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{{Infobox_gene}}
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'''Tripartite motif-containing protein 32''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''TRIM32'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid11331580">{{cite journal | vauthors = Reymond A, Meroni G, Fantozzi A, Merla G, Cairo S, Luzi L, Riganelli D, Zanaria E, Messali S, Cainarca S, Guffanti A, Minucci S, Pelicci PG, Ballabio A | title = The tripartite motif family identifies cell compartments | journal = EMBO J | volume = 20 | issue = 9 | pages = 2140–51 |date=May 2001 | pmid = 11331580 | pmc = 125245 | doi = 10.1093/emboj/20.9.2140 }}</ref><ref name="pmid7778269">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fridell RA, Harding LS, Bogerd HP, Cullen BR | title = Identification of a novel human zinc finger protein that specifically interacts with the activation domain of lentiviral Tat proteins | journal = Virology | volume = 209 | issue = 2 | pages = 347–57 |date=Jul 1995 | pmid = 7778269 | pmc =  | doi = 10.1006/viro.1995.1266 }}</ref><ref name="pmid16606853">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chiang AP, Beck JS, Yen HJ, Tayeh MK, Scheetz TE, Swiderski RE, Nishimura DY, Braun TA, Kim KY, Huang J, Elbedour K, Carmi R, Slusarski DC, Casavant TL, Stone EM, Sheffield VC | title = Homozygosity mapping with SNP arrays identifies TRIM32, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, as a Bardet-Biedl syndrome gene (BBS11) | journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | volume = 103 | issue = 16 | pages = 6287–92 |date=Apr 2006 | pmid = 16606853 | pmc = 1458870 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0600158103 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: TRIM32 tripartite motif-containing 32| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=22954| accessdate = }}</ref> Since its discovery in 1995, TRIM32 has been shown to be implicated in a number of diverse biological pathways.
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== Structure ==
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The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the [[tripartite motif family|tripartite motif]] (TRIM) family. The TRIM motif includes three [[zinc finger|zinc-binding]] domains, a [[RING domain|RING]], a B-box type 1 and a B-box type 2, and a [[coiled coil|coiled-coil]] region.<ref name="entrez"/>
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}}
== Subcellular distribution ==
 
The protein localizes to [[cytoplasmic body|cytoplasmic bodies]]. The protein has also been localized to the [[cell nucleus|nucleus]], where it interacts with the activation domain of the [[Subtypes of HIV#HIV-1|HIV-1]] [[Tat (HIV)|Tat]] protein. The Tat protein activates transcription of HIV-1 genes.<ref name="entrez"/>
 
== Interactions ==
 
TRIM32 has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with:
* [[actin]],<ref name="pmid16243356">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kudryashova E, Kudryashov D, Kramerova I, Spencer MJ | title = Trim32 is a ubiquitin ligase mutated in limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2H that binds to skeletal muscle myosin and ubiquitinates actin. | journal = J Mol Biol | volume = 354 | issue = 2 | pages = 413–24 |date=Nov 2005 | pmid = 16243356 | doi = 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.09.068 }}</ref>
* [[ABI2]]<ref name="pmid18632609">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kano S, Miyajima N, Fukuda S, Hatakeyama S | title = Tripartite motif protein 32 facilitates cell growth and migration via degradation of Abl-interactor 2 | journal = Cancer Res. | volume = 68 | issue = 14 | pages = 5572–80 |date=July 2008 | pmid = 18632609 | doi = 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6231 | url = | issn = }}</ref>
* [[Myc|c-Myc]],<ref name="pmid19269368">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schwamborn J, Berezikov E, Knoblich J | title = The TRIM-NHL protein TRIM32 activates microRNAs and prevents self-renewal in mouse neural progenitors | journal = Cell | volume = 136 | pages = 913–925 |date=March 2009 | pmid = 19269368 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2008.12.024 | issue = 5 | pmc = 2988196 }}</ref>
* [[dysbindin]],<ref name="pmid19349376">{{cite journal | vauthors = Locke M, Tinsley CL, Benson MA, Blake DJ | title = TRIM32 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for dysbindin | journal = Hum Mol Genet | volume = 18 | issue = 13 | pages = 2344–58 |date=Apr 2009 | pmid = 19349376 | doi = 10.1093/hmg/ddp167 | pmc = 2694686 }}</ref> and
* [[PIAS4|piasy]],<ref name="pmid19155210">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kudryashova E, Wu J, Havton LA, Spencer MJ | title = Deficiency of the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM32 in mice leads to a myopathy with a neurogenic component | journal = Hum Mol Genet | volume = 18 | issue = 7 | pages = 1353–67 |date=Apr 2009 | pmid = 19155210 | doi = 10.1093/hmg/ddp036 | pmc = 2722196 }}</ref>
 
== Function ==
 
=== Mechanism ===
 
Currently, TRIM32 is believed to employ two different mechanisms to affect molecular targets. First, it can act through its [[N-terminus|N-terminal]] RING finger as an E3 [[ubiquitin ligase]], responsible for attaching ubiquitin molecules to lysine residues of target proteins, in order to mark them for [[proteosome]] degradation. Currently evidence suggests TRIM32 ubiquitinates multiple proteins including c-Myc, dysbindin, actin, piasy, and Abl-interactor2 (ABI2).  The second mechanism by which TRIM32 is believed to operate involves binding of proteins to the [[C-terminus|C-terminal]] [[NHL repeat]], which has been shown to activate [[MicroRNA|miRNA]]s.<ref name="pmid19269368"/>
 
=== Development ===
 
Research has recently shown the importance of TRIM32 in the development of the mouse [[neocortex]]. In the mouse neocortex, neural progenitor cells generate daughter cells which either differentiate into specific neurons or maintain the progenitor state of the mother cell. TRIM32 helps control the balance between differentiating and progenitor cells by localizing to a pole during progenitor cell division, and thus becoming concentrated in one of the two daughter cells. This asymmetric division of TRIM32 induces neuronal differentiation in daughter cells which contain high TRIM32 concentrations, while cells with low TRIM32 concentrations retain progenitor cell fate. Proposed theories on how TRIM32 induces differentiation involve the ubiquitination of the transcription factor c-Myc and the binding of [[EIF2C1|Argonaute-1]] (Ago-1). The binding of Ago-1 induces activity of miRNAs, particularly [[Let-7 microRNA precursor|Let-7a]], which has been shown to play a role in regulating proliferation and neuronal differentiation.<ref name="pmid19269368"/>
 
=== Skeletal muscle ===
 
TRIM32 is expressed in [[skeletal striated muscle|skeletal muscle]], where it interacts with myosin and may [[ubiquitin]]ate actin (it has been shown to do so in vitro).<ref name="pmid16243356"/> No difference has been observed between wild-type and LHMD2H-mutated TRIM32 in terms of actin or myosin binding, however, and thus the mechanism which causes the muscular dystrophy, LGMD2H, is still unknown.<ref name="pmid16816390">{{cite journal | vauthors = Albor A, El-Hizawi S, Horn EJ, Laederich M, Frosk P, Wrogemann K, Kulesz-Martin M | title = The interaction of Piasy with Trim32, an E3-ubiquitin ligase mutated in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2H, promotes Piasy degradation and regulates UVB-induced keratinocyte apoptosis through NFkappaB | journal = J Biol Chem | volume = 281 | issue = 35 | pages = 25850–66 |date=Jun 2006 | pmid = 16816390 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M601655200 }}</ref> Additionally, TRIM32 is known to ubiquitinate dysbindin, a protein associated with both skeletal muscles and neural tissue. The purpose and effects of the ubiquitination of dysbindin are as yet unclear.<ref name="pmid19349376"/>
 
== Clinical significance ==
 
=== Mutation-associated diseases ===
 
[[Bardet–Biedl syndrome]] (BBS): TRIM32 is one of 14<!-- as of mid-2012 --><ref name=omim20121102>
{{cite web |last=Hamosh|first=Ada |title=OMIM entry #209900 Bardet-Biedl Syndrome; BBS|url=http://omim.org/entry/209900 |date=2012-11-02 |work=Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man |publisher=McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine |accessdate=2013-09-04}}</ref>
genes known to be linked with BBS. Specifically a mutation (P130S) in the B-box of TRIM32 gives rise to BBS.<ref name="pmid19349376"/>
 
[[Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy]] type2H (LGMD2H): LGMD2H is caused by 4 mutations of TRIM32 in the C-terminal NHL domain: D487N (third NHL repeat), R394H (first NHL repeat), T520TfsX13 (fourth NHL repeat), and D588del (fifth NHL repeat).<ref name="pmid19349376"/>
 
=== Cancer ===


<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
TRIM32 is overexpressed in skin cancer cells. It is thought that TRIM32 regulates [[NF-κB]] activity through ubiquitination of Protein Inhibitor of Activated STAT Y ([[PIAS4|Piasy]]).<ref name="pmid19155210"/> Piasy acts as an inhibitor of NF-κB, and NF-κB acts as an anti-apoptotic factor. Thus, when Piasy is present, NF-κB is inhibited, and [[keratinocyte]]s undergo apoptosis when exposed to ultraviolet-B radiation or TNFα, preventing cancer formation. When TRIM32 is overexpressed, Piasy is degraded, allowing NF-κB to function, and thus when cells are exposed to ultraviolet-B radiation or TNFα, apoptosis does not occur, potentially allowing cancer formation.<ref name="pmid16816390"/>
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image = 
| image_source = 
| PDB =
| Name = Tripartite motif-containing 32
| HGNCid = 16380
| Symbol = TRIM32
| AltSymbols =; BBS11; HT2A; LGMD2H; TATIP
| OMIM = 602290
| ECnumber = 
| Homologene = 36327
| MGIid = 1917057
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_TRIM32_203846_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003713 |text = transcription coactivator activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005515 |text = protein binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008270 |text = zinc ion binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016874 |text = ligase activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0046872 |text = metal ion binding}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005622 |text = intracellular}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005634 |text = nucleus}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006512 |text = ubiquitin cycle}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 22954
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000119401
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_036342
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_012210
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 9
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 118489430
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 118503400
    | Hs_Uniprot = Q13049
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 69807
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000051675
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_053084
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_444314
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 4
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 65091379
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 65102599
    | Mm_Uniprot = Q3TLR3
  }}
}}
'''Tripartite motif-containing 32''', also known as '''TRIM32''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: TRIM32 tripartite motif-containing 32| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=22954| accessdate = }}</ref>


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
TRIM32 additionally promotes cancer formation by ubiquitinating Abl-interactor 2 ([[ABI2|Abi2]]), which is a [[tumor suppressor gene|tumor suppressor]] and inhibitor of cell migration.<ref name="pmid19155210"/>
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family. The TRIM motif includes three zinc-binding domains, a RING, a B-box type 1 and a B-box type 2, and a coiled-coil region. The protein localizes to cytoplasmic bodies. The protein has also been localized to the nucleus, where it interacts with the activation domain of the HIV-1 Tat protein. The Tat protein activates transcription of HIV-1 genes.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: TRIM32 tripartite motif-containing 32| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=22954| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}


==See also==
== See also ==
* [[tripartite motif family]]
* [[tripartite motif family]]


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
 
==External links==
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=gene&part=bbs  GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on Bardet-Biedl Syndrome]
 
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading  
{{PBB_Further_reading  
| citations =  
| citations =  
*{{cite journal | author=Albor A, El-Hizawi S, Horn EJ, ''et al.'' |title=The interaction of Piasy with Trim32, an E3-ubiquitin ligase mutated in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2H, promotes Piasy degradation and regulates UVB-induced keratinocyte apoptosis through NFkappaB. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=281 |issue= 35 |pages= 25850-66 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16816390 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M601655200 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Albor A, El-Hizawi S, Horn EJ, etal |title=The interaction of Piasy with Trim32, an E3-ubiquitin ligase mutated in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2H, promotes Piasy degradation and regulates UVB-induced keratinocyte apoptosis through NFkappaB |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=281 |issue= 35 |pages= 25850–66 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16816390 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M601655200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Lim J, Hao T, Shaw C, ''et al.'' |title=A protein-protein interaction network for human inherited ataxias and disorders of Purkinje cell degeneration. |journal=Cell |volume=125 |issue= 4 |pages= 801-14 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16713569 |doi= 10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.032 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Lim J, Hao T, Shaw C, etal |title=A protein-protein interaction network for human inherited ataxias and disorders of Purkinje cell degeneration |journal=Cell |volume=125 |issue= 4 |pages= 801–14 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16713569 |doi= 10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.032 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Chiang AP, Beck JS, Yen HJ, ''et al.'' |title=Homozygosity mapping with SNP arrays identifies TRIM32, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, as a Bardet-Biedl syndrome gene (BBS11). |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=103 |issue= 16 |pages= 6287-92 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16606853 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.0600158103 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, etal |title=Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network |journal=Nature |volume=437 |issue= 7062 |pages= 1173–8 |year= 2005 |pmid= 16189514 |doi= 10.1038/nature04209 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, ''et al.'' |title=Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network. |journal=Nature |volume=437 |issue= 7062 |pages= 1173-8 |year= 2005 |pmid= 16189514 |doi= 10.1038/nature04209 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Schoser BG, Frosk P, Engel AG, etal |title=Commonality of TRIM32 mutation in causing sarcotubular myopathy and LGMD2H |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=57 |issue= 4 |pages= 591–5 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15786463 |doi= 10.1002/ana.20441 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Schoser BG, Frosk P, Engel AG, ''et al.'' |title=Commonality of TRIM32 mutation in causing sarcotubular myopathy and LGMD2H. |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=57 |issue= 4 |pages= 591-5 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15786463 |doi= 10.1002/ana.20441 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Benzinger A, Muster N, Koch HB, etal |title=Targeted proteomic analysis of 14-3-3 sigma, a p53 effector commonly silenced in cancer |journal=Mol. Cell. Proteomics |volume=4 |issue= 6 |pages= 785–95 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15778465 |doi= 10.1074/mcp.M500021-MCP200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Benzinger A, Muster N, Koch HB, ''et al.'' |title=Targeted proteomic analysis of 14-3-3 sigma, a p53 effector commonly silenced in cancer. |journal=Mol. Cell Proteomics |volume=4 |issue= 6 |pages= 785-95 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15778465 |doi= 10.1074/mcp.M500021-MCP200 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, etal |title=The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2121–7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489334 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2596504 | pmc=528928 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, ''et al.'' |title=The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2121-7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489334 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2596504 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Humphray SJ, Oliver K, Hunt AR, etal |title=DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 9 |journal=Nature |volume=429 |issue= 6990 |pages= 369–74 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15164053 |doi= 10.1038/nature02465 | pmc=2734081 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Humphray SJ, Oliver K, Hunt AR, ''et al.'' |title=DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 9. |journal=Nature |volume=429 |issue= 6990 |pages= 369-74 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15164053 |doi= 10.1038/nature02465 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, etal |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899–903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 | pmc=139241 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, ''et al.'' |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899-903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Frosk P, Weiler T, Nylen E, etal |title=Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2H associated with mutation in TRIM32, a putative E3-ubiquitin-ligase gene |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=70 |issue= 3 |pages= 663–72 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11822024 |doi=10.1086/339083 | pmc=447621  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Frosk P, Weiler T, Nylen E, ''et al.'' |title=Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2H associated with mutation in TRIM32, a putative E3-ubiquitin-ligase gene. |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=70 |issue= 3 |pages= 663-72 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11822024 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Weiler T, Greenberg CR, Zelinski T, etal |title=A gene for autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy in Manitoba Hutterites maps to chromosome region 9q31-q33: evidence for another limb-girdle muscular dystrophy locus |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=63 |issue= 1 |pages= 140–7 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9634523 |doi=10.1086/301925 | pmc=1377246  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Reymond A, Meroni G, Fantozzi A, ''et al.'' |title=The tripartite motif family identifies cell compartments. |journal=EMBO J. |volume=20 |issue= 9 |pages= 2140-51 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11331580 |doi= 10.1093/emboj/20.9.2140 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Weiler T, Greenberg CR, Zelinski T, ''et al.'' |title=A gene for autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy in Manitoba Hutterites maps to chromosome region 9q31-q33: evidence for another limb-girdle muscular dystrophy locus. |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=63 |issue= 1 |pages= 140-7 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9634523 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Fridell RA, Harding LS, Bogerd HP, Cullen BR |title=Identification of a novel human zinc finger protein that specifically interacts with the activation domain of lentiviral Tat proteins. |journal=Virology |volume=209 |issue= 2 |pages= 347-57 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7778269 |doi= 10.1006/viro.1995.1266 }}
}}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


{{protein-stub}}
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{{PBB_Controls
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| update_protein_box = yes
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{{Ciliary proteins}}

Latest revision as of 12:17, 15 September 2017

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

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UniProt

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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RefSeq (protein)

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Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed searchn/an/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Tripartite motif-containing protein 32 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM32 gene.[1][2][3][4] Since its discovery in 1995, TRIM32 has been shown to be implicated in a number of diverse biological pathways.

Structure

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family. The TRIM motif includes three zinc-binding domains, a RING, a B-box type 1 and a B-box type 2, and a coiled-coil region.[4]

Subcellular distribution

The protein localizes to cytoplasmic bodies. The protein has also been localized to the nucleus, where it interacts with the activation domain of the HIV-1 Tat protein. The Tat protein activates transcription of HIV-1 genes.[4]

Interactions

TRIM32 has been shown to interact with:

Function

Mechanism

Currently, TRIM32 is believed to employ two different mechanisms to affect molecular targets. First, it can act through its N-terminal RING finger as an E3 ubiquitin ligase, responsible for attaching ubiquitin molecules to lysine residues of target proteins, in order to mark them for proteosome degradation. Currently evidence suggests TRIM32 ubiquitinates multiple proteins including c-Myc, dysbindin, actin, piasy, and Abl-interactor2 (ABI2). The second mechanism by which TRIM32 is believed to operate involves binding of proteins to the C-terminal NHL repeat, which has been shown to activate miRNAs.[7]

Development

Research has recently shown the importance of TRIM32 in the development of the mouse neocortex. In the mouse neocortex, neural progenitor cells generate daughter cells which either differentiate into specific neurons or maintain the progenitor state of the mother cell. TRIM32 helps control the balance between differentiating and progenitor cells by localizing to a pole during progenitor cell division, and thus becoming concentrated in one of the two daughter cells. This asymmetric division of TRIM32 induces neuronal differentiation in daughter cells which contain high TRIM32 concentrations, while cells with low TRIM32 concentrations retain progenitor cell fate. Proposed theories on how TRIM32 induces differentiation involve the ubiquitination of the transcription factor c-Myc and the binding of Argonaute-1 (Ago-1). The binding of Ago-1 induces activity of miRNAs, particularly Let-7a, which has been shown to play a role in regulating proliferation and neuronal differentiation.[7]

Skeletal muscle

TRIM32 is expressed in skeletal muscle, where it interacts with myosin and may ubiquitinate actin (it has been shown to do so in vitro).[5] No difference has been observed between wild-type and LHMD2H-mutated TRIM32 in terms of actin or myosin binding, however, and thus the mechanism which causes the muscular dystrophy, LGMD2H, is still unknown.[10] Additionally, TRIM32 is known to ubiquitinate dysbindin, a protein associated with both skeletal muscles and neural tissue. The purpose and effects of the ubiquitination of dysbindin are as yet unclear.[8]

Clinical significance

Mutation-associated diseases

Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS): TRIM32 is one of 14[11] genes known to be linked with BBS. Specifically a mutation (P130S) in the B-box of TRIM32 gives rise to BBS.[8]

Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type2H (LGMD2H): LGMD2H is caused by 4 mutations of TRIM32 in the C-terminal NHL domain: D487N (third NHL repeat), R394H (first NHL repeat), T520TfsX13 (fourth NHL repeat), and D588del (fifth NHL repeat).[8]

Cancer

TRIM32 is overexpressed in skin cancer cells. It is thought that TRIM32 regulates NF-κB activity through ubiquitination of Protein Inhibitor of Activated STAT Y (Piasy).[9] Piasy acts as an inhibitor of NF-κB, and NF-κB acts as an anti-apoptotic factor. Thus, when Piasy is present, NF-κB is inhibited, and keratinocytes undergo apoptosis when exposed to ultraviolet-B radiation or TNFα, preventing cancer formation. When TRIM32 is overexpressed, Piasy is degraded, allowing NF-κB to function, and thus when cells are exposed to ultraviolet-B radiation or TNFα, apoptosis does not occur, potentially allowing cancer formation.[10]

TRIM32 additionally promotes cancer formation by ubiquitinating Abl-interactor 2 (Abi2), which is a tumor suppressor and inhibitor of cell migration.[9]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Reymond A, Meroni G, Fantozzi A, Merla G, Cairo S, Luzi L, Riganelli D, Zanaria E, Messali S, Cainarca S, Guffanti A, Minucci S, Pelicci PG, Ballabio A (May 2001). "The tripartite motif family identifies cell compartments". EMBO J. 20 (9): 2140–51. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.9.2140. PMC 125245. PMID 11331580.
  2. ↑ Fridell RA, Harding LS, Bogerd HP, Cullen BR (Jul 1995). "Identification of a novel human zinc finger protein that specifically interacts with the activation domain of lentiviral Tat proteins". Virology. 209 (2): 347–57. doi:10.1006/viro.1995.1266. PMID 7778269.
  3. ↑ Chiang AP, Beck JS, Yen HJ, Tayeh MK, Scheetz TE, Swiderski RE, Nishimura DY, Braun TA, Kim KY, Huang J, Elbedour K, Carmi R, Slusarski DC, Casavant TL, Stone EM, Sheffield VC (Apr 2006). "Homozygosity mapping with SNP arrays identifies TRIM32, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, as a Bardet-Biedl syndrome gene (BBS11)". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 103 (16): 6287–92. doi:10.1073/pnas.0600158103. PMC 1458870. PMID 16606853.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Entrez Gene: TRIM32 tripartite motif-containing 32".
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kudryashova E, Kudryashov D, Kramerova I, Spencer MJ (Nov 2005). "Trim32 is a ubiquitin ligase mutated in limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2H that binds to skeletal muscle myosin and ubiquitinates actin". J Mol Biol. 354 (2): 413–24. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2005.09.068. PMID 16243356.
  6. ↑ Kano S, Miyajima N, Fukuda S, Hatakeyama S (July 2008). "Tripartite motif protein 32 facilitates cell growth and migration via degradation of Abl-interactor 2". Cancer Res. 68 (14): 5572–80. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6231. PMID 18632609.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Schwamborn J, Berezikov E, Knoblich J (March 2009). "The TRIM-NHL protein TRIM32 activates microRNAs and prevents self-renewal in mouse neural progenitors". Cell. 136 (5): 913–925. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.12.024. PMC 2988196. PMID 19269368.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Locke M, Tinsley CL, Benson MA, Blake DJ (Apr 2009). "TRIM32 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for dysbindin". Hum Mol Genet. 18 (13): 2344–58. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddp167. PMC 2694686. PMID 19349376.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Kudryashova E, Wu J, Havton LA, Spencer MJ (Apr 2009). "Deficiency of the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM32 in mice leads to a myopathy with a neurogenic component". Hum Mol Genet. 18 (7): 1353–67. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddp036. PMC 2722196. PMID 19155210.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Albor A, El-Hizawi S, Horn EJ, Laederich M, Frosk P, Wrogemann K, Kulesz-Martin M (Jun 2006). "The interaction of Piasy with Trim32, an E3-ubiquitin ligase mutated in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2H, promotes Piasy degradation and regulates UVB-induced keratinocyte apoptosis through NFkappaB". J Biol Chem. 281 (35): 25850–66. doi:10.1074/jbc.M601655200. PMID 16816390.
  11. ↑ Hamosh, Ada (2012-11-02). "OMIM entry #209900 Bardet-Biedl Syndrome; BBS". Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Retrieved 2013-09-04.

External links

Further reading


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