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'''miR-146''' is a family of [[microRNA]] precursors found in [[mammal]]s, including [[human]]s. The ~22&nbsp;[[nucleotide]] mature miRNA sequence is excised from the precursor hairpin by the enzyme [[Dicer]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ambros V | title = microRNAs: tiny regulators with great potential | journal = Cell | volume = 107 | issue = 7 | pages = 823–6 | date = Dec 2001 | pmid = 11779458 | doi = 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00616-X }}</ref> This sequence then associates with [[RNA-induced silencing complex|RISC]] which effects [[RNA interference]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gregory RI, Chendrimada TP, Cooch N, Shiekhattar R | title = Human RISC couples microRNA biogenesis and posttranscriptional gene silencing | journal = Cell | volume = 123 | issue = 4 | pages = 631–40 | date = Nov 2005 | pmid = 16271387 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2005.10.022 }}</ref>
'''miR-146''' is a family of [[microRNA]] precursors found in [[mammal]]s, including [[human]]s. The ~22&nbsp;[[nucleotide]] mature miRNA sequence is excised from the precursor hairpin by the enzyme [[Dicer]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ambros V | title = microRNAs: tiny regulators with great potential | journal = Cell | volume = 107 | issue = 7 | pages = 823–6 | date = Dec 2001 | pmid = 11779458 | doi = 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00616-X }}</ref> This sequence then associates with [[RNA-induced silencing complex|RISC]] which effects [[RNA interference]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gregory RI, Chendrimada TP, Cooch N, Shiekhattar R | title = Human RISC couples microRNA biogenesis and posttranscriptional gene silencing | journal = Cell | volume = 123 | issue = 4 | pages = 631–40 | date = Nov 2005 | pmid = 16271387 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2005.10.022 }}</ref>


miR-146 is primarily involved in the regulation of [[inflammation]] and other process that function in the [[innate immune system]].<ref name="Son08">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sonkoly E, Ståhle M, Pivarcsi A | title = MicroRNAs and immunity: novel players in the regulation of normal immune function and inflammation | journal = Seminars in Cancer Biology | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–40 | date = Apr 2008 | pmid = 18291670 | doi = 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.01.005 }}</ref> Loss of functional miR-146 (and [[mir-145]]) could predispose an individual to suffer from [[chromosome 5q deletion syndrome]].<ref name="Giz10">{{cite journal | vauthors = Quinn SR, O'Neill LA | title = A trio of microRNAs that control Toll-like receptor signalling | journal = International Immunology | volume = 23 | issue = 7 | pages = 421–5 | date = Jul 2011 | pmid = 21652514 | doi = 10.1093/intimm/dxr034 }}</ref> miR-146 has also been reported to be highly upregulated in [[osteoarthritis]] cartilage, and could be involved in its [[pathogenesis]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yamasaki K, Nakasa T, Miyaki S, Ishikawa M, Deie M, Adachi N, Yasunaga Y, Asahara H, Ochi M | title = Expression of MicroRNA-146a in osteoarthritis cartilage | journal = Arthritis and Rheumatism | volume = 60 | issue = 4 | pages = 1035–41 | date = Apr 2009 | pmid = 19333945 | pmc = 2670476 | doi = 10.1002/art.24404 }}</ref> mir-146 expression is associated with survival in triple negative breast cancer.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lánczky|first=András|last2=Nagy|first2=Ádám|last3=Bottai|first3=Giulia|last4=Munkácsy|first4=Gyöngyi|last5=Szabó|first5=András|last6=Santarpia|first6=Libero|last7=Győrffy|first7=Balázs|date=2016-12-01|title=miRpower: a web-tool to validate survival-associated miRNAs utilizing expression data from 2178 breast cancer patients|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27744485|journal=Breast Cancer Research and Treatment|volume=160|issue=3|pages=439–446|doi=10.1007/s10549-016-4013-7|issn=1573-7217|pmid=27744485}}</ref>
miR-146 is primarily involved in the regulation of [[inflammation]] and other process that function in the [[innate immune system]].<ref name="Son08">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sonkoly E, Ståhle M, Pivarcsi A | title = MicroRNAs and immunity: novel players in the regulation of normal immune function and inflammation | journal = Seminars in Cancer Biology | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–40 | date = Apr 2008 | pmid = 18291670 | doi = 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.01.005 }}</ref> Loss of functional miR-146 (and [[mir-145]]) could predispose an individual to suffer from [[chromosome 5q deletion syndrome]].<ref name="Giz10">{{cite journal | vauthors = Quinn SR, O'Neill LA | title = A trio of microRNAs that control Toll-like receptor signalling | journal = [[International Immunology]] | volume = 23 | issue = 7 | pages = 421–5 | date = Jul 2011 | pmid = 21652514 | doi = 10.1093/intimm/dxr034 }}</ref> miR-146 has also been reported to be highly upregulated in [[osteoarthritis]] cartilage, and could be involved in its [[pathogenesis]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yamasaki K, Nakasa T, Miyaki S, Ishikawa M, Deie M, Adachi N, Yasunaga Y, Asahara H, Ochi M | title = Expression of MicroRNA-146a in osteoarthritis cartilage | journal = Arthritis and Rheumatism | volume = 60 | issue = 4 | pages = 1035–41 | date = Apr 2009 | pmid = 19333945 | pmc = 2670476 | doi = 10.1002/art.24404 }}</ref> mir-146 expression is associated with survival in triple negative breast cancer.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lánczky|first=András|last2=Nagy|first2=Ádám|last3=Bottai|first3=Giulia|last4=Munkácsy|first4=Gyöngyi|last5=Szabó|first5=András|last6=Santarpia|first6=Libero|last7=Győrffy|first7=Balázs|date=2016-12-01|title=miRpower: a web-tool to validate survival-associated miRNAs utilizing expression data from 2178 breast cancer patients|journal=Breast Cancer Research and Treatment|volume=160|issue=3|pages=439–446|doi=10.1007/s10549-016-4013-7|issn=1573-7217|pmid=27744485}}</ref>


== Function ==
== Function ==

Latest revision as of 14:46, 26 June 2018

miR-146
File:Mir-146 SS.png
Conserved secondary structure of miR-146 microRNA precursor
Identifiers
SymbolmiR-146
Alt. SymbolsMIR146
RfamRF00691
miRBaseMI0000477
miRBase familyMIPF0000103
Entrez406938
HUGO31533
OMIM610566
RefSeqNR_029897
Other data
RNA typemiRNA
Domain(s)Mammalia
GO0035195
SO0001244
LocusChr. 5 q34
PDB structuresPDBe

miR-146 is a family of microRNA precursors found in mammals, including humans. The ~22 nucleotide mature miRNA sequence is excised from the precursor hairpin by the enzyme Dicer.[1] This sequence then associates with RISC which effects RNA interference.[2]

miR-146 is primarily involved in the regulation of inflammation and other process that function in the innate immune system.[3] Loss of functional miR-146 (and mir-145) could predispose an individual to suffer from chromosome 5q deletion syndrome.[4] miR-146 has also been reported to be highly upregulated in osteoarthritis cartilage, and could be involved in its pathogenesis.[5] mir-146 expression is associated with survival in triple negative breast cancer.[6]

Function

miR-146 is thought to be a mediator of inflammation along with another microRNA, mir-155. The expression of miR-146 is upregulated by inflammatory factors such as interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha.[7] miR-146 dysregulates a number of targets which are mostly involved in toll-like receptor pathways that bring about a cytokine response as part of the innate immune system.[3][7] miR-146 operates in a feedback system or "negative regulatory loop"[8] to finely tune inflammatory responses.[4]

Applications

miR-146 could be used as a biomarker for sepsis.[9] In addition it was found to be absent from the exosomes of prion infected cells suggesting it could be used as a biomarker for prion infection.[10] miR-146a could be targeted therapeutically as its depletion has implication in the hyperactive response to infection.[11]

References

  1. ↑ Ambros V (Dec 2001). "microRNAs: tiny regulators with great potential". Cell. 107 (7): 823–6. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00616-X. PMID 11779458.
  2. ↑ Gregory RI, Chendrimada TP, Cooch N, Shiekhattar R (Nov 2005). "Human RISC couples microRNA biogenesis and posttranscriptional gene silencing". Cell. 123 (4): 631–40. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.10.022. PMID 16271387.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Sonkoly E, Ståhle M, Pivarcsi A (Apr 2008). "MicroRNAs and immunity: novel players in the regulation of normal immune function and inflammation". Seminars in Cancer Biology. 18 (2): 131–40. doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.01.005. PMID 18291670.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Quinn SR, O'Neill LA (Jul 2011). "A trio of microRNAs that control Toll-like receptor signalling". International Immunology. 23 (7): 421–5. doi:10.1093/intimm/dxr034. PMID 21652514.
  5. ↑ Yamasaki K, Nakasa T, Miyaki S, Ishikawa M, Deie M, Adachi N, Yasunaga Y, Asahara H, Ochi M (Apr 2009). "Expression of MicroRNA-146a in osteoarthritis cartilage". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 60 (4): 1035–41. doi:10.1002/art.24404. PMC 2670476. PMID 19333945.
  6. ↑ Lánczky, András; Nagy, Ádám; Bottai, Giulia; Munkácsy, Gyöngyi; Szabó, András; Santarpia, Libero; Győrffy, Balázs (2016-12-01). "miRpower: a web-tool to validate survival-associated miRNAs utilizing expression data from 2178 breast cancer patients". Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 160 (3): 439–446. doi:10.1007/s10549-016-4013-7. ISSN 1573-7217. PMID 27744485.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Sheedy FJ, O'Neill LA (Dec 2008). "Adding fuel to fire: microRNAs as a new class of mediators of inflammation". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 67 Suppl 3: iii50–5. doi:10.1136/ard.2008.100289. PMID 19022814.
  8. ↑ Ma X, Becker Buscaglia LE, Barker JR, Li Y (Jun 2011). "MicroRNAs in NF-kappaB signaling". Journal of Molecular Cell Biology. 3 (3): 159–66. doi:10.1093/jmcb/mjr007. PMC 3104013. PMID 21502305.
  9. ↑ Gîză DE, Vasilescu C (Sep–Oct 2010). "[MicroRNA's role in sepsis and endotoxin tolerance. More players on the stage]". Chirurgia. 105 (5): 625–30. PMID 21141085.
  10. ↑ Bellingham SA, Coleman BM, Hill AF (Nov 2012). "Small RNA deep sequencing reveals a distinct miRNA signature released in exosomes from prion-infected neuronal cells". Nucleic Acids Research. 40 (21): 10937–49. doi:10.1093/nar/gks832. PMC 3505968. PMID 22965126.
  11. ↑ O'Connell RM, Rao DS, Baltimore D (2012). "microRNA regulation of inflammatory responses". Annual Review of Immunology. 30: 295–312. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-075013. PMID 22224773.

Further reading

See also

Internal links

External links

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