POEMS syndrome other diagnostic studies: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
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{{POEMS syndrome}}
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==Overview==
Other [[Diagnosis|diagnostic]] studies that can help in making the [[diagnosis]] of POEMS [[syndrome]] include [[nerve conduction study]], electromyography, [[Ophthalmoscope|fundoscopy]], [[serum]] [[Blood plasma|plasma]] [[electrophoresis]] and [[immunofixation]] [[electrophoresis]], [[Medical laboratory|laboratory]] evaluation for [[Endocrinology|endocrinopathies]], [[Visual field test|visual field testing]], [[fluorescein angiography]], [[Bone marrow examination|bone marrow biopsy]], and [[Spirometry|pulmonary function test]].
==Other Diagnostic Studies==
Given below are the other [[Diagnosis|diagnostic]] studies with their corresponding findings in POEMS [[syndrome]]:


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'''Electromyography and Nerve''' '''Conduction''' '''Study'''
*Reduced compound [[muscle]] [[action potential]] (CMAP)<ref name="pmid28472865">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim H, Lim YM, Jin JY, Yoon DH, Suh C, Kim SY, Jo JC, Kim KK |title=Electrophysiologic features of POEMS syndrome compared with MGUS-related neuropathy |journal=Muscle Nerve |volume=56 |issue=6 |pages=E73–E77 |date=December 2017 |pmid=28472865 |doi=10.1002/mus.25684 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24752623">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liu M, Zou Z, Guan Y, Li J, Zhou D, Cui L |title=Motor nerve conduction study and muscle strength in newly diagnosed POEMS syndrome |journal=Muscle Nerve |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=19–23 |date=January 2015 |pmid=24752623 |doi=10.1002/mus.24267 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24746082">{{cite journal |vauthors=Xu Y, Song H, Zhang S, Fan D |title=[Neurophysiologic studies of POEMS syndrome and its related diseases] |language=Chinese |journal=Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=356–8 |date=February 2014 |pmid=24746082 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Reduced [[Motor system|motor]] [[Nerve|conduction]] [[velocity]] (MCV) (normal mean value: 50-60 meters/second)<ref name="pmid28472865">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim H, Lim YM, Jin JY, Yoon DH, Suh C, Kim SY, Jo JC, Kim KK |title=Electrophysiologic features of POEMS syndrome compared with MGUS-related neuropathy |journal=Muscle Nerve |volume=56 |issue=6 |pages=E73–E77 |date=December 2017 |pmid=28472865 |doi=10.1002/mus.25684 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24752623">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liu M, Zou Z, Guan Y, Li J, Zhou D, Cui L |title=Motor nerve conduction study and muscle strength in newly diagnosed POEMS syndrome |journal=Muscle Nerve |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=19–23 |date=January 2015 |pmid=24752623 |doi=10.1002/mus.24267 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24746082">{{cite journal |vauthors=Xu Y, Song H, Zhang S, Fan D |title=[Neurophysiologic studies of POEMS syndrome and its related diseases] |language=Chinese |journal=Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=356–8 |date=February 2014 |pmid=24746082 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Significantly higher terminal latency index (TLI)<ref name="pmid28472865">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim H, Lim YM, Jin JY, Yoon DH, Suh C, Kim SY, Jo JC, Kim KK |title=Electrophysiologic features of POEMS syndrome compared with MGUS-related neuropathy |journal=Muscle Nerve |volume=56 |issue=6 |pages=E73–E77 |date=December 2017 |pmid=28472865 |doi=10.1002/mus.25684 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24752623">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liu M, Zou Z, Guan Y, Li J, Zhou D, Cui L |title=Motor nerve conduction study and muscle strength in newly diagnosed POEMS syndrome |journal=Muscle Nerve |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=19–23 |date=January 2015 |pmid=24752623 |doi=10.1002/mus.24267 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24746082">{{cite journal |vauthors=Xu Y, Song H, Zhang S, Fan D |title=[Neurophysiologic studies of POEMS syndrome and its related diseases] |language=Chinese |journal=Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=356–8 |date=February 2014 |pmid=24746082 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
*Mixed [[Sensory system|sensory]]-[[Motor system|motor]] pattern<ref name="pmid10425826">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ayala-Hernández I, Martínez-González M, Halabe-Cherem J |title=[POEMS syndrome. Report of a case] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Gac Med Mex |volume=135 |issue=3 |pages=311–5 |date=1999 |pmid=10425826 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Active denervation/[[neurogenic]] [[injury]]<ref name="pmid27653904">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abbas A, Cook M, Hiew FL, Lewthwaite A, Shirley C, Rajabally YA |title=A case of POEMS mimicking a "Guillain-Barré like" syndrome |journal=J. Neurol. Sci. |volume=369 |issue= |pages=268–270 |date=October 2016 |pmid=27653904 |doi=10.1016/j.jns.2016.08.027 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25888197">{{cite journal |vauthors=Güneş HN, Bilecenoğlu NT, Şener U, Yoldaş TK |title=POEMS syndrome with peripheral and central nervous system demyelination: case report |journal=Neurologist |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=101–3 |date=April 2015 |pmid=25888197 |doi=10.1097/NRL.0000000000000017 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24752623">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liu M, Zou Z, Guan Y, Li J, Zhou D, Cui L |title=Motor nerve conduction study and muscle strength in newly diagnosed POEMS syndrome |journal=Muscle Nerve |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=19–23 |date=January 2015 |pmid=24752623 |doi=10.1002/mus.24267 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24268501">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guo X, Qin X, Zhang Y, Huang C, Yu G |title=Electrophysiological features of POEMS syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy |journal=J Clin Neurosci |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=587–90 |date=April 2014 |pmid=24268501 |doi=10.1016/j.jocn.2013.05.023 |url=}}</ref><ref name="Pinto Neto2007">{{cite journal|last1=Pinto Neto|first1=Jorge V.|title=Síndrome de POEMS (mieloma osteoesclerótico)|journal=Revista Brasileira de Hematologia e Hemoterapia|volume=29|issue=1|year=2007|issn=1516-8484|doi=10.1590/S1516-84842007000100018}}</ref>
'''Serum Plasma Electrophoresis and Immunofixation Electrophoresis'''
*[[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]]-λ and [[Immunoglobulin A|IgA]]-κ biclonal gammopathy<ref name="pmid26663802">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ham JY, Suh JS, Lee WK, Song KE |title=POEMS Syndrome with IgG-λ/IgA-κ Biclonal Gammopathy and Abnormal Serum Free Light Chain Ratio: a Case Report |journal=Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=702–6 |date=2015 |pmid=26663802 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28893029">{{cite journal |vauthors=De D, Halder S, Datta SS |title=POEMS Syndrome with Biclonal Gammopathy: A Rare Association |journal=J Clin Diagn Res |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=XD12–XD13 |date=July 2017 |pmid=28893029 |pmc=5583889 |doi=10.7860/JCDR/2017/24800.10265 |url=}}</ref>
*Increased [[serum]] free [[light chain]] κ and λ values<ref name="pmid26663802">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ham JY, Suh JS, Lee WK, Song KE |title=POEMS Syndrome with IgG-λ/IgA-κ Biclonal Gammopathy and Abnormal Serum Free Light Chain Ratio: a Case Report |journal=Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=702–6 |date=2015 |pmid=26663802 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Higher than normal κ/λ ratio<ref name="pmid26663802">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ham JY, Suh JS, Lee WK, Song KE |title=POEMS Syndrome with IgG-λ/IgA-κ Biclonal Gammopathy and Abnormal Serum Free Light Chain Ratio: a Case Report |journal=Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=702–6 |date=2015 |pmid=26663802 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
'''Visual Field Testing'''
*Field defects<ref name="pmid19123170">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gutierrez-Ortiz C, Castro-Rebollo M, Pareja J, Beckford C, Teus M |title=Bilateral non-simultaneous optic neuropathy and unilateral macular edema in a patient with POEMS syndrome |journal=Eur J Ophthalmol |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=166–9 |date=2009 |pmid=19123170 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
'''Fluorescein Angiography'''
*May reveal pooling of [[fluid]] consistent with [[Macular edema|cystoid macular edema]]<ref name="pmid19123170">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gutierrez-Ortiz C, Castro-Rebollo M, Pareja J, Beckford C, Teus M |title=Bilateral non-simultaneous optic neuropathy and unilateral macular edema in a patient with POEMS syndrome |journal=Eur J Ophthalmol |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=166–9 |date=2009 |pmid=19123170 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17554492">{{cite journal |vauthors=Okada K, Yamamoto S, Tsuyama Y, Mizunoya S |title=Case of POEMS syndrome associated with bilateral macular detachment resolved by autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation |journal=Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=237–8 |date=2007 |pmid=17554492 |doi=10.1007/s10384-006-0428-8 |url=}}</ref>
'''Fundoscopy'''
*[[Optic disc]] [[Edema|swelling]]<ref name="pmid17554492">{{cite journal |vauthors=Okada K, Yamamoto S, Tsuyama Y, Mizunoya S |title=Case of POEMS syndrome associated with bilateral macular detachment resolved by autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation |journal=Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=237–8 |date=2007 |pmid=17554492 |doi=10.1007/s10384-006-0428-8 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Optic disc]] [[Bleeding|hemorrhages]]<ref name="pmid17554492">{{cite journal |vauthors=Okada K, Yamamoto S, Tsuyama Y, Mizunoya S |title=Case of POEMS syndrome associated with bilateral macular detachment resolved by autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation |journal=Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=237–8 |date=2007 |pmid=17554492 |doi=10.1007/s10384-006-0428-8 |url=}}</ref>
*Serous [[Macula|macular]] detachments<ref name="pmid17554492">{{cite journal |vauthors=Okada K, Yamamoto S, Tsuyama Y, Mizunoya S |title=Case of POEMS syndrome associated with bilateral macular detachment resolved by autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation |journal=Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=237–8 |date=2007 |pmid=17554492 |doi=10.1007/s10384-006-0428-8 |url=}}</ref>
'''Laboratory Evaluation for Endocrinopathies'''
*Decreased [[testosterone]] level<ref name="Pinto Neto2007">{{cite journal|last1=Pinto Neto|first1=Jorge V.|title=Síndrome de POEMS (mieloma osteoesclerótico)|journal=Revista Brasileira de Hematologia e Hemoterapia|volume=29|issue=1|year=2007|issn=1516-8484|doi=10.1590/S1516-84842007000100018}}</ref><ref name="pmid10425826">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ayala-Hernández I, Martínez-González M, Halabe-Cherem J |title=[POEMS syndrome. Report of a case] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Gac Med Mex |volume=135 |issue=3 |pages=311–5 |date=1999 |pmid=10425826 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Decreased [[Luteinizing hormone|LH]], and [[estradiol]] levels<ref name="pmid29056130">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zaidi S, Sattar S, Asumal KB |title=An Adult with Polyneuropathy and Hypogonadism due to Poems Syndrome |journal=J Coll Physicians Surg Pak |volume=27 |issue=10 |pages=651–653 |date=October 2017 |pmid=29056130 |doi=2728 |url=}}</ref>
*High or low [[FSH]] level<ref name="pmid9625458">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shichiri M, Iwashina M, Imai T, Marumo F, Hirata Y |title=Abnormal FSH hypersecretion as an endocrinological manifestation of POEMS syndrome |journal=Endocr. J. |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=131–4 |date=February 1998 |pmid=9625458 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Elevated [[Thyroid-stimulating hormone|thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)]] level<ref name="pmid10425826">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ayala-Hernández I, Martínez-González M, Halabe-Cherem J |title=[POEMS syndrome. Report of a case] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Gac Med Mex |volume=135 |issue=3 |pages=311–5 |date=1999 |pmid=10425826 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Decreased [[cortisol]] level<ref name="pmid9767755">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mauvais-Jarvis F, Bertherat J, Ravaud H, Thomopoulos P, Luton JP |title=[POEMS syndrome with primary adrenocortical insufficiency] |language=French |journal=Presse Med |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=15–7 |date=January 1998 |pmid=9767755 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17605964">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gandhi GY, Basu R, Dispenzieri A, Basu A, Montori VM, Brennan MD |title=Endocrinopathy in POEMS syndrome: the Mayo Clinic experience |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=82 |issue=7 |pages=836–42 |date=July 2007 |pmid=17605964 |doi=10.4065/82.7.836 |url=}}</ref>
*Elevated [[prolactin]] level<ref name="pmid30239770">{{cite journal |vauthors=Caimari F, Keddie S, Lunn MP, D'Sa S, Baldeweg SE |title=Prevalence and course of endocrinopathy in POEMS syndrome |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=September 2018 |pmid=30239770 |doi=10.1210/jc.2018-01516 |url=}}</ref>
*Elevated fasting [[Blood sugar|blood glucose]] level<ref name="pmid29263469">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hu P, Luo YY, Wu J, Gao LL |title=[Analysis of clinical features of 23 patients with POEMS syndrome] |language=Chinese |journal=Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=985–989 |date=December 2017 |pmid=29263469 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30239770">{{cite journal |vauthors=Caimari F, Keddie S, Lunn MP, D'Sa S, Baldeweg SE |title=Prevalence and course of endocrinopathy in POEMS syndrome |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=September 2018 |pmid=30239770 |doi=10.1210/jc.2018-01516 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10596729">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mano T, Mori K, Sawai Y, Oda N, Tugawa T, Nakano I, Watanabe F, Hamada M, Nakai A, Yamamoto H, Harada N, Nagasaka A, Itoh M |title=Accelerated conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to estrogen in a patient with Crow-Fukase syndrome and diabetes mellitus |journal=Endocr. Res. |volume=25 |issue=3-4 |pages=371–80 |date=1999 |pmid=10596729 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
'''Complete Blood Count'''
'''Bone Marrow Biopsy'''
*Increased number of [[Plasma cell|plasma cells]]<ref name="pmid6315993">{{cite journal |vauthors=Takatsuki K, Sanada I |title=Plasma cell dyscrasia with polyneuropathy and endocrine disorder: clinical and laboratory features of 109 reported cases |journal=Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=543–55 |date=September 1983 |pmid=6315993 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
'''Pulmonary Function Test'''
*Abnormal [[Spirometry|FEV1]], [[DLCO]], and [[Vital capacity|FVC]]<ref name="pmid25433952">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chandrashekaran S, Dispenzieri A, Cha SS, Kennedy CC |title=Pulmonary morbidity improves after autologous stem cell transplantation in POEMS syndrome |journal=Respir Med |volume=109 |issue=1 |pages=122–30 |date=January 2015 |pmid=25433952 |pmc=4758677 |doi=10.1016/j.rmed.2014.11.005 |url=}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Syndromes]]
[[Category:Syndromes]]
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Latest revision as of 20:40, 8 February 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sabawoon Mirwais, M.B.B.S, M.D.[2]

Overview

Other diagnostic studies that can help in making the diagnosis of POEMS syndrome include nerve conduction study, electromyography, fundoscopy, serum plasma electrophoresis and immunofixation electrophoresis, laboratory evaluation for endocrinopathies, visual field testing, fluorescein angiography, bone marrow biopsy, and pulmonary function test.

Other Diagnostic Studies

Given below are the other diagnostic studies with their corresponding findings in POEMS syndrome:

Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Study

Serum Plasma Electrophoresis and Immunofixation Electrophoresis

Visual Field Testing

Fluorescein Angiography

Fundoscopy

Laboratory Evaluation for Endocrinopathies

Complete Blood Count Bone Marrow Biopsy

Pulmonary Function Test

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Kim H, Lim YM, Jin JY, Yoon DH, Suh C, Kim SY, Jo JC, Kim KK (December 2017). "Electrophysiologic features of POEMS syndrome compared with MGUS-related neuropathy". Muscle Nerve. 56 (6): E73–E77. doi:10.1002/mus.25684. PMID 28472865.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Liu M, Zou Z, Guan Y, Li J, Zhou D, Cui L (January 2015). "Motor nerve conduction study and muscle strength in newly diagnosed POEMS syndrome". Muscle Nerve. 51 (1): 19–23. doi:10.1002/mus.24267. PMID 24752623.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Xu Y, Song H, Zhang S, Fan D (February 2014). "[Neurophysiologic studies of POEMS syndrome and its related diseases]". Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (in Chinese). 94 (5): 356–8. PMID 24746082.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Ayala-Hernández I, Martínez-González M, Halabe-Cherem J (1999). "[POEMS syndrome. Report of a case]". Gac Med Mex (in Spanish; Castilian). 135 (3): 311–5. PMID 10425826.
  5. ↑ Abbas A, Cook M, Hiew FL, Lewthwaite A, Shirley C, Rajabally YA (October 2016). "A case of POEMS mimicking a "Guillain-Barré like" syndrome". J. Neurol. Sci. 369: 268–270. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2016.08.027. PMID 27653904.
  6. ↑ Güneş HN, Bilecenoğlu NT, Şener U, Yoldaş TK (April 2015). "POEMS syndrome with peripheral and central nervous system demyelination: case report". Neurologist. 19 (4): 101–3. doi:10.1097/NRL.0000000000000017. PMID 25888197.
  7. ↑ Guo X, Qin X, Zhang Y, Huang C, Yu G (April 2014). "Electrophysiological features of POEMS syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy". J Clin Neurosci. 21 (4): 587–90. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2013.05.023. PMID 24268501.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Pinto Neto, Jorge V. (2007). "Síndrome de POEMS (mieloma osteoesclerótico)". Revista Brasileira de Hematologia e Hemoterapia. 29 (1). doi:10.1590/S1516-84842007000100018. ISSN 1516-8484.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Ham JY, Suh JS, Lee WK, Song KE (2015). "POEMS Syndrome with IgG-λ/IgA-κ Biclonal Gammopathy and Abnormal Serum Free Light Chain Ratio: a Case Report". Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 45 (6): 702–6. PMID 26663802.
  10. ↑ De D, Halder S, Datta SS (July 2017). "POEMS Syndrome with Biclonal Gammopathy: A Rare Association". J Clin Diagn Res. 11 (7): XD12–XD13. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2017/24800.10265. PMC 5583889. PMID 28893029.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Gutierrez-Ortiz C, Castro-Rebollo M, Pareja J, Beckford C, Teus M (2009). "Bilateral non-simultaneous optic neuropathy and unilateral macular edema in a patient with POEMS syndrome". Eur J Ophthalmol. 19 (1): 166–9. PMID 19123170.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Okada K, Yamamoto S, Tsuyama Y, Mizunoya S (2007). "Case of POEMS syndrome associated with bilateral macular detachment resolved by autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation". Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. 51 (3): 237–8. doi:10.1007/s10384-006-0428-8. PMID 17554492.
  13. ↑ Zaidi S, Sattar S, Asumal KB (October 2017). "An Adult with Polyneuropathy and Hypogonadism due to Poems Syndrome". J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 27 (10): 651–653. doi:2728 Check |doi= value (help). PMID 29056130.
  14. ↑ Shichiri M, Iwashina M, Imai T, Marumo F, Hirata Y (February 1998). "Abnormal FSH hypersecretion as an endocrinological manifestation of POEMS syndrome". Endocr. J. 45 (1): 131–4. PMID 9625458.
  15. ↑ Mauvais-Jarvis F, Bertherat J, Ravaud H, Thomopoulos P, Luton JP (January 1998). "[POEMS syndrome with primary adrenocortical insufficiency]". Presse Med (in French). 27 (1): 15–7. PMID 9767755.
  16. ↑ Gandhi GY, Basu R, Dispenzieri A, Basu A, Montori VM, Brennan MD (July 2007). "Endocrinopathy in POEMS syndrome: the Mayo Clinic experience". Mayo Clin. Proc. 82 (7): 836–42. doi:10.4065/82.7.836. PMID 17605964.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Caimari F, Keddie S, Lunn MP, D'Sa S, Baldeweg SE (September 2018). "Prevalence and course of endocrinopathy in POEMS syndrome". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. doi:10.1210/jc.2018-01516. PMID 30239770.
  18. ↑ Hu P, Luo YY, Wu J, Gao LL (December 2017). "[Analysis of clinical features of 23 patients with POEMS syndrome]". Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao (in Chinese). 49 (6): 985–989. PMID 29263469.
  19. ↑ Mano T, Mori K, Sawai Y, Oda N, Tugawa T, Nakano I, Watanabe F, Hamada M, Nakai A, Yamamoto H, Harada N, Nagasaka A, Itoh M (1999). "Accelerated conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to estrogen in a patient with Crow-Fukase syndrome and diabetes mellitus". Endocr. Res. 25 (3–4): 371–80. PMID 10596729.
  20. ↑ Takatsuki K, Sanada I (September 1983). "Plasma cell dyscrasia with polyneuropathy and endocrine disorder: clinical and laboratory features of 109 reported cases". Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 13 (3): 543–55. PMID 6315993.
  21. ↑ Chandrashekaran S, Dispenzieri A, Cha SS, Kennedy CC (January 2015). "Pulmonary morbidity improves after autologous stem cell transplantation in POEMS syndrome". Respir Med. 109 (1): 122–30. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2014.11.005. PMC 4758677. PMID 25433952.

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