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| | binomial_authority = Shepard et al., 1974 | | | binomial_authority = Shepard et al., 1974 |
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| | {{Ureaplasma urealyticum}} |
| {{CMG}}{{AE}}{{FB}} | | {{CMG}}{{AE}}{{FB}} |
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| | {{SK}} ''Ureaplasma parvum'', ''U. urealyticum'' biovar 1, ''U. urealyticum'' biovar 2, T-strain Mycoplasma |
| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
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| {{SI}}
| | ==[[Ureaplasma urealyticum overview|Overview]]== |
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| | ==[[Ureaplasma urealyticum historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
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| | ==[[Ureaplasma urealyticum classification|Classification]]== |
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| | ==[[Ureaplasma urealyticum pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
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| | ==[[Ureaplasma urealyticum causes|Causes]]== |
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| | ==[[Ureaplasma urealyticum differential diagnosis|Differentiating Ureaplasma urealyticum from other Diseases]]== |
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| ==Overview== | | ==[[Ureaplasma urealyticum epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
| ==Historical Perspective==
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| Investigations carried out in the mid 1970's by Tafari et al. described the isolation of ''Ureaplasma urealyticum'' from the lungs of stillborn infants with pneumonitis, and it is one of the earliest investigations that suggested the possible pathogenic role of ''U. urealyticum'' in neonatal disease.<ref name="pmid8399903">{{cite journal| author=Waites KB, Crouse DT, Cassell GH| title=Systemic neonatal infection due to ''Ureaplasma urealyticum''. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 1993 | volume= 17 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= S131-5 | pmid=8399903 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8399903 }} </ref> Waites et al. reported the first case of suspected neonatal ureaplasmal pneumonia with sepsis and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn in the 1980's.<ref name="pmid2909979">{{cite journal| author=Waites KB, Crouse DT, Philips JB, Canupp KC, Cassell GH| title=Ureaplasmal pneumonia and sepsis associated with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 1989 | volume= 83 | issue= 1 | pages= 79-85 | pmid=2909979 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2909979 }} </ref> Several case reports are now available in the literature documenting the isolation of ''Ureaplasma urealyticum'' and ''Ureaplasma parvum'' in fetal lung tissue, cord blood, pulmonary secretions, pleural fluid, lung tissue, and blood stream of neonates with pneumonia.<ref name="pmid8399903">{{cite journal| author=Waites KB, Crouse DT, Cassell GH| title=Systemic neonatal infection due to ''Ureaplasma urealyticum''. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 1993 | volume= 17 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= S131-5 | pmid=8399903 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8399903 }} </ref>
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| ==Pathophysiology== | | ==[[Ureaplasma urealyticum risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
| ===Pathogenesis===
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| ====The role of Ureaplasma infection in preterm delivery====
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| * Ureaplasma species are considered to be of low virulence, and 40-80% of healthy women have Ureaplasma species (commonly ''U. urealyticum'' and ''U. parvum'') in their genital tract.<ref name="pmid26518581">{{cite journal| author=Resch B, Gutmann C, Reiterer F, Luxner J, Urlesberger B| title=Neonatal Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization increases pulmonary and cerebral morbidity despite treatment with macrolide antibiotics. | journal=Infection | year= 2016 | volume= 44 | issue= 3 | pages= 323-7 | pmid=26518581 | doi=10.1007/s15010-015-0858-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26518581 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21258263">{{cite journal| author=Okogbule-Wonodi AC, Gross GW, Sun CC, Agthe AG, Xiao L, Waites KB et al.| title=Necrotizing enterocolitis is associated with ureaplasma colonization in preterm infants. | journal=Pediatr Res | year= 2011 | volume= 69 | issue= 5 Pt 1 | pages= 442-7 | pmid=21258263 | doi=10.1203/PDR.0b013e3182111827 | pmc=3968774 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21258263 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8399903">{{cite journal| author=Waites KB, Crouse DT, Cassell GH| title=Systemic neonatal infection due to Ureaplasma urealyticum. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 1993 | volume= 17 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= S131-5 | pmid=8399903 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8399903 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18596706">{{cite journal| author=Viscardi RM, Hashmi N, Gross GW, Sun CC, Rodriguez A, Fairchild KD| title=Incidence of invasive ureaplasma in VLBW infants: relationship to severe intraventricular hemorrhage. | journal=J Perinatol | year= 2008 | volume= 28 | issue= 11 | pages= 759-65 | pmid=18596706 | doi=10.1038/jp.2008.98 | pmc=5334544 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18596706 }} </ref>
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| * Controversial evidence exists supporting the association between genital colonization with Ureaplasma species and complications of pregnancy such as preterm delivery.<ref name="pmid18577163">{{cite journal| author=Harada K, Tanaka H, Komori S, Tsuji Y, Nagata K, Tsutsui H et al.| title=Vaginal infection with Ureaplasma urealyticum accounts for preterm delivery via induction of inflammatory responses. | journal=Microbiol Immunol | year= 2008 | volume= 52 | issue= 6 | pages= 297-304 | pmid=18577163 | doi=10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00039.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18577163 }} </ref>
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| * Lactobacilli help maintain the vaginal acidity, preventing the invasion of bacteria. However, the urease activity of Ureaplasma species such as ''U. urealyticum'' increases the pH of the vagina via the hydrolysis of urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia. This increases the susceptibility to mixed infection with other pathogenic bacteria.<ref name="pmid18577163">{{cite journal| author=Harada K, Tanaka H, Komori S, Tsuji Y, Nagata K, Tsutsui H et al.| title=Vaginal infection with Ureaplasma urealyticum accounts for preterm delivery via induction of inflammatory responses. | journal=Microbiol Immunol | year= 2008 | volume= 52 | issue= 6 | pages= 297-304 | pmid=18577163 | doi=10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00039.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18577163 }} </ref>
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| * These pathogens induce the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, TNF-α, IL-6, and chemokines such as IL-8, leading to the recruitment of leukocytes and production of prostaglandins. Uterine stimulation by prostaglandins result in preterm delivery.<ref name="pmid18577163">{{cite journal| author=Harada K, Tanaka H, Komori S, Tsuji Y, Nagata K, Tsutsui H et al.| title=Vaginal infection with Ureaplasma urealyticum accounts for preterm delivery via induction of inflammatory responses. | journal=Microbiol Immunol | year= 2008 | volume= 52 | issue= 6 | pages= 297-304 | pmid=18577163 | doi=10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00039.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18577163 }} </ref>
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| * Ureaplasmal lipoprotein also induce apoptosis, and it is possible that the apoptotic cells sustain genital tract inflammation which promote preterm delivery.<ref name="pmid18577163">{{cite journal| author=Harada K, Tanaka H, Komori S, Tsuji Y, Nagata K, Tsutsui H et al.| title=Vaginal infection with Ureaplasma urealyticum accounts for preterm delivery via induction of inflammatory responses. | journal=Microbiol Immunol | year= 2008 | volume= 52 | issue= 6 | pages= 297-304 | pmid=18577163 | doi=10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00039.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18577163 }} </ref>
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| ====Neonatal infection and the role of Ureaplasma species==== | | ==[[Ureaplasma urealyticum natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
| ====Colonization with Ureaplasma species and its association with urogenital infections====
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| ==Epidemiology and Demographics==
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| ==Risk Factors==
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| ==Screening==
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| ==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
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| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| | [[Ureaplasma urealyticum history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Ureaplasma urealyticum physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Ureaplasma urealyticum laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Ureaplasma urealyticum chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Ureaplasma urealyticum CT|CT]] | [[Ureaplasma urealyticum other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
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| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| ==Prevention==
| | [[Ureaplasma urealyticum medical therapy|Medical therapy]] | [[Ureaplasma urealyticum prevention|Prevention]] | |
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