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{{Milk-alkali syndrome}} | {{Milk-alkali syndrome}} | ||
{{CMG}} | {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{SHA}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
In 1915, Bertram Sippy introduced a treatment for [[Peptic ulcer|peptic ulcer disease]] which was an hourly mixture of milk and cream combined with [[Alkali|alkaline]] powders. In 1923, the toxic effects of Sippy’s regimen. were reported for the first time. With the introduction of [[Histamine antagonist|histamine antagonists]] and decrease in [[antacid]] consumption since the 1970s, the incidence of milk-alkali syndrome has decreased significantly. However, since the 1990s, there has been an increase in milk-alkali syndrome due to an increase in [[calcium]] and [[vitamin D]] consumption in postmenopausal women for [[osteoporosis]] prevention. | |||
==Historical Perspective == | |||
* In 1915, Bertram Sippy introduced a treatment for [[Peptic ulcer|peptic ulcer disease]] which was an hourly mixture of milk and cream combined with [[Alkali|alkaline]] powders ([[magnesium oxide]], [[sodium bicarbonate]], and bismuth subcarbonate).<ref name="pmid6352976">{{cite journal| author=Sippy BW| title=Landmark article May 15, 1915: Gastric and duodenal ulcer. Medical cure by an efficient removal of gastric juice corrosion. By Bertram W. Sippy. | journal=JAMA | year= 1983 | volume= 250 | issue= 16 | pages= 2192-7 | pmid=6352976 | doi=10.1001/jama.250.16.2192 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6352976 }} </ref> | |||
* In 1923, Hardt and Rivers reported toxic effects of Sippy’s treatment regimen, and reported [[Acute kidney injury|azotemia]] and increase in [[sodium bicarbonate]] in patients that had signs of toxemia ([[Headache|headaches]], [[Nausea and vomiting|nausea, vomiting]], [[dizziness]], and distaste for milk).<ref name="HARDT p=171">{{cite journal | last=HARDT | first=LEO L. | title=TOXIC MANIFESTATIONS FOLLOWING THE ALKALINE TREATMENT OF PEPTIC ULCER | journal=Archives of Internal Medicine | publisher=American Medical Association (AMA) | volume=31 | issue=2 | date=1923-02-01 | issn=0003-9926 | doi=10.1001/archinte.1923.00110140023003 | page=171}}</ref> | |||
* In 1936, Cope found [[hypercalcemia]], [[hyperphosphatemia]], [[Acute kidney injury|azotemia]], and increased [[bicarbonate]] in patients on [[alkali]] therapies for gastric ulcers. | |||
* In 1949, Burnett described a syndrome with [[hypercalcemia]] without [[hypercalciuria]] or [[hypophosphatemia]], [[renal insufficiency]] and [[calcinosis]] in patients consuming milk and alkali. The renal insufficiency did not resolve after the withdrawal of the milk and [[alkali]] therapy and most patients progressed to [[Chronic renal failure|chronic renal disease]].<ref name="pmid18126919">{{cite journal| author=BURNETT CH, COMMONS RR| title=Hypercalcemia without hypercalcuria or hypophosphatemia, calcinosis and renal insufficiency; a syndrome following prolonged intake of milk and alkali. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1949 | volume= 240 | issue= 20 | pages= 787-94 | pmid=18126919 | doi=10.1056/NEJM194905192402001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18126919 }} </ref> | |||
* In 1963, Punsar and Somer classified milk-alkali syndrome into 2 categories:<ref name="pmid13972538">{{cite journal| author=PUNSAR S, SOMER T| title=The milk-alkali syndrome. A report of three illustrative cases and a review of the literature. | journal=Acta Med Scand | year= 1963 | volume= 173 | issue= | pages= 435-49 | pmid=13972538 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13972538 }} </ref> | |||
** Cope syndrome (acute) | |||
** Burnett syndrome (chronic) | |||
* [[H2 antagonist|Histamine-2 blockers]] and [[Proton pump inhibitor|proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)]] were introduced in in 1976 and 1989, respectively. This has led to a significant decrease in the 'classic' milk-alkali syndrome that mostly affected middle-aged men who consumed the 'Sippy Powder' for [[Peptic ulcer|peptic ulcer disease]].<ref name="pmid16702792">{{cite journal| author=Beall DP, Henslee HB, Webb HR, Scofield RH| title=Milk-alkali syndrome: a historical review and description of the modern version of the syndrome. | journal=Am J Med Sci | year= 2006 | volume= 331 | issue= 5 | pages= 233-42 | pmid=16702792 | doi=10.1097/00000441-200605000-00001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16702792 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19252114">{{cite journal| author=Medarov BI| title=Milk-alkali syndrome. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2009 | volume= 84 | issue= 3 | pages= 261-7 | pmid=19252114 | doi=10.1016/S0025-6196(11)61144-0 | pmc=2664604 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19252114 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23543983">{{cite journal| author=Arroyo M, Fenves AZ, Emmett M| title=The calcium-alkali syndrome. | journal=Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) | year= 2013 | volume= 26 | issue= 2 | pages= 179-81 | pmid=23543983 | doi=10.1080/08998280.2013.11928954 | pmc=3603742 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23543983 }} </ref> | |||
* Since the 1990s, there has been an increase in the 'modern' milk-alkali syndrome due to an increase in [[calcium]] and [[vitamin D]] consumption in postmenopausal women for [[osteoporosis]] prevention.<ref name="pmid19252114">{{cite journal| author=Medarov BI| title=Milk-alkali syndrome. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2009 | volume= 84 | issue= 3 | pages= 261-7 | pmid=19252114 | doi=10.1016/S0025-6196(11)61144-0 | pmc=2664604 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19252114 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23543983">{{cite journal| author=Arroyo M, Fenves AZ, Emmett M| title=The calcium-alkali syndrome. | journal=Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) | year= 2013 | volume= 26 | issue= 2 | pages= 179-81 | pmid=23543983 | doi=10.1080/08998280.2013.11928954 | pmc=3603742 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23543983 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17699269">{{cite journal| author=Felsenfeld AJ, Levine BS| title=Milk alkali syndrome and the dynamics of calcium homeostasis. | journal=Clin J Am Soc Nephrol | year= 2006 | volume= 1 | issue= 4 | pages= 641-54 | pmid=17699269 | doi=10.2215/CJN.01451005 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17699269 }} </ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
[[Category:Needs content]] | [[Category:Needs content]] | ||
[[Category:Electrolyte disturbances]] | [[Category:Electrolyte disturbances]] | ||
[[Category:Calcium]] | [[Category:Calcium]] | ||
[[Category:Urinary system]] | [[Category:Urinary system]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
[[Category:Kidney diseases]] | [[Category:Kidney diseases]] | ||
[[Category:Urology]] | [[Category:Urology]] | ||
Latest revision as of 13:01, 16 July 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shakiba Hassanzadeh, MD[2]
Overview
In 1915, Bertram Sippy introduced a treatment for peptic ulcer disease which was an hourly mixture of milk and cream combined with alkaline powders. In 1923, the toxic effects of Sippy’s regimen. were reported for the first time. With the introduction of histamine antagonists and decrease in antacid consumption since the 1970s, the incidence of milk-alkali syndrome has decreased significantly. However, since the 1990s, there has been an increase in milk-alkali syndrome due to an increase in calcium and vitamin D consumption in postmenopausal women for osteoporosis prevention.
Historical Perspective
- In 1915, Bertram Sippy introduced a treatment for peptic ulcer disease which was an hourly mixture of milk and cream combined with alkaline powders (magnesium oxide, sodium bicarbonate, and bismuth subcarbonate).[1]
- In 1923, Hardt and Rivers reported toxic effects of Sippy’s treatment regimen, and reported azotemia and increase in sodium bicarbonate in patients that had signs of toxemia (headaches, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and distaste for milk).[2]
- In 1936, Cope found hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, azotemia, and increased bicarbonate in patients on alkali therapies for gastric ulcers.
- In 1949, Burnett described a syndrome with hypercalcemia without hypercalciuria or hypophosphatemia, renal insufficiency and calcinosis in patients consuming milk and alkali. The renal insufficiency did not resolve after the withdrawal of the milk and alkali therapy and most patients progressed to chronic renal disease.[3]
- In 1963, Punsar and Somer classified milk-alkali syndrome into 2 categories:[4]
- Cope syndrome (acute)
- Burnett syndrome (chronic)
- Histamine-2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) were introduced in in 1976 and 1989, respectively. This has led to a significant decrease in the 'classic' milk-alkali syndrome that mostly affected middle-aged men who consumed the 'Sippy Powder' for peptic ulcer disease.[5][6][7]
- Since the 1990s, there has been an increase in the 'modern' milk-alkali syndrome due to an increase in calcium and vitamin D consumption in postmenopausal women for osteoporosis prevention.[6][7][8]
References
- ↑ Sippy BW (1983). "Landmark article May 15, 1915: Gastric and duodenal ulcer. Medical cure by an efficient removal of gastric juice corrosion. By Bertram W. Sippy". JAMA. 250 (16): 2192–7. doi:10.1001/jama.250.16.2192. PMID 6352976.
- ↑ HARDT, LEO L. (1923-02-01). "TOXIC MANIFESTATIONS FOLLOWING THE ALKALINE TREATMENT OF PEPTIC ULCER". Archives of Internal Medicine. American Medical Association (AMA). 31 (2): 171. doi:10.1001/archinte.1923.00110140023003. ISSN 0003-9926.
- ↑ BURNETT CH, COMMONS RR (1949). "Hypercalcemia without hypercalcuria or hypophosphatemia, calcinosis and renal insufficiency; a syndrome following prolonged intake of milk and alkali". N Engl J Med. 240 (20): 787–94. doi:10.1056/NEJM194905192402001. PMID 18126919.
- ↑ PUNSAR S, SOMER T (1963). "The milk-alkali syndrome. A report of three illustrative cases and a review of the literature". Acta Med Scand. 173: 435–49. PMID 13972538.
- ↑ Beall DP, Henslee HB, Webb HR, Scofield RH (2006). "Milk-alkali syndrome: a historical review and description of the modern version of the syndrome". Am J Med Sci. 331 (5): 233–42. doi:10.1097/00000441-200605000-00001. PMID 16702792.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Medarov BI (2009). "Milk-alkali syndrome". Mayo Clin Proc. 84 (3): 261–7. doi:10.1016/S0025-6196(11)61144-0. PMC 2664604. PMID 19252114.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Arroyo M, Fenves AZ, Emmett M (2013). "The calcium-alkali syndrome". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 26 (2): 179–81. doi:10.1080/08998280.2013.11928954. PMC 3603742. PMID 23543983.
- ↑ Felsenfeld AJ, Levine BS (2006). "Milk alkali syndrome and the dynamics of calcium homeostasis". Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 1 (4): 641–54. doi:10.2215/CJN.01451005. PMID 17699269.