubach A, Barros MB, Wanke B| title=Epidemic sporotrichosis. | journal=Curr Opin Infect Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 21 | issue= 2 | pages= 129-33 | pmid=18317034 | doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f44c52 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18317034  }}</ref><ref name="pmid270517063">{{cite journal| author=Chung E, Pulitzer MP, Papadopoulos EB, Papanicolaou GA, Babady NE, Marchetti MA| title=Lymphangitic papules caused by Nocardia takedensis. | journal=JAAD Case Rep | year= 2015 | volume= 1 | issue= 3 | pages= 126-8 | pmid=27051706 | doi=10.1016/j.jdcr.2015.03.001 | pmc=4808715 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27051706  }}</ref><ref name="pmid114725593">{{cite journal| author=Taylor MJ, Cross HF, Ford L, Makunde WH, Prasad GB, Bilo K| title=Wolbachia bacteria in filarial immunity and disease. | journal=Parasite Immunol | year= 2001 | volume= 23 | issue= 7 | pages= 401-9 | pmid=11472559 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11472559  }}</ref><ref name="pmid207390553">{{cite journal| author=Taylor MJ, Hoerauf A, Bockarie M| title=Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. | journal=Lancet | year= 2010 | volume= 376 | issue= 9747 | pages= 1175-85 | pmid=20739055 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60586-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20739055  }}</ref>


=== Lymphangitis due to Non-infectious etiology ===
=== Lymphangitis due to Non-infectious etiology ===


===Lymphangitis carcinomatosa===
===Lymphangitis carcinomatosa===
*Being a manifestation of metastatic primary tumor. Lymphangitis carcinomatosa has extremely poor prognosis with 50% mortality within 3 months of onset of first respiratory symptoms.
Being a manifestation of [[Metastasis|metastatic]] primary tumor. Lymphangitis carcinomatosa has extremely poor [[prognosis]] with 50% [[mortality]] within 3 months of onset of first [[Respiratory system|respiratory]] symptoms.<ref name="pmid8930034" />


=== Sclerosing lymphangitis ===
=== Sclerosing lymphangitis ===
Sclerosing lymphangitis, is self- limiting and self- resolving condition, with excellent prognosis.
Sclerosing lymphangitis, is self- limiting and self- resolving condition, with excellent [[prognosis]].<ref name="pmid26228831">{{cite journal| author=Papeš D, Altarac S, Antabak A, Savić I| title=Nonvenereal sclerosing lymphangitis of the penis. | journal=Acta Dermatovenerol Croat | year= 2015 | volume= 23 | issue= 2 | pages= 150-1 | pmid=26228831 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26228831  }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}{{WH}} {{WS}}{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}{{WH}} {{WS}}{{reflist|2}}

Latest revision as of 02:04, 4 January 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vishal Devarkonda, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

Lymphangitis being a manifestation of wide concurrently occurring spectrum of manifestations or pathologies. Natural history, complications and prognosis varies from etiology to etiology.

Natural History

Lymphangitis being a manifestation of wide concurrently occurring spectrum of manifestations or pathologies. Natural history, complications and prognosis varies from etiology to etiology. In general, the natural history of lymphangitis based on the classification follows:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

Lymphangitis due to infectious etiology

Natural history of lymphangitis due to infectious etiology varies widely from organism to organism. Generally, if left untreated or body defenses weren't able to overcome the pathological nature of organism, could lead to bacteremia, sepsis, septic shock, multi-organ failure, and death.

Lymphangitis due to non-infectious etiology

Lymphangitis carcinomatosa

Lymphangits carcinomatosis, being a metstatic malignant condition, commonly results in respiratory failure even with treatment.

Sclerosing lymphangitis

Being a self-limiting and self-resolving condition, If left untreated, it undergoes spontaneous resolving in weeks.[8]

Complications

Complications of lymphangitis varies from etiology to etiology.

Common complications of lymphangitis due to infectious etiology include:[9][10][11][12][13][14][15]

Complications of lymphangits due to non-infectious etiology include:

Lymphangitis carcinomatosa

Most common complications of lymphangitis carcinmatosa are:[16]

Prognosis

Prognosis of lymphangitis varies from etiology to etiology

Lymphangitis due to infectious etiology

With appropriate anitmicrobial treatment, most attacks of lymphangitis with infectious etiology resolve within days to weeks.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23]

Lymphangitis due to Non-infectious etiology

Lymphangitis carcinomatosa

Being a manifestation of metastatic primary tumor. Lymphangitis carcinomatosa has extremely poor prognosis with 50% mortality within 3 months of onset of first respiratory symptoms.[16]

Sclerosing lymphangitis

Sclerosing lymphangitis, is self- limiting and self- resolving condition, with excellent prognosis.[24]

References

  1. ↑ lymphanitis "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on October 12,2016
  2. ↑ Füeßl HS (2016). "[Emergency checklist: Acute lymphangitis]". MMW Fortschr Med. 158 (11): 65. doi:10.1007/s15006-016-8384-9. PMID 27271418.
  3. ↑ Kostman JR, DiNubile MJ (1993). "Nodular lymphangitis: a distinctive but often unrecognized syndrome". Ann Intern Med. 118 (11): 883–8. PMID 8480962.
  4. ↑ Schubach A, Barros MB, Wanke B (2008). "Epidemic sporotrichosis". Curr Opin Infect Dis. 21 (2): 129–33. doi:10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f44c52. PMID 18317034.
  5. ↑ Chung E, Pulitzer MP, Papadopoulos EB, Papanicolaou GA, Babady NE, Marchetti MA (2015). "Lymphangitic papules caused by Nocardia takedensis". JAAD Case Rep. 1 (3): 126–8. doi:10.1016/j.jdcr.2015.03.001. PMC 4808715. PMID 27051706.
  6. ↑ Taylor MJ, Cross HF, Ford L, Makunde WH, Prasad GB, Bilo K (2001). "Wolbachia bacteria in filarial immunity and disease". Parasite Immunol. 23 (7): 401–9. PMID 11472559.
  7. ↑ Taylor MJ, Hoerauf A, Bockarie M (2010). "Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis". Lancet. 376 (9747): 1175–85. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60586-7. PMID 20739055.
  8. ↑ Papeš D, Altarac S, Antabak A, Savić I (2015). "Nonvenereal sclerosing lymphangitis of the penis". Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 23 (2): 150–1. PMID 26228831.
  9. ↑ lymphanitis "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on October 12,2016
  10. ↑ Füeßl HS (2016). "[Emergency checklist: Acute lymphangitis]". MMW Fortschr Med. 158 (11): 65. doi:10.1007/s15006-016-8384-9. PMID 27271418.
  11. ↑ Kostman JR, DiNubile MJ (1993). "Nodular lymphangitis: a distinctive but often unrecognized syndrome". Ann Intern Med. 118 (11): 883–8. PMID 8480962.
  12. ↑ Schubach A, Barros MB, Wanke B (2008). "Epidemic sporotrichosis". Curr Opin Infect Dis. 21 (2): 129–33. doi:10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f44c52. PMID 18317034.
  13. ↑ Chung E, Pulitzer MP, Papadopoulos EB, Papanicolaou GA, Babady NE, Marchetti MA (2015). "Lymphangitic papules caused by Nocardia takedensis". JAAD Case Rep. 1 (3): 126–8. doi:10.1016/j.jdcr.2015.03.001. PMC 4808715. PMID 27051706.
  14. ↑ Taylor MJ, Cross HF, Ford L, Makunde WH, Prasad GB, Bilo K (2001). "Wolbachia bacteria in filarial immunity and disease". Parasite Immunol. 23 (7): 401–9. PMID 11472559.
  15. ↑ Taylor MJ, Hoerauf A, Bockarie M (2010). "Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis". Lancet. 376 (9747): 1175–85. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60586-7. PMID 20739055.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Bruce DM, Heys SD, Eremin O (1996). "Lymphangitis carcinomatosa: a literature review". J R Coll Surg Edinb. 41 (1): 7–13. PMID 8930034.
  17. ↑ lymphanitis "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on October 12,2016
  18. ↑ Füeßl HS (2016). "[Emergency checklist: Acute lymphangitis]". MMW Fortschr Med. 158 (11): 65. doi:10.1007/s15006-016-8384-9. PMID 27271418.
  19. ↑ Kostman JR, DiNubile MJ (1993). "Nodular lymphangitis: a distinctive but often unrecognized syndrome". Ann Intern Med. 118 (11): 883–8. PMID 8480962.
  20. ↑ Schubach A, Barros MB, Wanke B (2008). "Epidemic sporotrichosis". Curr Opin Infect Dis. 21 (2): 129–33. doi:10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f44c52. PMID 18317034.
  21. ↑ Chung E, Pulitzer MP, Papadopoulos EB, Papanicolaou GA, Babady NE, Marchetti MA (2015). "Lymphangitic papules caused by Nocardia takedensis". JAAD Case Rep. 1 (3): 126–8. doi:10.1016/j.jdcr.2015.03.001. PMC 4808715. PMID 27051706.
  22. ↑ Taylor MJ, Cross HF, Ford L, Makunde WH, Prasad GB, Bilo K (2001). "Wolbachia bacteria in filarial immunity and disease". Parasite Immunol. 23 (7): 401–9. PMID 11472559.
  23. ↑ Taylor MJ, Hoerauf A, Bockarie M (2010). "Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis". Lancet. 376 (9747): 1175–85. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60586-7. PMID 20739055.
  24. ↑ Papeš D, Altarac S, Antabak A, Savić I (2015). "Nonvenereal sclerosing lymphangitis of the penis". Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 23 (2): 150–1. PMID 26228831.

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