Avian influenza epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

	Avian influenza Microchapters
Home
Patient Information
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Avian influenza from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Chest X Ray
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy
Future or Investigational Therapies
Case Studies
Case #1
Avian influenza epidemiology and demographics On the Web
Most recent articles
Most cited articles
Review articles
CME Programs
Powerpoint slides
Images
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Avian influenza epidemiology and demographics All Images X-rays Echo & Ultrasound CT Images MRI
Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse
NICE Guidance
FDA on Avian influenza epidemiology and demographics
CDC on Avian influenza epidemiology and demographics
Avian influenza epidemiology and demographics in the news
Blogs on Avian influenza epidemiology and demographics
Directions to Hospitals Treating Avian influenza
Risk calculators and risk factors for Avian influenza epidemiology and demographics

VisualWikitext

Latest revision as of 16:20, 17 February 2017

For more information about seasonal human influenza virus that is not associated with animal exposure, see Influenza

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yazan Daaboul, M.D.

Overview

The World Health Organization (WHO) reports an incidence of 3 to 5 million cases of severe influenza disease annually, including 250,000 to 500,000 deaths every year. The case fatality rate per outbreak is highly variable and may range from less than 1 to more than 200 per 100,000 cases. Influenza may infect patients of all age groups, but elderly patients > 65 years, young children (especially patients < 2 years of age), and adolescents are at high risk of developing complications and death. There is no racial or gender predilection for avian influenza infection.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence^[1]^[2]

The incidence of avian influenza is difficult to extrapolate from the annual incidence of influenza in general.
The World Health Organization (WHO) reports an incidence of 3 to 5 million cases of severe influenza disease annually, including 250,000 to 500,000 deaths every year.

The annual incidence may vary significantly depending on whether an influenza outbreak occurs or not.^[3]

During outbreaks, the influenza may infect millions of individuals with an annual mortality rate that ranges between 15,000 (in 2009 influenza pandemic) and 100 million (in 1918 influenza pandemic).

The case fatality rate per outbreak is also highly variable and may range from less than 1 to more than 200 per 100,000 cases.^[3]

Age

Influenza, including avian influenza, may infect patients of all age groups.^[3]

Determination of specific at-risk patient populations depends on the virus subtype.

High risk populations are elderly > 65 years, young children (especially patients < 2 years of age), and adolescents.

Race

There is no racial predilection for avian influenza infection.

Gender

There is no gender predilection for avian influenza infection.

References

↑ Li Q, Zhou L, Zhou M, Chen Z, Li F, Wu H, Xiang N, Chen E, Tang F, Wang D, Meng L, Hong Z, Tu W, Cao Y, Li L, Ding F, Liu B, Wang M, Xie R, Gao R, Li X, Bai T, Zou S, He J, Hu J, Xu Y, Chai C, Wang S, Gao Y, Jin L, Zhang Y, Luo H, Yu H, He J, Li Q, Wang X, Gao L, Pang X, Liu G, Yan Y, Yuan H, Shu Y, Yang W, Wang Y, Wu F, Uyeki TM, Feng Z (2014). "Epidemiology of human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China". N. Engl. J. Med. 370 (6): 520–32. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1304617. PMID 23614499.
↑ Heymann, David (2015). Control of communicable diseases manual : an official report of the American Public Health Association. Washington, DC: APHA Press, an imprint of the American Public Health Association. ISBN 978-0-87553-018-5.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Avian Influenza Factsheet. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian_influenza/en/ Accessed on February 17, 2017

Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid23614499-1] Li Q, Zhou L, Zhou M, Chen Z, Li F, Wu H, Xiang N, Chen E, Tang F, Wang D, Meng L, Hong Z, Tu W, Cao Y, Li L, Ding F, Liu B, Wang M, Xie R, Gao R, Li X, Bai T, Zou S, He J, Hu J, Xu Y, Chai C, Wang S, Gao Y, Jin L, Zhang Y, Luo H, Yu H, He J, Li Q, Wang X, Gao L, Pang X, Liu G, Yan Y, Yuan H, Shu Y, Yang W, Wang Y, Wu F, Uyeki TM, Feng Z (2014). "Epidemiology of human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China". N. Engl. J. Med. 370 (6): 520–32. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1304617. PMID 23614499.

[2] Heymann, David (2015). Control of communicable diseases manual : an official report of the American Public Health Association. Washington, DC: APHA Press, an imprint of the American Public Health Association. ISBN 978-0-87553-018-5.

[:0-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Avian Influenza Factsheet. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian_influenza/en/ Accessed on February 17, 2017

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
-{{Avian influenza}}
+{{Avian influenza}}'''For more information about seasonal human influenza virus that is not associated with animal exposure, see [[Influenza]]'''<br><br>
-{{CMG}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{YD}}
-Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here.  It's easy!  Click  [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]]  to learn about editing.
+==Overview==
+The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) reports an incidence of 3 to 5 million cases of severe influenza disease annually, including 250,000 to 500,000 deaths every year. The [[case fatality rate]] per outbreak is highly variable and may range from less than 1 to more than 200 per 100,000 cases. Influenza may infect patients of all age groups, but [[elderly]] patients > 65 years, young [[children]] (especially patients < 2 years of age), and [[adolescent]]s are at high risk of developing [[Avian influenza natural history, complications and prognosis|complication]]s and [[death]]. There is no racial or gender predilection for avian influenza infection.
 ==Epidemiology and Demographics==
-===Influenza Pandemic===
+===Incidence<ref name="pmid23614499">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li Q, Zhou L, Zhou M, Chen Z, Li F, Wu H, Xiang N, Chen E, Tang F, Wang D, Meng L, Hong Z, Tu W, Cao Y, Li L, Ding F, Liu B, Wang M, Xie R, Gao R, Li X, Bai T, Zou S, He J, Hu J, Xu Y, Chai C, Wang S, Gao Y, Jin L, Zhang Y, Luo H, Yu H, He J, Li Q, Wang X, Gao L, Pang X, Liu G, Yan Y, Yuan H, Shu Y, Yang W, Wang Y, Wu F, Uyeki TM, Feng Z |title=Epidemiology of human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=370 |issue=6 |pages=520–32 |year=2014 |pmid=23614499 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1304617 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Heymann | first = David | title = Control of communicable diseases manual : an official report of the American Public Health Association | publisher = APHA Press, an imprint of the American Public Health Association | location = Washington, DC | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-0-87553-018-5 }}</ref>===
-{{details more|Influenza pandemic}}
+*The incidence of avian influenza is difficult to extrapolate from the annual incidence of influenza in general.
-Pandemic flu viruses have some avian flu virus genes and usually some [[human flu]] virus genes. Both the [[H2N2]] and [[H3N2]] pandemic strains contained genes from avian influenza viruses. The new subtypes arose in pigs coinfected with avian and human viruses and were soon transferred to humans. Swine were considered the original "intermediate host" for influenza, because they supported reassortment of divergent subtypes. However, other hosts appear capable of similar coinfection (e.g., many poultry species), and direct transmission of avian viruses to humans is possible.<ref name=Blanchard>Blanchard, Ben. "China says son likely infected father with bird flu." Reuters 10 Jen 2008 10 Jen 2008 <http://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSPEK27288320080110>.</ref> The Spanish flu virus strain may have been transmitted directly from birds to humans.<ref>[http://www.influenzareport.com/ir/ai.htm Chapter Two : Avian Influenza by Timm C. Harder and Ortrud Werner]</ref>
+*The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) reports an incidence of 3 to 5 million cases of severe influenza disease annually, including 250,000 to 500,000 deaths every year.
-In spite of their pandemic connection, avian influenza viruses are noninfectious for most species. When they are infectious they are usually asymptomatic, so the carrier does not have any disease from it. Thus while infected with an avian flu virus, the animal doesn't have a "[[flu]]". Typically, when illness (called "flu") from an avian flu virus ''does'' occur, it is the result of an avian flu virus strain adapted to one species spreading to another species (usually from one bird species to another bird species). So far as is known, the most common result of this is an illness so minor as to be not worth noticing (and thus little studied). But with the domestication of chickens and turkeys, humans have created species subtypes (domesticated poultry) that can catch an avian flu virus adapted to waterfowl and have it rapidly mutate into a form that kills in days over 90% of an entire flock and spread to other flocks and kill 90% of ''them'' and can only be stopped by killing every domestic bird in the area. Until [[H5N1]] infected humans in the 1990s, this was the only reason avian flu was considered important. Since then, avian flu viruses have been intensively studied; resulting in changes in what is believed about flu pandemics, changes in poultry farming, changes in flu vaccination research, and changes in flu pandemic planning.
-[[H5N1]] has evolved into a flu virus strain that infects more species than any previously known flu virus strain, is deadlier than any previously known flu virus strain, and continues to evolve becoming both more widespread and more deadly causing [[Robert Webster]], a leading expert on avian flu, to publish an article titled "The world is teetering on the edge of a pandemic that could kill a large fraction of the human population" in ''[[American Scientist]]''. He called for adequate resources to fight what he sees as a major world threat to possibly billions of lives.<ref name=webster>
-{{cite journal
+*The annual [[incidence]] may vary significantly depending on whether an influenza outbreak occurs or not.<ref name=":0">Avian Influenza Factsheet. World Health Organization.&nbsp;http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian_influenza/en/ Accessed on February 17, 2017</ref>
-| author=[[Robert Webster|Webster, R. G.]] and Walker, E. J. | title=The world is teetering on the edge of a pandemic that could kill a large fraction of the human population | journal=American Scientist | year=2003 | pages=122 | volume=91 | issue=2 |url=http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/17221?fulltext=true | id={{DOI|10.1511/2003.2.122}}
-}} </ref> Since the article was written, the world community has spent billions of dollars fighting this threat with limited success.
+*During [[outbreak]]s, the influenza may infect millions of individuals with an annual [[mortality rate]] that ranges between 15,000 (in 2009 influenza pandemic) and 100 million (in 1918 influenza pandemic).
+*The [[case fatality rate]] per outbreak is also highly variable and may range from less than 1 to more than 200 per 100,000 cases.<ref name=":0">Avian Influenza Factsheet. World Health Organization.&nbsp;http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian_influenza/en/ Accessed on February 17, 2017</ref>
+===Age===
+*Influenza, including avian influenza, may infect patients of all age groups.<ref name=":0">Avian Influenza Factsheet. World Health Organization.&nbsp;http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian_influenza/en/ Accessed on February 17, 2017</ref>
+*Determination of specific at-risk patient populations depends on the virus subtype.
+*High risk populations are [[elderly]] > 65 years, young [[children]] (especially patients < 2 years of age), and [[adolescent]]s.
+===Race===
+*There is no racial predilection for avian influenza infection.
+===Gender===
+*There is no gender predilection for avian influenza infection.
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|2}}
-[[Category:Needs content]]
+[[Category:Pandemics]]
-[[Category:Occupational safety and health]]
+[[Category:Influenza]]
-[[Category:Bird diseases]]
+[[Category:Infectious diseases]]
-[[Category:Avian influenza]]
+[[Category:Medicine]]
-[[Category:Infectious disease]]
+[[Category:Virology]]
-[[Category:Animal virology]]
 [[Category:Microbiology]]
-[[Category:Poultry diseases]]
-[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
 [[Category:Pulmonology]]
-[[Category:Disease]]
+[[Category:Occupational safety and health]]
 {{WH}}
 {{WS}}