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{{Postpartum thyroiditis}}
{{Postpartum thyroiditis}}


{{CMG}}; {{AE}}  
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{SKA}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Thyroid dysfunction was first associated with [[pregnancy]] by Dr. W.E.H. Robertson, physician from Newzeland, latter awarded the Sir Charles Hastings Prize for his essay in 1946. Dr. Robertson diagnosed [[postpartum]] patients with symptoms of [[Hypothyroidism]] and demonstrated their improvement on treatment with thyroid extracts in 1946.


==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
<ref name="pmid10634366">{{cite journal |vauthors=Premawardhana LD, Parkes AB, Ammari F, John R, Darke C, Adams H, Lazarus JH |title=Postpartum thyroiditis and long-term thyroid status: prognostic influence of thyroid peroxidase antibodies and ultrasound echogenicity |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=71–5 |year=2000 |pmid=10634366 |doi=10.1210/jcem.85.1.6227 |url=}}</ref>


===Discovery===
===Discovery===
*Postpartum thyroid dysfunction was first discovered by Dr. W.E.H. Robertson, a British physician, in 1946, who diagnosed postpartum patients with symptoms of hypothyroidism after pregnancy and their improvement on treatment with thyroid extracts.<ref name="Smallridge1999">{{cite journal|last1=Smallridge|first1=Robert C.|title=Postpartum Thyroid Diseases Through The Ages: A Historical View|journal=Thyroid|volume=9|issue=7|year=1999|pages=671–673|issn=1050-7256|doi=10.1089/thy.1999.9.671}}</ref>
[[image:Our_Mother_of_Perpetual_Help.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Madonna Enthroned by Duccio and Lorenzetti holding child in lap with [[Goiter]]. Source:Wikimedia commons.<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3021557</ref>]]
*Postpartum thyoidtis was first considered as Postpartum thyroid dysfunction until 1988
*In 98-138 AD, [[Postpartum thyroid dysfunction]] was first observed by Soranus, a Roman gynecologist, as neck swelling after birth of baby which he published in his book Gynaecia.<ref name="Smallridge2014">{{cite journal|last1=Smallridge|first1=Robert C.|title=Clark T. Sawin Historical Vignette: What Do Criminology, Harry Houdini, and King George V Have in Common with Postpartum Thyroid Dysfunction?|journal=Thyroid|volume=24|issue=12|year=2014|pages=1752–1758|issn=1050-7256|doi=10.1089/thy.2014.0165}}</ref>
*There has been evidence of Postpartum thyroid dysfunction 


*The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].
*In 1308-1340, [[postpartum thyroid dysfunction]] was first observed in pictures of Madonna Enthroned by Duccio and Lorenzetti holding a child in the lap with [[goiter]] which later proved by Dr. Glinoer D 1997 due to iodine deficiency leading to [[postpartum thyroid dysfunction]].<ref name="LazzeriCastello2016">{{cite journal|last1=Lazzeri|first1=Davide|last2=Castello|first2=ManuelFrancisco|last3=Lippi|first3=Donatella|last4=Weisz|first4=GeorgeM|title=Goiter in portraits of Judith the Jewish heroine|journal=Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism|volume=20|issue=1|year=2016|pages=119|issn=2230-8210|doi=10.4103/2230-8210.172266}}</ref>
*In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].
*In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].


==Outbreaks==
*In 1786, Parry CH, a British physician, observed signs of [[hyperthyroidism]] in postpartum women. He described these signs in his paper published in the posthumous publication.<ref name="HamolskyKurland1961">{{cite journal|last1=Hamolsky|first1=Milton W.|last2=Kurland|first2=George S.|last3=Freedberg|first3=A.Stone|title=The heart in hypothyroidism|journal=Journal of Chronic Diseases|volume=14|issue=5|year=1961|pages=558–569|issn=00219681|doi=10.1016/0021-9681(61)90020-0}}</ref>
*There have been several outbreaks of [disease name], which are summarized below:
 
*In 1868, Dr. Armand Trousseau, observed signs of [[hypothyroidism]] in postpartum patients who improved later on with normal [[menstrual cycle]] and conception but could not establish a relation between [[hypothyroidism]] and [[postpartum]] period. Dr. Trousseau's explained the establishment of goiter "apparently" due to [[pregnancy]], and that the associated [[exophthalmos]] improves later on. {{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/lecturesonclinic01trouuoft |title=Lectures on clinical medicine, delivered at the Hotel-Dieu, Paris. Translated and edited with notes and appendices by P. Victor Bazire : Trousseau, Armand, 1801-1867 : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive |format= |work= |accessdate=}}
*In 1888, Dr. Sawin, was the first to report postpartum [[hypothyroidism]] case number 16 in a report on [[myxedema]].<ref name="LindholmLaurberg2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lindholm|first1=J.|last2=Laurberg|first2=P.|title=Hypothyroidism and Thyroid Substitution: Historical Aspects|journal=Journal of Thyroid Research|volume=2011|year=2011|pages=1–10|issn=2042-0072|doi=10.4061/2011/809341}}</ref>
 
*In 1888, Sir H. Bryan Donkin, a British physician, associated symptoms of [[hypothyroidism]] to pregnancy which improved after [[postpartum]] period.<ref name="Landek-SalgadoGutenberg2010">{{cite journal|last1=Landek-Salgado|first1=Melissa A.|last2=Gutenberg|first2=Angelika|last3=Lupi|first3=Isabella|last4=Kimura|first4=Hiroaki|last5=Mariotti|first5=Stefano|last6=Rose|first6=Noel R.|last7=Caturegli|first7=Patrizio|title=Pregnancy, postpartum autoimmune thyroiditis, and autoimmune hypophysitis: Intimate relationships|journal=Autoimmunity Reviews|volume=9|issue=3|year=2010|pages=153–157|issn=15689972|doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2009.06.001}}</ref>
*In 1891, Dr. George R. Murray, an English physician, successfully treated [[Hypothyroidism|hypothyroid]] patients after [[miscarriage]] with [[thyroid]] extract from sheep.<ref name="pmid20753415">{{cite journal| author=Murray GR| title=Note on the Treatment of Myxoedema by Hypodermic Injections of an Extract of the Thyroid Gland of a Sheep. | journal=Br Med J | year= 1891 | volume= 2 | issue= 1606 | pages= 796-7 | pmid=20753415 | doi= | pmc=2273741 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20753415  }} </ref>
*In 1946, [[Postpartum thyroid dysfunction]] was first discovered by Dr. W.E.H. Robertson, a physician form Newzeland, who diagnosed [[postpartum]] patients with symptoms of [[hypothyroidism]] and demonstrated their improvement on treatment with [[thyroid]] extracts.<ref name="Smallridge19992">{{cite journal|last1=Smallridge|first1=Robert C.|title=Postpartum Thyroid Diseases Through The Ages: A Historical View|journal=Thyroid|volume=9|issue=7|year=1999|pages=671–673|issn=1050-7256|doi=10.1089/thy.1999.9.671}}</ref>
 
*In 1953, Danowski and his colleagues compared levels of serum protein-bound iodine (PBI) during and after pregnancy. They found PBI levels to be low in postpartum phase which improved after postpartum period.<ref name="pmid13296046">{{cite journal| author=BROWN-GRANT K| title=Gonadal function and thyroid activity. | journal=J Physiol | year= 1956 | volume= 131 | issue= 1 | pages= 70-84 | pmid=13296046 | doi= | pmc=1363517 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13296046  }} </ref>
 
*In 1961, Parker and Beierwaltes found decreased antithyroid antibodies in [[pregnancy]] and an increased level in [[postpartum]] period.<ref name="pmid639347">{{cite journal| author=Amino N, Kuro R, Tanizawa O, Tanaka F, Hayashi C, Kotani K et al.| title=Changes of serum anti-thyroid antibodies during and after pregnancy in autoimmune thyroid diseases. | journal=Clin Exp Immunol | year= 1978 | volume= 31 | issue= 1 | pages= 30-7 | pmid=639347 | doi= | pmc=1541198 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=639347  }} </ref>
*In 1982, Amino and colleagues found the association between postpartum period  and the development of transient [[hyperthyroidism]] and/or [[hypothyroidism]] with prevalence of 5.5% of 505 Japanese women.<ref name="pmidPMID: 371886">{{cite journal| author=Amino N, Kuro R, Miayi K, Kumahara Y| title=Measurement of anti-thyroid antibodies in dried blood spots. | journal=Clin Exp Immunol | year= 1979 | volume= 35 | issue= 1 | pages= 158-60 | pmid=PMID: 371886 | doi= | pmc=1537598 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=371886  }} </ref>


==Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies==
==Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies==
*In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].
*In 1976, anti-thyroid microsomal antibodies were observed in correlation to [[Postpartum thyroiditis|postpartum thyroidits]] by Nobuyuki Amino.<ref name="AminoMiyai1976">{{cite journal|last1=Amino|first1=Nobuyuki|last2=Miyai|first2=Kiyoshi|last3=Onishi|first3=Toshio|last4=Hashimoto|first4=Takuma|last5=Arai|first5=Kayoko|last6=Ishibashi|first6=Kaichiro|last7=Kumahara|first7=Yuichi|title=Transient Hypothyroidism After Delivery in Autoimmune Thyroiditis|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|volume=42|issue=2|year=1976|pages=296–301|issn=0021-972X|doi=10.1210/jcem-42-2-296}}</ref>
 
*In 1997, a study was conducted to find a relation between thyroid hormone and iodine levels in PPT.<ref name="pmid9219408">{{cite journal| author=Lazarus JH, Ammari F, Oretti R, Parkes AB, Richards CJ, Harris B| title=Clinical aspects of recurrent postpartum thyroiditis. | journal=Br J Gen Pract | year= 1997 | volume= 47 | issue= 418 | pages= 305-8 | pmid=9219408 | doi= | pmc=1313006 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9219408  }} </ref>
==Impact on Cultural History==


*In 2007, Negro R demonstrated a reduction in [[incidence]] of PPT with selenium treatment during [[pregnancy]].<ref name="pmid17284630">{{cite journal| author=Negro R, Greco G, Mangieri T, Pezzarossa A, Dazzi D, Hassan H| title=The influence of selenium supplementation on postpartum thyroid status in pregnant women with thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2007 | volume= 92 | issue= 4 | pages= 1263-8 | pmid=17284630 | doi=10.1210/jc.2006-1821 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17284630  }} </ref>
*In 2011, Dr. Stagnaro Green demonstrated the association of PPT with type 1 [[DM]].<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Alex Stagnaro-Green]] & [[Elizabeth Pearce]]
| title = Thyroid disorders in pregnancy
| journal = [[Nature reviews. Endocrinology]]
| volume = 8
| issue = 11
| pages = 650–658
| year = 2012
| month = November
| doi = 10.1038/nrendo.2012.171
| pmid = 23007317
}}</ref>
*Dr. Terry Davis was first to find anti-[[Thyroid peroxidase|TPO]] antibodies in patient who suffered loss of pregnancy.<ref name="HarrisOthman1992">{{cite journal|last1=Harris|first1=B.|last2=Othman|first2=S.|last3=Davies|first3=J. A.|last4=Weppner|first4=G. J.|last5=Richards|first5=C. J.|last6=Newcombe|first6=R. G.|last7=Lazarus|first7=J. H.|last8=Parkes|first8=A. B.|last9=Hall|first9=R.|last10=Phillips|first10=D. I.|title=Association between postpartum thyroid dysfunction and thyroid antibodies and depression.|journal=BMJ|volume=305|issue=6846|year=1992|pages=152–156|issn=0959-8138|doi=10.1136/bmj.305.6846.152}}</ref>


==Famous Cases==
*The following are a few famous cases of [[disease name]]:
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 21:26, 27 October 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sunny Kumar MD [2]

Overview

Thyroid dysfunction was first associated with pregnancy by Dr. W.E.H. Robertson, physician from Newzeland, latter awarded the Sir Charles Hastings Prize for his essay in 1946. Dr. Robertson diagnosed postpartum patients with symptoms of Hypothyroidism and demonstrated their improvement on treatment with thyroid extracts in 1946.

Historical Perspective

Discovery

Madonna Enthroned by Duccio and Lorenzetti holding child in lap with Goiter. Source:Wikimedia commons.[1]
  • In 98-138 AD, Postpartum thyroid dysfunction was first observed by Soranus, a Roman gynecologist, as neck swelling after birth of baby which he published in his book Gynaecia.[2]
  • In 1786, Parry CH, a British physician, observed signs of hyperthyroidism in postpartum women. He described these signs in his paper published in the posthumous publication.[4]
  • In 1868, Dr. Armand Trousseau, observed signs of hypothyroidism in postpartum patients who improved later on with normal menstrual cycle and conception but could not establish a relation between hypothyroidism and postpartum period. Dr. Trousseau's explained the establishment of goiter "apparently" due to pregnancy, and that the associated exophthalmos improves later on. "Lectures on clinical medicine, delivered at the Hotel-Dieu, Paris. Translated and edited with notes and appendices by P. Victor Bazire : Trousseau, Armand, 1801-1867 : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive".
  • In 1888, Dr. Sawin, was the first to report postpartum hypothyroidism case number 16 in a report on myxedema.[5]
  • In 1953, Danowski and his colleagues compared levels of serum protein-bound iodine (PBI) during and after pregnancy. They found PBI levels to be low in postpartum phase which improved after postpartum period.[9]
  • In 1961, Parker and Beierwaltes found decreased antithyroid antibodies in pregnancy and an increased level in postpartum period.[10]
  • In 1982, Amino and colleagues found the association between postpartum period and the development of transient hyperthyroidism and/or hypothyroidism with prevalence of 5.5% of 505 Japanese women.[11]

Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies

  • In 1976, anti-thyroid microsomal antibodies were observed in correlation to postpartum thyroidits by Nobuyuki Amino.[12]
  • In 1997, a study was conducted to find a relation between thyroid hormone and iodine levels in PPT.[13]
  • In 2007, Negro R demonstrated a reduction in incidence of PPT with selenium treatment during pregnancy.[14]
  • In 2011, Dr. Stagnaro Green demonstrated the association of PPT with type 1 DM.[15]
  • Dr. Terry Davis was first to find anti-TPO antibodies in patient who suffered loss of pregnancy.[16]

References

  1. ↑ https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3021557
  2. ↑ Smallridge, Robert C. (2014). "Clark T. Sawin Historical Vignette: What Do Criminology, Harry Houdini, and King George V Have in Common with Postpartum Thyroid Dysfunction?". Thyroid. 24 (12): 1752–1758. doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0165. ISSN 1050-7256.
  3. ↑ Lazzeri, Davide; Castello, ManuelFrancisco; Lippi, Donatella; Weisz, GeorgeM (2016). "Goiter in portraits of Judith the Jewish heroine". Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 20 (1): 119. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.172266. ISSN 2230-8210.
  4. ↑ Hamolsky, Milton W.; Kurland, George S.; Freedberg, A.Stone (1961). "The heart in hypothyroidism". Journal of Chronic Diseases. 14 (5): 558–569. doi:10.1016/0021-9681(61)90020-0. ISSN 0021-9681.
  5. ↑ Lindholm, J.; Laurberg, P. (2011). "Hypothyroidism and Thyroid Substitution: Historical Aspects". Journal of Thyroid Research. 2011: 1–10. doi:10.4061/2011/809341. ISSN 2042-0072.
  6. ↑ Landek-Salgado, Melissa A.; Gutenberg, Angelika; Lupi, Isabella; Kimura, Hiroaki; Mariotti, Stefano; Rose, Noel R.; Caturegli, Patrizio (2010). "Pregnancy, postpartum autoimmune thyroiditis, and autoimmune hypophysitis: Intimate relationships". Autoimmunity Reviews. 9 (3): 153–157. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2009.06.001. ISSN 1568-9972.
  7. ↑ Murray GR (1891). "Note on the Treatment of Myxoedema by Hypodermic Injections of an Extract of the Thyroid Gland of a Sheep". Br Med J. 2 (1606): 796–7. PMC 2273741. PMID 20753415.
  8. ↑ Smallridge, Robert C. (1999). "Postpartum Thyroid Diseases Through The Ages: A Historical View". Thyroid. 9 (7): 671–673. doi:10.1089/thy.1999.9.671. ISSN 1050-7256.
  9. ↑ BROWN-GRANT K (1956). "Gonadal function and thyroid activity". J Physiol. 131 (1): 70–84. PMC 1363517. PMID 13296046.
  10. ↑ Amino N, Kuro R, Tanizawa O, Tanaka F, Hayashi C, Kotani K; et al. (1978). "Changes of serum anti-thyroid antibodies during and after pregnancy in autoimmune thyroid diseases". Clin Exp Immunol. 31 (1): 30–7. PMC 1541198. PMID 639347.
  11. ↑ Amino N, Kuro R, Miayi K, Kumahara Y (1979). "Measurement of anti-thyroid antibodies in dried blood spots". Clin Exp Immunol. 35 (1): 158–60. PMC 1537598. PMID 371886 PMID: 371886 Check |pmid= value (help).
  12. ↑ Amino, Nobuyuki; Miyai, Kiyoshi; Onishi, Toshio; Hashimoto, Takuma; Arai, Kayoko; Ishibashi, Kaichiro; Kumahara, Yuichi (1976). "Transient Hypothyroidism After Delivery in Autoimmune Thyroiditis". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 42 (2): 296–301. doi:10.1210/jcem-42-2-296. ISSN 0021-972X.
  13. ↑ Lazarus JH, Ammari F, Oretti R, Parkes AB, Richards CJ, Harris B (1997). "Clinical aspects of recurrent postpartum thyroiditis". Br J Gen Pract. 47 (418): 305–8. PMC 1313006. PMID 9219408.
  14. ↑ Negro R, Greco G, Mangieri T, Pezzarossa A, Dazzi D, Hassan H (2007). "The influence of selenium supplementation on postpartum thyroid status in pregnant women with thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 92 (4): 1263–8. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1821. PMID 17284630.
  15. ↑ Alex Stagnaro-Green & Elizabeth Pearce (2012). "Thyroid disorders in pregnancy". Nature reviews. Endocrinology. 8 (11): 650–658. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2012.171. PMID 23007317. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ Harris, B.; Othman, S.; Davies, J. A.; Weppner, G. J.; Richards, C. J.; Newcombe, R. G.; Lazarus, J. H.; Parkes, A. B.; Hall, R.; Phillips, D. I. (1992). "Association between postpartum thyroid dysfunction and thyroid antibodies and depression". BMJ. 305 (6846): 152–156. doi:10.1136/bmj.305.6846.152. ISSN 0959-8138.

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