Candida vulvovaginitis causes: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
m (Bot: Removing from Primary care)
 
(16 intermediate revisions by 8 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Candidiasis}}
{{Candida vulvovaginitis}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{DN}}, {{AKI}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
'''Candidiasis''', commonly called '''yeast infection''' or '''thrush''', is a [[fungal infection]] (mycosis) of any of the ''[[Candida (genus)|Candida]]'' species, of which ''[[Candida albicans]]'' is the most common.<ref name=Baron>{{cite book | author = Walsh TJ, Dixon DM | chapter=Deep Mycoses |title=Baron's Medical Microbiology |editor=Baron S ''et al'' eds.| edition = 4th ed. | publisher = Univ of Texas Medical Branch | year = 1996 |isbn=0-9631172-1-1 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.4006 |format=via NCBI Bookshelf}}</ref><ref name="Medline Plus">{{MedlinePlus|001511|Vaginal yeast infection}}</ref> Candidiasis thereby encompasses infections that range from superficial, such as oral thrush and [[vaginitis]], to [[systemic]] and potentially life-threatening diseases.
Candida vulvovaginitis is caused by many different species of Candida. They are divided into [[Candida albicans]] and Candida non-albicans species based on the causative pathogen.
 
==Causes==
==Causes==
===Common Causes===
*[[Candida albicans]]: These strains are isolated in 85 to 95% patients with [[yeast]] infection.<ref name="pmid12932875">{{cite journal| author=Corsello S, Spinillo A, Osnengo G, Penna C, Guaschino S, Beltrame A et al.| title=An epidemiological survey of vulvovaginal candidiasis in Italy. | journal=Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol | year= 2003 | volume= 110 | issue= 1 | pages= 66-72 | pmid=12932875 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12932875  }} </ref>
*[[Candida]] non albicans: [[Candida glabrata]] is the most common isolated pathogen in this group affecting 10 to 20% of women and is associated with recurrent [[Candida]] [[vulvovaginitis]].<ref name="pmid15456373">{{cite journal| author=Okungbowa FI, Isikhuemhen OS, Dede AP| title=The distribution frequency of Candida species in the genitourinary tract among symptomatic individuals in Nigerian cities. | journal=Rev Iberoam Micol | year= 2003 | volume= 20 | issue= 2 | pages= 60-3 | pmid=15456373 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15456373  }} </ref>


''Candida'' yeasts are usually present in most people, but uncontrolled multiplication resulting in disease symptoms is kept in check by other naturally occurring [[microorganism]]s, e.g., bacteria co-existing with the yeasts in the same locations, and by the human [[immune system]].  
===Less Common Causes===
 
These are less commonly isolated in patients but is important to identify the [[species]] as they are less sensitive to standard [[azole]] therapy and cause recurrent infection.<ref name="pmid12237629">{{cite journal| author=Bauters TG, Dhont MA, Temmerman MI, Nelis HJ| title=Prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis and susceptibility to fluconazole in women. | journal=Am J Obstet Gynecol | year= 2002 | volume= 187 | issue= 3 | pages= 569-74 | pmid=12237629 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12237629 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12794215">{{cite journal| author=Holland J, Young ML, Lee O, C-A Chen S| title=Vulvovaginal carriage of yeasts other than Candida albicans. | journal=Sex Transm Infect | year= 2003 | volume= 79 | issue= 3 | pages= 249-50 | pmid=12794215 | doi= | pmc=1744683 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12794215 }} </ref>
In a study of 1009 women in New Zealand, the fungus, ''Candida albicans'', was isolated from the vaginas of 19% of apparently healthy women. Carriers experienced few or no symptoms.  However, external use of irritants (such as some detergents or [[douche]]s) or internal  disturbances (hormonal or physiological) can perturb the normal [[vaginal flora|flora]], constituting [[lactic acid bacteria]], such as [[lactobacilli]], and an overgrowth of yeast can result in noticeable symptoms. Pregnancy, the use of oral contraceptives, engaging in vaginal sex immediately and without cleansing after anal sex, and using lubricants containing glycerin have been found to be causally related to yeast infections.  [[Diabetes mellitus]] and the use of [[antibiotics]] are also linked to an increased incidence of yeast infections. Candidiasis can be sexually transmitted from men to women, but not from a woman to a man. Diet has been found to be the cause in some animals. [[Hormone Replacement Therapy]] and infertility treatments may also be predisposing factors.
*[[Candida parapsilosis]]<ref name="pmid16040326">{{cite journal| author=Nyirjesy P, Alexander AB, Weitz MV| title=Vaginal Candida parapsilosis: pathogen or bystander? | journal=Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol | year= 2005 | volume= 13 | issue= 1 | pages= 37-41 | pmid=16040326 | doi=10.1080/10647440400025603 | pmc=1784559 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16040326  }} </ref>
 
*[[Candida tropicalis]]
===Drug Side Effect===
*[[Candida krusei]]<ref name="pmid12384840">{{cite journal| author=Singh S, Sobel JD, Bhargava P, Boikov D, Vazquez JA| title=Vaginitis due to Candida krusei: epidemiology, clinical aspects, and therapy. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2002 | volume= 35 | issue= 9 | pages= 1066-70 | pmid=12384840 | doi=10.1086/343826 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12384840  }} </ref>
 
*[[Ceftazidime]]
 
 
* [[Cortisone]]
 
* [[Ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol]]
 
* [[Metronidazole]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Dermatology]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Microbiology]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Overview complete]]
[[Category:Disease]]
 
 
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 20:46, 29 July 2020

Candida vulvovaginitis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Candidiasis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

X Ray

CT

Other Imagining Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Candida vulvovaginitis causes On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Candida vulvovaginitis causes

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Candida vulvovaginitis causes

CDC on Candida vulvovaginitis causes

Candida vulvovaginitis causes in the news

Blogs on Candida vulvovaginitis causes

Directions to Hospitals Treating Candidiasis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Candida vulvovaginitis causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dima Nimri, M.D. [2], Aravind Kuchkuntla, M.B.B.S[3]

Overview

Candida vulvovaginitis is caused by many different species of Candida. They are divided into Candida albicans and Candida non-albicans species based on the causative pathogen.

Causes

Common Causes

Less Common Causes

These are less commonly isolated in patients but is important to identify the species as they are less sensitive to standard azole therapy and cause recurrent infection.[3][4]

References

  1. ↑ Corsello S, Spinillo A, Osnengo G, Penna C, Guaschino S, Beltrame A; et al. (2003). "An epidemiological survey of vulvovaginal candidiasis in Italy". Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 110 (1): 66–72. PMID 12932875.
  2. ↑ Okungbowa FI, Isikhuemhen OS, Dede AP (2003). "The distribution frequency of Candida species in the genitourinary tract among symptomatic individuals in Nigerian cities". Rev Iberoam Micol. 20 (2): 60–3. PMID 15456373.
  3. ↑ Bauters TG, Dhont MA, Temmerman MI, Nelis HJ (2002). "Prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis and susceptibility to fluconazole in women". Am J Obstet Gynecol. 187 (3): 569–74. PMID 12237629.
  4. ↑ Holland J, Young ML, Lee O, C-A Chen S (2003). "Vulvovaginal carriage of yeasts other than Candida albicans". Sex Transm Infect. 79 (3): 249–50. PMC 1744683. PMID 12794215.
  5. ↑ Nyirjesy P, Alexander AB, Weitz MV (2005). "Vaginal Candida parapsilosis: pathogen or bystander?". Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 13 (1): 37–41. doi:10.1080/10647440400025603. PMC 1784559. PMID 16040326.
  6. ↑ Singh S, Sobel JD, Bhargava P, Boikov D, Vazquez JA (2002). "Vaginitis due to Candida krusei: epidemiology, clinical aspects, and therapy". Clin Infect Dis. 35 (9): 1066–70. doi:10.1086/343826. PMID 12384840.
Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Candida_vulvovaginitis_causes&oldid=1635616"