Dextro-transposition of the great arteries cardiac catheterization: Difference between revisions

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(/* Interventional Catheterization for Adults With Dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries (DONOT EDIT){{cite journal| author=Warnes CA, Williams RG, Bashore TM, Child JS, Connolly HM, Dearani JA et al.| title=ACC/AHA 2008 Guidelines for the Man...)
 
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Cardiac catheterization is not frequently done to diagnose transposition of the great vessels, as it could be done confidently with echocardiography. It is in conditions when the echo findings are inconclusive. It can be used to determine the coronary anatomy.
Cardiac catheterization is not frequently done to diagnose transposition of the great vessels, as it could be done confidently with echocardiography. It is in conditions when the echo findings are inconclusive. It can be used to determine the coronary anatomy.


===ACC/AHAGuidelines- Recommendations for Cardiac Catheterization - Dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries (DONOT EDIT)<ref name="pmid19038677">{{cite journal| author=Warnes CA, Williams RG, Bashore TM, Child JS, Connolly HM, Dearani JA et al.| title=ACC/AHA 2008 guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines on the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease). Developed in Collaboration With the American Society of Echocardiography, Heart Rhythm Society, International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2008 | volume= 52 | issue= 23 | pages= e1-121 | pmid=19038677 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2008.10.001 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19038677  }} </ref>===
==ACC/AHA 2008 Guidelines for the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="pmid18997168">{{cite journal| author=Warnes CA, Williams RG, Bashore TM, Child JS, Connolly HM, Dearani JA et al.| title=ACC/AHA 2008 Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Congenital Heart Disease: Executive Summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease). | journal=Circulation | year= 2008 | volume= 118 | issue= 23 | pages= 2395-451 | pmid=18997168 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.190811 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18997168  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19038677">{{cite journal| author=Warnes CA, Williams RG, Bashore TM, Child JS, Connolly HM, Dearani JA et al.| title=ACC/AHA 2008 guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines on the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease). Developed in Collaboration With the American Society of Echocardiography, Heart Rhythm Society, International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2008 | volume= 52 | issue= 23 | pages= e1-121 | pmid=19038677 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2008.10.001 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19038677  }} </ref>==
 
===Diagnostic Catheterization for Adults With Repaired Dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="pmid18997168">{{cite journal| author=Warnes CA, Williams RG, Bashore TM, Child JS, Connolly HM, Dearani JA et al.| title=ACC/AHA 2008 Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Congenital Heart Disease: Executive Summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease). | journal=Circulation | year= 2008 | volume= 118 | issue= 23 | pages= 2395-451 | pmid=18997168 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.190811 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18997168  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19038677">{{cite journal| author=Warnes CA, Williams RG, Bashore TM, Child JS, Connolly HM, Dearani JA et al.| title=ACC/AHA 2008 guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines on the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease). Developed in Collaboration With the American Society of Echocardiography, Heart Rhythm Society, International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2008 | volume= 52 | issue= 23 | pages= e1-121 | pmid=19038677 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2008.10.001 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19038677  }} </ref> ===


{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
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| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Diagnostic catheterization of the adult with d-TGA should be performed in centers with expertise in the catheterization and management of ACHD patients. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Diagnostic catheterization of the adult with d-TGA should be performed in centers with expertise in the catheterization and management of ACHD patients. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
|}


Line 22: Line 24:
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' For adults with d-TGA after atrial baffle procedure (Mustard or Senning), diagnostic catheterization can be beneficial to assist in the following: ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' For adults with d-TGA after atrial baffle procedure (Mustard or Senning), diagnostic catheterization can be beneficial to assist in the following: ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''a.''' Hemodynamic assessment ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''a.''' Hemodynamic assessment ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''b.''' Assessment of baffle leak ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''b.''' Assessment of baffle leak ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''c.''' Assessment of superior vena cava or inferior vena cava pathway obstruction ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''c.''' Assessment of superior vena cava or inferior vena cava pathway obstruction ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''d.''' Assessment of pulmonary venous pathway obstruction.''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''d.''' Assessment of pulmonary venous pathway obstruction.''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''e.''' Suspected myocardial ischemia or unexplained systemic RV dysfunction.''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''e.''' Suspected myocardial ischemia or unexplained systemic RV dysfunction.''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''f.'''  Significant left ventricular (LV) outflow obstruction at any level (LV pressure greater than 50% of systemic levels, or less in the setting of right ventricular [RV] dysfunction). ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''f.'''  Significant left ventricular (LV) outflow obstruction at any level (LV pressure greater than 50% of systemic levels, or less in the setting of right ventricular [RV] dysfunction). ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
Line 46: Line 48:
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''c.''' Assessment of PAH, with potential for vasodilator testing ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''c.''' Assessment of PAH, with potential for vasodilator testing ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''c.''' Assessment of subaortic obstruction across the left ventricle-to-aorta tunnel. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''d.''' Assessment of subaortic obstruction across the left ventricle-to-aorta tunnel. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
|}


===ACC/AHAGuidelines- Recommendations for Interventional Catheterization for Adults - Dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries (DONOT EDIT)<ref name="pmid19038677">{{cite journal| author=Warnes CA, Williams RG, Bashore TM, Child JS, Connolly HM, Dearani JA et al.| title=ACC/AHA 2008 guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines on the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease). Developed in Collaboration With the American Society of Echocardiography, Heart Rhythm Society, International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2008 | volume= 52 | issue= 23 | pages= e1-121 | pmid=19038677 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2008.10.001 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19038677  }} </ref>===
===Interventional Catheterization for Adults With Dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries (DONOT EDIT)<ref name="pmid18997168">{{cite journal| author=Warnes CA, Williams RG, Bashore TM, Child JS, Connolly HM, Dearani JA et al.| title=ACC/AHA 2008 Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Congenital Heart Disease: Executive Summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease). | journal=Circulation | year= 2008 | volume= 118 | issue= 23 | pages= 2395-451 | pmid=18997168 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.190811 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18997168  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19038677">{{cite journal| author=Warnes CA, Williams RG, Bashore TM, Child JS, Connolly HM, Dearani JA et al.| title=ACC/AHA 2008 guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines on the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease). Developed in Collaboration With the American Society of Echocardiography, Heart Rhythm Society, International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2008 | volume= 52 | issue= 23 | pages= e1-121 | pmid=19038677 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2008.10.001 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19038677  }} </ref>===


{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
Line 55: Line 57:
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Interventional catheterization of the adult with d-TGA can be performed in centers with expertise in the catheterization and management of ACHD patients.''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Interventional catheterization of the adult with d-TGA can be performed in centers with expertise in the catheterization and management of ACHD patients. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
 
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' For adults with d-TGA after atrial baffle procedure (Mustard or Senning), interventional catheterization can be beneficial to assist in the following:
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' For adults with d-TGA after atrial baffle procedure (Mustard or Senning), interventional catheterization can be beneficial to assist in the following:
::1. Occlusion of baffle leak.''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''
::2. Dilation or stenting of superior vena cava or inferior vena cava pathway obstruction. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''
::3. Dilation or stenting of pulmonary venous pathway obstruction. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.'''For adults with d-TGA after ASO, interventional catheterization can be beneficial to assist in dilation or stenting of supravalvular and branch pulmonary artery stenosis. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|'''a.''' Occlusion of baffle leak.''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''
 
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|'''b.''' Dilation or stenting of superior vena cava or inferior vena cava pathway obstruction. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|'''c.''' Dilation or stenting of pulmonary venous pathway obstruction. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' For adults with d-TGA after ASO, interventional catheterization can be beneficial to assist in dilation or stenting of supravalvular and branch pulmonary artery stenosis. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''4.''' For adults with d-TGA, VSD, and PS, after Rastelli-type repair, interventional catheterization can be beneficial to assist in the following:
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|
'''a.''' Dilation with or without stent implantation of conduit obstruction (RV pressure greater than 50% of systemic levels, or peak-to-peak gradient greater than 30 mm Hg; these indications may be lessened in the setting of RV dysfunction). ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''4.'''For adults with d-TGA, VSD, and PS, after Rastelli-type repair, interventional catheterization can be beneficial to assist in the following:
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|
::1. Dilation with or without stent implantation of conduit obstruction (RV pressure greater than 50% of systemic levels, or peak-to-peak gradient greater than 30 mm Hg; these indications may be lessened in the setting of RV dysfunction). ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''
'''b.''' Device closure of residual VSD.''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
::2. Device closure of residual VSD.''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
 
|}
|}


Latest revision as of 18:20, 15 November 2012

Dextro-transposition of the great arteries Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [2]; Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [3]; Keri Shafer, M.D. [4]; Assistant Editor(s)-In-Chief: Kristin Feeney, B.S. [5]

Overview

Cardiac Catheterization

Cardiac catheterization is not frequently done to diagnose transposition of the great vessels, as it could be done confidently with echocardiography. It is in conditions when the echo findings are inconclusive. It can be used to determine the coronary anatomy.

ACC/AHA 2008 Guidelines for the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease (DO NOT EDIT)[1][2]

Diagnostic Catheterization for Adults With Repaired Dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries (DO NOT EDIT)[1][2]

Class I
"1. Diagnostic catheterization of the adult with d-TGA should be performed in centers with expertise in the catheterization and management of ACHD patients. (Level of Evidence: C)"
Class IIa
"1. For adults with d-TGA after atrial baffle procedure (Mustard or Senning), diagnostic catheterization can be beneficial to assist in the following: (Level of Evidence: C)"
"a. Hemodynamic assessment (Level of Evidence: C)"
"b. Assessment of baffle leak (Level of Evidence: B)"
"c. Assessment of superior vena cava or inferior vena cava pathway obstruction (Level of Evidence: B)"
"d. Assessment of pulmonary venous pathway obstruction.(Level of Evidence: B)"
"e. Suspected myocardial ischemia or unexplained systemic RV dysfunction.(Level of Evidence: B)"
"f. Significant left ventricular (LV) outflow obstruction at any level (LV pressure greater than 50% of systemic levels, or less in the setting of right ventricular [RV] dysfunction). (Level of Evidence: B)"
"g. Assessment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), with potential for vasodilator testing. (Level of Evidence: C)"
"2. For adults with d-TGA, ventricular septal defect (VSD), and pulmonary stenosis (PS), after Rastelli-type repair, diagnostic catheterization can be beneficial to assist in the following: (Level of Evidence: C)"
"a. Coronary artery delineation before any intervention for right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) obstruction. (Level of Evidence: C)"
"b. Assessment of residual VSD.(Level of Evidence: C)"
"c. Assessment of PAH, with potential for vasodilator testing (Level of Evidence: C)"
"d. Assessment of subaortic obstruction across the left ventricle-to-aorta tunnel. (Level of Evidence: C)"

Interventional Catheterization for Adults With Dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries (DONOT EDIT)[1][2]

Class IIa
"1. Interventional catheterization of the adult with d-TGA can be performed in centers with expertise in the catheterization and management of ACHD patients. (Level of Evidence: C)"
"2. For adults with d-TGA after atrial baffle procedure (Mustard or Senning), interventional catheterization can be beneficial to assist in the following:
a. Occlusion of baffle leak.(Level of Evidence: B)
b. Dilation or stenting of superior vena cava or inferior vena cava pathway obstruction. (Level of Evidence: B)
c. Dilation or stenting of pulmonary venous pathway obstruction. (Level of Evidence: B)"
"3. For adults with d-TGA after ASO, interventional catheterization can be beneficial to assist in dilation or stenting of supravalvular and branch pulmonary artery stenosis. (Level of Evidence: B) "
"4. For adults with d-TGA, VSD, and PS, after Rastelli-type repair, interventional catheterization can be beneficial to assist in the following:

a. Dilation with or without stent implantation of conduit obstruction (RV pressure greater than 50% of systemic levels, or peak-to-peak gradient greater than 30 mm Hg; these indications may be lessened in the setting of RV dysfunction). (Level of Evidence: C)

b. Device closure of residual VSD.(Level of Evidence: C)"

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Warnes CA, Williams RG, Bashore TM, Child JS, Connolly HM, Dearani JA; et al. (2008). "ACC/AHA 2008 Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Congenital Heart Disease: Executive Summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease)". Circulation. 118 (23): 2395–451. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.190811. PMID 18997168.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Warnes CA, Williams RG, Bashore TM, Child JS, Connolly HM, Dearani JA; et al. (2008). "ACC/AHA 2008 guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines on the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease). Developed in Collaboration With the American Society of Echocardiography, Heart Rhythm Society, International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons". J Am Coll Cardiol. 52 (23): e1–121. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.10.001. PMID 19038677.

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