Epistaxis causes: Difference between revisions
Kiran Singh (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
(111 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Epistaxis}} | {{Epistaxis}} | ||
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief''': [[User: Marcelo Zacarkim|Marcelo R. Zacarkim, M.D.]] [mailto:mzacarkim@wikidoc.org] {{KS}} [[User:Amir Bagheri|Amir Behzad Bagheri, M.D.]] {{Jose}} | |||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The [[causes]] of [[epistaxis]] can be divided into [[idiopathic]] and [[non-idiopathic]] ones. There are many [[diseases]] and medications that can cause [[epistaxis]] but it also may be spontaneous. Usually [[epistaxis]] is not dangerous but in some cases it can become [[life threatening]]. [[Trauma]] is the most common [[Causes|cause]] of [[epistaxis]]. | |||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
===Life Threatening Causes=== | |||
=== | *[[Hemophilia]]<ref name="KrulewitzFix2019">{{cite journal|last1=Krulewitz|first1=Neil Alexander|last2=Fix|first2=Megan Leigh|title=Epistaxis|journal=Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America|volume=37|issue=1|year=2019|pages=29–39|issn=07338627|doi=10.1016/j.emc.2018.09.005}}</ref> | ||
*[[Congestive heart failure]] | |||
*[[ITP]] | |||
*[[Leukemia]] | |||
===Common Causes=== | ===Common Causes=== | ||
*[[ | |||
*Local [[trauma]] | |||
*[[Acute sinusitis]] | *[[Acute sinusitis]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Allergic rhinitis]] | ||
*[[Anticoagulation]] | |||
*[[Aspirin]] | |||
*[[Rhinitis|Chronic rhinitis]] | |||
*[[Chronic sinusitis]] | |||
*[[Barotrauma]] | *[[Barotrauma]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Cocaine]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Common cold]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Foreign bodies]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Nose-picking]] | ||
*[[ | |||
*[[ | ===Less Common Causes=== | ||
*[[ | *[[Neoplasia]] | ||
*[[ | **Sinonasal [[squamous cell carcinoma]] | ||
*[[ | **[[Papillomas]] | ||
*[[ | **Juvenile nasopharyngeal [[angiofibroma]] | ||
*[[ | **Esthesioneuroblastoma | ||
*[[ | **[[Paraganglioma]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Vascular malformations]] | ||
**Capillary [[hemangioma]] | |||
**Hereditary hemorrhagic [[telangiectasia]] ([[Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome]]) | |||
*[[Intracranial aneurysms]]<ref name="pmiddoi:10.1016/j.otc.2008.01.003">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=doi:10.1016/j.otc.2008.01.003 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10 }} </ref> | |||
There is not enough evidence that [[hypertension]] is a [[risk factor]] for [[epistaxis]].The role of lowering [[blood pressure]] to control and prevent [[epistaxis]] remains controversial. | |||
In the table below different causes of epistaxis are classified based on organ system. | |||
===Causes by Organ System=== | ===Causes by Organ System=== | ||
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1" | {| style="width: 80%; height: 100px; text-align: justify; text-justify: distribute;" border="1" | ||
| | | style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular''' | ||
| | | style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" |[[Aneurysm|Aneurysm of the carotid artery]], [[atherosclerosis]], [[Vascular disease|blood vessel disorders]], [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]], [[coarctation of the aorta]], [[congestive heart failure]], [[hypertension]], [[malignant hypertension]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[secondary hypertension]], [[superior vena cava syndrome]], [[vascular disorders]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Chemical / poisoning''' | |'''Chemical / poisoning''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Intoxicative inhalant|Aerosol abuse]], [[ammonia]], [[angiofibroma]], [[biphenyl]], [[rodenticide|borates rodenticide poisoning]], [[rodenticide|brodifacoum rodenticide poisoning]], [[rodenticide|bromadiolone rodenticide poisoning]], [[rodenticide|brown snake rodenticide poisoning]], [[calcium sulfate]], [[Irritation|chemical irritants]], [[rodenticide|chlorophacinone rodenticide poisoning]], [[rodenticide|chromates rodenticide poisoning]], [[rodenticide|coumachlor rodenticide poisoning]], [[coumafuryl rodenticide poisoning]], [[coumatetralyl rodenticide poisoning]], [[difenacoum rodenticide poisoning]], [[difethialone rodenticide poisoning]], [[diphacinone rodenticide poisoning]], [[formaldehyde]], [[indandione rodenticide poisoning]], [[inhalant abuse]], [[irritants|inhaled irritants]], [[matikus rodenticide poisoning]], [[metaldehyde]], [[mouser rodenticide poisoning]], [[mucormycosis]], [[Phosphorous acid|phosphorous]], [[rodenticide|pindone rodenticide poisoning]], [[rodenticide|ratak plus rodenticide poisoning]], [[rodenticide|rodend rodenticide poisoning]], [[rodenticides]], [[solvent abuse]], [[sulphuric acid]], [[rodenticide|talon rodenticide poisoning]], [[tetrachloroethylene]], [[tetryl]], [[vanadium]], [[rodenticide|volak rodenticide poisoning]], [[rodenticide|volid rodenticide poisoning]], [[tobacco smoke]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Dental''' | |'''Dental''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dental extraction]] | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Dental extraction]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Dermatologic''' | |'''Dermatologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Benign mucosal pemphigoid]] | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Cicatricial pemphigoid|Benign mucosal pemphigoid]], [[defibrination syndrome]], [[leprosy]], [[Skin and soft-tissue infections|localized skin infection]], [[melanoma]], [[mucormycosis]], [[excoriation|nasal excoriation]], [[Osler-Weber-Rendu Disease|Osler-weber-rendu disease]], [[purpura]], [[pyogenic granuloma|septal granulomas]], [[furuncles|staphylococcal furuncles]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[Thrombocytopenic purpura|thrombocyopenic purpura]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Drug Side Effect''' | |'''Drug Side Effect''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Allegra]], [[anticoagulants]], [[antiplatelet drug]], [[aspirin]], [[bicalutamide]], [[budesonide]], [[butorphanol]], [[cefpodoxime]], [[ciclesonide]],[[clemastine|clemastine fumarate]], [[clopidogrel]], [[caspofungin acetate]], [[Clove|clove (herbal agent)]], [[desmopressin]], [[diquat|diquat dibromide]], [[febuxostat]], [[fexofenadine]], [[flurbiprofen]], [[Fluticasone Nasal Spray|fluticasone nasal spray]], [[heroin]], [[histrelin]], [[Ibuprofen]], [[corticosteroids]], [[ipratropium bromide]], [[isotretinoin]][[leflunomide]], [[lenvatinib]], [[loratadine]], [[meropenem]], [[metipranolol]], [[miltefosine]], [[narcotics]], [[Corticosteroid |nasal steroids]], [[olopatadine]], [[oxcarbazepine]], [[palbociclib]], [[Pennyroyal|pennyroyal oil (herbal agent)]], [[pramipexole]], [[prasugrel]], [[ramucirumab]], [[retapamulin]], [[rifaximin]], [[riociguat]],[[romiplostim]], [[sertraline]], [[sulindac]], [[telfast]], [[tiagabine]], [[thalidomide]], [[tobramycin]], [[topiramate]], [[triamcinolone acetonide]], [[trimethadione]], [[valproic acid]], [[warfarin]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Ear Nose Throat''' | |'''Ear Nose Throat''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" |Abnormal nasal anatomy , [[acute sinusitis]], [[allergic rhinitis]], [[Nasal polyp|antrochoanal polyps]], [[Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery|antrostomy]], [[barotrauma]], [[Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma|benign nose tumors]], [[broken nose]], [[Mucous membrane of nose|chronic irritation of the nasal mucosa]], [[rhinitis|chronic rhinitis]] , [[chronic sinusitis]] [[common cold]], [[deviated septum]], [[Mucous membrane of nose|dry nasal mucosa]], [[epstein's syndrome]], [[esthesioneuroblastoma]], [[Nasal polyp|ethmoidal polyps]], [[hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia]], increased nasal venous pressure, [[Rhabdomyosarcoma|intranasal rhabdomyosarcoma]], [[inverted papilloma]], [[juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma]], [[Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma|maxillary sinus carcinoma]], [[Maxillofacial trauma|maxillofacial injury]], [[barotrauma|middle ear barotrauma]], [[Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma|nasal cancer]], [[nasal cannula]], [[Staphylococcus aureus|nasal colonization with staphylococcus aureus]] , [[nasal congestion]], [[diphtheria|nasal diphtheria]], [[excoriation|nasal excoriation]], [[foreign body|nasal foreign body]], [[nasal fracture]], [[Infection|nasal infection]], [[nasal congestion|nasal obstruction]], [[nasal polyp]], [[Deviated septum|nasal septum deviation]], [[nasal sprays]], [[tuberculosis|nasal tuberculosis]], [[nasopharyngeal angiofibroma]], [[nasopharyngeal carcinoma]], [[Ulcer|nasal ulceration]], [[rhinitis|non-allergic rhinitis]], [[Nose-picking|nose picking]], [[rhinitis]], [[rhinoplasty]] [[rhinoscleroma]] [[septal deviation]], [[Nasal septal perforation|septal perforation]], [[sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma]], [[Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma|sinus tumor]], [[sinusitis]], [[superior vena cava syndrome]], [[Kiesselbach's plexus|trauma to littlee's area]], [[Choanal atresia|unilateral choanal atresia]], [[rhinitis|viral rhinitis]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Endocrine''' | |'''Endocrine''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acthar]], [[cystic fibrosis]], [[corticotropin]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Environmental''' | |'''Environmental''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" |Cold air, dry air, [[Irritation|environmental irritants]], [[humidity]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Gastroenterologic''' | |'''Gastroenterologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Cirrhosis]], [[hepatitis]], [[mucormycosis]], [[progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis]], [[Banti's syndrome]], [[Zygomycosis|rhinocerebral mucormycosis]], [[zygomycosis|rhinocerebral zygomycosis]], [[Von Gierke Disease]], [[Zygomycosis]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Genetic''' | |'''Genetic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ADP platelet receptor P2Y12 deficiency]], | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[P2Y12|ADP platelet receptor P2Y12 deficiency]], [[autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome]], [[Banti's syndrome]], [[christmas disease]], [[coarctation of the aorta]], [[congenital afibrinogenemia]], [[congenital hypoplastic anemia]], [[congenital syphilis]], [[Factor I Deficiency|Congential fibrinogen deficiency]], [[connective tissue disease]], [[cystic fibrosis]], [[Grey platelet syndrome|familial platelet syndrome]], [[Fanconi's anemia]], [[Hemoglobin Lepore syndrome]], [[ hemophilia]], [[Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome]], [[Coagulopathy|inherited coagulation disorders]], [[leukocyte adhesion deficiency]], [[May-Hegglin anomaly]], [[Osler-Weber-Rendu Disease]], [[Factor V|Owren parahemophilia]], [[progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis]], [[prothrombin deficiency]], [[sickle cell anemia]], [[Von Gierke disease]], [[Von Willebrand disease]], [[Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia|X-linked dyserythropoietic anemia and thrombocytopenia]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Hematologic''' | |'''Hematologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Coagulopathy|Acquired coagulation disorders]], [[Factor XIII deficiency|acquired factor XIII deficiency]], [[acute erythroleukemia]], [[acute leukemia]], [[acute lymphocytic leukemia]], [[acute promyelocytic leukemia]], [[anemia]], [[aplastic anemia]], [[autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome]], [[Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura|autoimmune thrombocytopenia]], [[Bernard-Soulier syndrome]], [[Bing-Neel syndrome]], [[bleeding diathesis]], [[bleeding disorders]], [[bleeding tendency]], [[Dyscrasia|blood dyscrasias]], [[christmas disease]], [[chronic leukemia]], [[coagulation disorders]], [[congenital afibrinogenemia]], [[congenital hypoplastic anemia]], [[Factor I Deficiency|congential fibrinogen deficiency]], [[defibrination syndrome]], [[Epstein's syndrome]], [[Factor V|factor V deficiency]], [[factor VII|factor VII deficiency]], [[factor X|factor X deficiency]], [[dyscrasia|familial blood dyscrasias]], [[Grey platelet syndrome|familial platelet syndrome]], [[Fanconi's anemia]], [[hematological malignancy]], [[Hemoglobin Lepore syndrome]], [[hemoglobin SC]], [[ hemophilia]], [[Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome]], [[idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]], [[coagulopathy|Inability of the blood to clot]], [[leukaemia]], [[lymphomatoid granulomatosis]], [[May-Hegglin anomaly]], [[myelodysplastic syndromes]], [[myeloproliferative diseases]], [[Factor V|Owren parahemophilia]], [[pancytopenia]], [[Blood type|people with blood group O]], [[Giant platelet disorder|platelet disorders]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[purpura]], [[sickle cell anemia]], [[Factor X|stuart factor deficiency]], [[superior vena cava syndrome]], [[thrombasthenia]], [[thrombocytopenic purpura]], [[thrombocytopathy]], [[thrombocytopenia]], [[Von Willebrand disease]], [[Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia]], [[Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia|X-linked dyserythropoietic anemia and thrombocytopenia]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Iatrogenic''' | |'''Iatrogenic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Adenoidectomy]], [[functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery|antrostomy]], [[dental extraction]], [[Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery|endoscopic sinus procedures]], [[oral and maxillofacial surgery|facial surgery]], [[nasal cannula]], [[surgery|nasal surgery]], [[nasogastric intubation|nasogastric tube placement]], [[tracheal intubation|nasotracheal intubation]], [[eye surgery|Orbital decompression]], [[bleeding|postoperative]], [[rhinoplasty]], [[septoplasty]], [[sinus surgery]], [[turbinectomy]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Infectious Disease''' | |'''Infectious Disease''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Argentinean hemorrhagic fever]], | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Argentinean hemorrhagic fever]], [[Bolivian hemorrhagic fever]], [[congenital syphilis]], [[dengue hemorrhagic fever]], [[Hantavirosis]], [[hepatitis]], [[Mediastinitis|idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis]], [[infectious diseases]], [[Inflammation |inflammatory disorders]], [[leprosy]], [[Skin and soft-tissue infections|localized skin infection]], [[Machupo virus]], [[mucocutaneous leishmaniasis]], [[mucormycosis]], [[Diphtheria|nasal diphtheria]], [[infection|nasal infection]], [[Omsk hemorrhagic fever]], [[tuberculosis|nasal tuberculosis]], [[pertussis]], [[relapsing fever]], [[respiratory tract infection]], [[Zygomycosis|rhinocerebral mucormycosis]], [[Zygomycosis|rhinocerebral zygomycosis]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[rhinoscleroma]], [[rhinosporidiosis]], [[scleroma]], [[sinusitis]], [[Stachybotrys chartarum]], [[Skin and soft-tissue infections |Soft tissue infection]], [[Furuncles|Staphylococcal furuncles]], [[Streptococcus pyogenes|Streptococcus pyogenes infection]], [[Nasal congestion|systemic infection with nasal congestion]], [[tuberculosis]], [[typhoid fever]], [[rhinitis |viral rhinitis]], [[upper respiratory infections|viral upper respiratory infections]], [[Weil syndrome]], [[whooping cough]], [[zygomycosis]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho''' | |'''Musculoskeletal / Ortho''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Neurologic''' | |'''Neurologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute cholinergic dysautonomia]] | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Dysautonomia|Acute cholinergic dysautonomia]], [[Bing-Neel syndrome]], [[head injury]], [[Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic''' | |'''Nutritional / Metabolic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[P2Y12|ADP platelet receptor p2y12 deficiency]], [[Clove|clove (herbal agent)]], [[cystic fibrosis]], [[dieting|excessive dieting]], [[ginseng]], [[glycogen storage disease]], [[malnutrition]], [[weight loss|rapid weight loss]], [[vitamin C deficiency]], [[vitamin K deficiency]], [[Von Gierke disease]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic''' | |'''Obstetric/Gynecologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Menopause]], [[pregnancy]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Oncologic''' | |'''Oncologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute erythroleukemia]], | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acute erythroleukemia]], [[acute leukemia]], [[acute lymphocytic leukemia]], [[acute promyelocytic leukemia]], [[adenoid cystic carcinoma]], [[angiofibroma]], [[chronic leukemia]], [[esthesioneuroblastoma]], [[hemangioma]], [[hematological malignancy]], [[Rhabdomyosarcoma|Intranasal rhabdomyosarcoma]], [[inverted papilloma]], [[juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma]], [[leukaemia]], [[Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma|maxillary sinus carcinoma]], [[melanoma]], [[myelodysplastic syndromes]], [[myeloproliferative diseases]], [[Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma|nasal cancer]], [[Extranodal NK-T-cell lymphoma|nasal type natural killer/t-cell lymphoma]], [[nasopharyngeal angiofibroma]], [[nasopharyngeal carcinoma|nasopharyngeal cancers]], [[nasopharyngeal carcinoma]], [[neoplasm]], [[Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor|pindborg tumor]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[rhabdomyosarcoma]], [[Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma]], [[squamous cell carcinoma]], [[Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Opthalmologic''' | |'''Opthalmologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| Orbital decompression | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[eye surgery|Orbital decompression]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Overdose / Toxicity''' | |'''Overdose / Toxicity''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[alcohol|Alcohol abuse]], [[Nasal spray|chronic usage of nasal sprays]], [[vitamin A|chronic vitamin A toxicity]], [[cocaine]], [[heroin]], [[narcotics]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Psychiatric''' | |'''Psychiatric''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Intoxicative inhalant|Aerosol abuse]], [[alcohol abuse]], [[child abuse]], [[inhalant abuse]], [[solvent abuse]], [[Inhalant|volatile inhalants]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Pulmonary''' | |'''Pulmonary''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Asphyxiation]], | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Asphyxiation]], [[barotrauma]], [[common cold]], [[cystic fibrosis]], [[mediastinitis|idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis]], [[pertussis]], [[respiratory tract infection]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]], [[Whooping cough]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Renal / Electrolyte''' | |'''Renal / Electrolyte''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic kidney disease]], | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Chronic kidney disease]], [[Epstein's syndrome]], [[renal artery stenosis]], [[renal dialysis]], [[renal disease]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy''' | |'''Rheum / Immune / Allergy''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Allergic rhinitis]], | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Allergic rhinitis]], [[allergies]], [[autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome]], [[Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura|autoimmune thrombocytopenia|autoimmune thrombocytopenia]], [[Cicatricial pemphigoid|benign mucosal pemphigoid]], [[immune thrombocytopenic purpura]], [[leukocyte adhesion deficiency]], [[polychondritis]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[rhinitis]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Sexual''' | |'''Sexual''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Trauma''' | |'''Trauma''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Barotrauma]], [[blunt trauma]], [[broken nose]], [[facial trauma]], [[head injury]], [[Maxillofacial trauma|maxillofacial injury]], [[nasal fracture]], [[pseudoaneurysm|post-traumatic pseudoaneurysm]], [[Skull fracture]], [[basilar skull fracture|sphenoidal fracture]], [[Kiesselbach's plexus|trauma to littlee's area]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Urologic''' | |'''Urologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Inverted papilloma]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Miscellaneous''' | |'''Miscellaneous''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Foreign bodies]], [[Pennyroyal|pennyroyal oil]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== | ===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== | ||
{{columns-list | {{columns-list| | ||
* | *Abnormal nasal anatomy | ||
*[[Coagulopathy|Acquired coagulation disorders]] | *[[Coagulopathy|Acquired coagulation disorders]] | ||
*[[Factor XIII deficiency|Acquired factor XIII deficiency]] | *[[Factor XIII deficiency|Acquired factor XIII deficiency]] | ||
Line 159: | Line 175: | ||
*[[Adenoid cystic carcinoma]] | *[[Adenoid cystic carcinoma]] | ||
*[[Adenoidectomy]] | *[[Adenoidectomy]] | ||
*[[P2Y12|ADP platelet receptor p2y12 deficiency]] | *[[P2Y12|ADP platelet receptor p2y12 deficiency]] | ||
*[[Inhalant|Aerosol abuse]] | *[[Inhalant|Aerosol abuse]] | ||
*[[Alcohol abuse]] | *[[Alcohol abuse]] | ||
*[[Allegra]] | *[[Allegra]] | ||
Line 188: | Line 202: | ||
*[[Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma|Benign nose tumors]] | *[[Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma|Benign nose tumors]] | ||
*[[Bernard-Soulier syndrome]] | *[[Bernard-Soulier syndrome]] | ||
*[[Bing-Neel syndrome]] | *[[Bing-Neel syndrome]] | ||
*[[Biphenyl]] | *[[Biphenyl]] | ||
*[[Bleeding diathesis]] | *[[Bleeding diathesis]] | ||
*[[Bleeding disorders]] | *[[Bleeding disorders]] | ||
*[[Dyscrasia|Blood dyscrasias]] | *[[Dyscrasia|Blood dyscrasias]] | ||
*[[Vascular disease|Blood vessel disorders]] | *[[Vascular disease|Blood vessel disorders]] | ||
*[[Blunt trauma]] | *[[Blunt trauma]] | ||
Line 207: | Line 218: | ||
*[[Calcium sulfate]] | *[[Calcium sulfate]] | ||
*[[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation]] | *[[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation]] | ||
*[[Chemical irritants]] | *[[Irritation|Chemical irritants]] | ||
*[[Child abuse]] | *[[Child abuse]] | ||
*[[Chlorophacinone rodenticide poisoning]] | *[[Chlorophacinone rodenticide poisoning]] | ||
Line 217: | Line 228: | ||
*[[Chronic kidney disease]] | *[[Chronic kidney disease]] | ||
*[[Chronic leukemia]] | *[[Chronic leukemia]] | ||
*[[Rhinitis|Chronic rhinitis ]] | *[[Rhinitis|Chronic rhinitis ]] | ||
*[[Chronic sinusitis]] | *[[Chronic sinusitis]] | ||
*[[Nasal spray|Chronic usage of nasal sprays]] | *[[Nasal spray|Chronic usage of nasal sprays]] | ||
*[[Vitamin A|Chronic vitamin A toxicity]] | *[[Vitamin A|Chronic vitamin A toxicity]] | ||
*[[Cirrhosis]] | *[[Cirrhosis]] | ||
Line 233: | Line 241: | ||
*[[Cocaine]] | *[[Cocaine]] | ||
*Cold air | *Cold air | ||
*[[Common cold]] | *[[Common cold]] | ||
*[[Congenital afibrinogenemia]] | *[[Congenital afibrinogenemia]] | ||
Line 258: | Line 265: | ||
*[[Diquat|Diquat dibromide]] | *[[Diquat|Diquat dibromide]] | ||
*Dry air | *Dry air | ||
*[[Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery|Endoscopic sinus procedures]] | *[[Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery|Endoscopic sinus procedures]] | ||
*[[Irritation|Environmental irritants]] | *[[Irritation|Environmental irritants]] | ||
Line 268: | Line 273: | ||
*[[Nasal polyp|Ethmoidal polyps]] | *[[Nasal polyp|Ethmoidal polyps]] | ||
*[[Dieting|Excessive dieting]] | *[[Dieting|Excessive dieting]] | ||
*[[Facial trauma]] | *[[Facial trauma]] | ||
*[[Oral and maxillofacial surgery|Facial surgery]] | *[[Oral and maxillofacial surgery|Facial surgery]] | ||
*[[Factor V|Factor V deficiency]] | *[[Factor V|Factor V deficiency]] | ||
*[[Factor VII|Factor VII deficiency]] | *[[Factor VII|Factor VII deficiency]] | ||
Line 280: | Line 283: | ||
*[[Fexofenadine]] | *[[Fexofenadine]] | ||
*[[Flurbiprofen]] | *[[Flurbiprofen]] | ||
*[[Fluticasone Nasal Spray (patient information)|Fluticasone | *[[Fluticasone Nasal Spray (patient information)|Fluticasone]] | ||
*[[Foreign bodies]] | *[[Foreign bodies]] | ||
*[[Formaldehyde]] | *[[Formaldehyde]] | ||
*[[Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery|Functional endoscopic sinus surgery]] | *[[Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery|Functional endoscopic sinus surgery]] | ||
*[[Ginseng]] | *[[Ginseng]] | ||
*[[Glycogen storage disease]] | *[[Glycogen storage disease]] | ||
*[[Granulomatosis]] | *[[Granulomatosis]] | ||
*[[Wegener's granulomatosis|Granulomatosis with polyangiitis]] | |||
*[[Hantavirosis ]] | *[[Hantavirosis ]] | ||
*[[Head injury]] | *[[Head injury]] | ||
Line 296: | Line 299: | ||
*[[Hemoglobin Lepore syndrome]] | *[[Hemoglobin Lepore syndrome]] | ||
*[[Hemoglobin SC]] | *[[Hemoglobin SC]] | ||
*[[Hepatitis]] | *[[Hepatitis]] | ||
*[[Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia]] | *[[Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia]] | ||
Line 305: | Line 306: | ||
*[[Humidity]] | *[[Humidity]] | ||
*[[Hypertension]] | *[[Hypertension]] | ||
*[[Ibuprofen]] | *[[Ibuprofen]] | ||
*[[Mediastinitis|Idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis]] | *[[Mediastinitis|Idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis]] | ||
*[[Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]] | *[[Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]] | ||
*[[Coagulopathy|Inability of the blood to clot]] | *[[Coagulopathy|Inability of the blood to clot]] | ||
*[[Increased nasal venous pressure]] | *[[Increased nasal venous pressure]] | ||
*[[Indandione rodenticide poisoning]] | *[[Indandione rodenticide poisoning]] | ||
*[[Infection]] | *[[Infection]] | ||
*[[Inhalant abuse]] | *[[Inhalant abuse]] | ||
*[[Corticosteroids|Inhaled corticosteroids]] | *[[Corticosteroids|Inhaled corticosteroids]] | ||
*[[Inhaled irritants]] | *[[Intoxicative inhalant|Inhaled irritants]] | ||
*[[Coagulopathy|Inherited coagulation disorders]] | *[[Coagulopathy|Inherited coagulation disorders]] | ||
*[[Rhabdomyosarcoma|Intranasal rhabdomyosarcoma]] | *[[Rhabdomyosarcoma|Intranasal rhabdomyosarcoma]] | ||
*[[Inverted papilloma]] | *[[Inverted papilloma]] | ||
*[[Isotretinoin]] | *[[Isotretinoin]] | ||
Line 327: | Line 323: | ||
*[[Lenvatinib]] | *[[Lenvatinib]] | ||
*[[Leprosy]] | *[[Leprosy]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Leukemia]] | ||
*[[Leukocyte adhesion deficiency]] | *[[Leukocyte adhesion deficiency]] | ||
*[[Skin and soft-tissue infections|Localized skin infection]] | *[[Skin and soft-tissue infections|Localized skin infection]] | ||
*[[Loratadine]] | *[[Loratadine]] | ||
*[[Lymphomatoid granulomatosis]] | *[[Lymphomatoid granulomatosis]] | ||
*[[Machupo virus]] | *[[Machupo virus]] | ||
Line 338: | Line 332: | ||
*[[Malnutrition]] | *[[Malnutrition]] | ||
*[[Matikus rodenticide poisoning]] | *[[Matikus rodenticide poisoning]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma|Maxillary sinus carcinoma]] | ||
*[[Maxillofacial trauma|Maxillofacial injury]] | *[[Maxillofacial trauma|Maxillofacial injury]] | ||
*[[May Hegglin | *[[May Hegglin anomaly]] | ||
*[[Medications]] | *[[Medications]] | ||
*[[Melanoma]] | *[[Melanoma]] | ||
Line 354: | Line 347: | ||
*[[Myeloproliferative diseases]] | *[[Myeloproliferative diseases]] | ||
*[[Narcotics]] | *[[Narcotics]] | ||
*[[Nasal cancer]] | *[[Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma|Nasal cancer]] | ||
*[[Nasal cannula]] | *[[Nasal cannula]] | ||
*[[Nasal colonization with staphylococcus aureus]] | *[[staphylococcus aureus|Nasal colonization with staphylococcus aureus]] | ||
*[[Nasal congestion]] | *[[Nasal congestion]] | ||
*[[Diphtheria|Nasal diphtheria]] | *[[Diphtheria|Nasal diphtheria]] | ||
Line 362: | Line 355: | ||
*[[Foreign body|Nasal foreign body]] | *[[Foreign body|Nasal foreign body]] | ||
*[[Nasal fracture]] | *[[Nasal fracture]] | ||
*[[Nasal infection | *[[Infection|Nasal infection]] | ||
*[[Nasal Congestion|Nasal obstruction]] | *[[Nasal Congestion|Nasal obstruction]] | ||
*[[Nasal polyp]] | *[[Nasal polyp]] | ||
Line 370: | Line 362: | ||
*[[Corticosteroid|Nasal steroids]] | *[[Corticosteroid|Nasal steroids]] | ||
*[[Surgery|Nasal surgery]] | *[[Surgery|Nasal surgery]] | ||
*[[Nasal trauma]] | *[[Physical trauma|Nasal trauma]] | ||
*[[Nasal tuberculosis]] | *[[Tuberculosis|Nasal tuberculosis]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Extranodal NK-T-cell lymphoma|Nasal type natural killer/t-cell lymphoma]] | ||
*[[Ulcer|Nasal ulceration]] | |||
*[[Nasal ulceration]] | *[[Nasogastric intubation|Nasogastric tube placement]] | ||
*[[Nasogastric tube placement]] | |||
*[[Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma]] | *[[Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma]] | ||
*[[Nasopharyngeal carcinoma|Nasopharyngeal cancers]] | *[[Nasopharyngeal carcinoma|Nasopharyngeal cancers]] | ||
*[[Tracheal intubation|Nasotracheal intubation]] | *[[Tracheal intubation|Nasotracheal intubation]] | ||
*[[Neoplasm]] | *[[Neoplasm]] | ||
*[[Rhinitis|Non-allergic rhinitis]] | *[[Rhinitis|Non-allergic rhinitis]] | ||
*[[Nose-picking]] | *[[Nose-picking]] | ||
*[[Omsk hemorrhagic fever]] | *[[Omsk hemorrhagic fever]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Eye surgery |Orbital decompression]] | ||
*[[Osler-Weber-Rendu Disease|Osler-weber-rendu disease]] | *[[Osler-Weber-Rendu Disease|Osler-weber-rendu disease]] | ||
*[[Factor V|Owren parahemophilia]] | *[[Factor V|Owren parahemophilia]] | ||
Line 401: | Line 388: | ||
*[[Giant platelet disorder|Platelet disorders]] | *[[Giant platelet disorder|Platelet disorders]] | ||
*[[Polychondritis]] | *[[Polychondritis]] | ||
*[[Polycythemia vera]] | *[[Polycythemia vera]] | ||
*[[Pseudoaneurysm|Post-traumatic pseudoaneurysm]] | *[[Pseudoaneurysm|Post-traumatic pseudoaneurysm]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Pseudoaneurysm|Posttraumatic pseudoaneurysm of internal carotid artery]] | ||
*[[Prasugrel]] | *[[Prasugrel]] | ||
*[[Pregnancy]] | *[[Pregnancy]] | ||
*[[Primary hypertension]] | *[[Primary hypertension]] | ||
*[[Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis]] | *[[Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis]] | ||
Line 414: | Line 398: | ||
*[[Purpura]] | *[[Purpura]] | ||
*[[Pyogenic granuloma]] | *[[Pyogenic granuloma]] | ||
*[[Ramucirumab]] | *[[Ramucirumab]] | ||
*[[Rapid weight loss]] | *[[Rapid weight loss]] | ||
Line 438: | Line 421: | ||
*Sclerotic vessels | *Sclerotic vessels | ||
*[[Pregnancy|Second trimester pregnancy]] | *[[Pregnancy|Second trimester pregnancy]] | ||
*[[Septal deviation]] | *[[Septal deviation]] | ||
*[[Pyogenic granuloma|Septal granulomas]] | *[[Pyogenic granuloma|Septal granulomas]] | ||
Line 447: | Line 429: | ||
*[[Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma]] | *[[Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma]] | ||
*[[Sinus surgery]] | *[[Sinus surgery]] | ||
*Sinus tumor | *[[Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma|Sinus tumor]] | ||
*[[Sinusitis]] | *[[Sinusitis]] | ||
*[[Skull fracture]] | *[[Skull fracture]] | ||
Line 471: | Line 453: | ||
*[[Thrombocytopenia]] | *[[Thrombocytopenia]] | ||
*[[Tiagabine]] | *[[Tiagabine]] | ||
*[[Tobacco smoking]] | *[[Tobacco smoking]] | ||
*[[Trauma]] | *[[Trauma]] | ||
Line 477: | Line 458: | ||
*[[Corticosteroid|Nasal corticosteroids]] | *[[Corticosteroid|Nasal corticosteroids]] | ||
*[[Tuberculosis]] | *[[Tuberculosis]] | ||
*[[Turbinectomy]] | *[[Turbinectomy]] | ||
*[[Typhoid fever]] | *[[Typhoid fever]] | ||
Line 497: | Line 477: | ||
*[[Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia]] | *[[Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia]] | ||
*[[Warfarin]] | *[[Warfarin]] | ||
*[[Wegener's granulomatosis]] | *[[Wegener's granulomatosis]] | ||
*[[Weil syndrome]] | *[[Weil syndrome]] | ||
*[[Whooping cough]] | *[[Whooping cough]] | ||
*X-linked dyserythropoietic anemia and thrombocytopenia | *[[Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia|X-linked dyserythropoietic anemia and thrombocytopenia]] | ||
*[[Zygomycosis]] | *[[Zygomycosis]] | ||
Line 508: | Line 487: | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}} | |||
{{WikiDoc Sources}} | |||
[[Category: | [[Category:Up-to-Date]] | ||
[[Category:Otolaryngology]] | [[Category:Otolaryngology]] | ||
[[Category:Rhinology]] | [[Category:Rhinology]] | ||
[[Category:First aid]] | [[Category:First aid]] | ||
[[Category:Injuries]] | [[Category:Injuries]] | ||
Latest revision as of 20:32, 29 January 2021
Epistaxis Microchapters |
Diagnosis |
---|
Treatment |
Case Studies |
Epistaxis causes On the Web |
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Epistaxis causes |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Marcelo R. Zacarkim, M.D. [2] Kiran Singh, M.D. [3] Amir Behzad Bagheri, M.D. José Eduardo Riceto Loyola Junior, M.D.[4]
Overview
The causes of epistaxis can be divided into idiopathic and non-idiopathic ones. There are many diseases and medications that can cause epistaxis but it also may be spontaneous. Usually epistaxis is not dangerous but in some cases it can become life threatening. Trauma is the most common cause of epistaxis.
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Common Causes
- Local trauma
- Acute sinusitis
- Allergic rhinitis
- Anticoagulation
- Aspirin
- Chronic rhinitis
- Chronic sinusitis
- Barotrauma
- Cocaine
- Common cold
- Foreign bodies
- Nose-picking
Less Common Causes
- Neoplasia
- Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma
- Papillomas
- Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
- Esthesioneuroblastoma
- Paraganglioma
- Vascular malformations
- Capillary hemangioma
- Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome)
- Intracranial aneurysms[2]
There is not enough evidence that hypertension is a risk factor for epistaxis.The role of lowering blood pressure to control and prevent epistaxis remains controversial.
In the table below different causes of epistaxis are classified based on organ system.
Causes by Organ System
Causes in Alphabetical Order
- Abnormal nasal anatomy
- Acquired coagulation disorders
- Acquired factor XIII deficiency
- Acthar
- Acute cholinergic dysautonomia
- Acute erythroleukemia
- Acute leukemia
- Acute lymphocytic leukemia
- Acute promyelocytic leukemia
- Acute respiratory tract infections
- Acute sinusitis
- Adenoid cystic carcinoma
- Adenoidectomy
- ADP platelet receptor p2y12 deficiency
- Aerosol abuse
- Alcohol abuse
- Allegra
- Allergic rhinitis
- Allergies
- Ammonia
- Anemia
- Aneurysm of the carotid artery
- Angiofibroma
- Anticoagulant
- Antiplatelet medication
- Antrochoanal polyps
- Antrostomy
- Aplastic anemia
- Argentinean hemorrhagic fever
- Asphyxiation
- Aspirin
- Atherosclerosis
- Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome
- Autoimmune thrombocytopenia
- Bacterial upper respiratory infections
- Banti's syndrome
- Barotrauma
- Benign mucosal pemphigoid
- Benign nose tumors
- Bernard-Soulier syndrome
- Bing-Neel syndrome
- Biphenyl
- Bleeding diathesis
- Bleeding disorders
- Blood dyscrasias
- Blood vessel disorders
- Blunt trauma
- Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
- Borates rodenticide poisoning
- Brodifacoum rodenticide poisoning
- Broken nose
- Bromadiolone rodenticide poisoning
- Brown snake rodenticide poisoning
- Butorphanol
- Calcium sulfate
- Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
- Chemical irritants
- Child abuse
- Chlorophacinone rodenticide poisoning
- Cholestasis, progressive familial intrahepatic
- Christmas disease
- Chromates rodenticide poisoning
- Chronic excoriation
- Chronic irritation of the nasal mucosa
- Chronic kidney disease
- Chronic leukemia
- Chronic rhinitis
- Chronic sinusitis
- Chronic usage of nasal sprays
- Chronic vitamin A toxicity
- Cirrhosis
- Clemastine fumarate
- Clopidogrel
- Clove (herbal agent)
- Coagulation disorders
- Coagulopathy
- Coarctation of the aorta
- Cocaine
- Cold air
- Common cold
- Congenital afibrinogenemia
- Congenital hypoplastic anemia
- Congenital syphilis
- Congential fibrinogen deficiency
- Congestive heart failure
- Connective tissue disease
- Corticosteroids
- Corticotropin
- Coumachlor rodenticide poisoning
- Coumafuryl rodenticide poisoning
- Coumatetralyl rodenticide poisoning
- Cystic fibrosis
- Defibrination syndrome
- Dengue hemorrhagic fever
- Dental extraction
- Desmopressin
- Deviated septum
- Dialysis
- Difenacoum rodenticide poisoning
- Difethialone rodenticide poisoning
- Diphacinone rodenticide poisoning
- Diquat dibromide
- Dry air
- Endoscopic sinus procedures
- Environmental irritants
- Epstein's syndrome
- Essential hypertension
- Essential thrombocythemia
- Esthesioneuroblastoma
- Ethmoidal polyps
- Excessive dieting
- Facial trauma
- Facial surgery
- Factor V deficiency
- Factor VII deficiency
- Factor X deficiency
- Familial blood dyscrasias
- Familial platelet syndrome
- Fanconi's anemia
- Fexofenadine
- Flurbiprofen
- Fluticasone
- Foreign bodies
- Formaldehyde
- Functional endoscopic sinus surgery
- Ginseng
- Glycogen storage disease
- Granulomatosis
- Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
- Hantavirosis
- Head injury
- Hemophilia
- Heart failure
- Hemangioma
- Hematological malignancy
- Hemoglobin Lepore syndrome
- Hemoglobin SC
- Hepatitis
- Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia
- Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome
- Heroin
- Histrelin
- Humidity
- Hypertension
- Ibuprofen
- Idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis
- Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
- Inability of the blood to clot
- Increased nasal venous pressure
- Indandione rodenticide poisoning
- Infection
- Inhalant abuse
- Inhaled corticosteroids
- Inhaled irritants
- Inherited coagulation disorders
- Intranasal rhabdomyosarcoma
- Inverted papilloma
- Isotretinoin
- Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
- Lenvatinib
- Leprosy
- Leukemia
- Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
- Localized skin infection
- Loratadine
- Lymphomatoid granulomatosis
- Machupo virus
- Malignant hypertension
- Malnutrition
- Matikus rodenticide poisoning
- Maxillary sinus carcinoma
- Maxillofacial injury
- May Hegglin anomaly
- Medications
- Melanoma
- Menopause
- Metaldehyde
- Middle ear barotrauma
- Mouser rodenticide poisoning
- Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
- Mucormycosis
- Mucosal irritation of the nasal mucosa
- Myelodysplastic syndromes
- Myeloproliferative diseases
- Narcotics
- Nasal cancer
- Nasal cannula
- Nasal colonization with staphylococcus aureus
- Nasal congestion
- Nasal diphtheria
- Nasal excoriation
- Nasal foreign body
- Nasal fracture
- Nasal infection
- Nasal obstruction
- Nasal polyp
- Nasal septum deviation
- Nasal sprays
- Nasal steroids
- Nasal surgery
- Nasal trauma
- Nasal tuberculosis
- Nasal type natural killer/t-cell lymphoma
- Nasal ulceration
- Nasogastric tube placement
- Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
- Nasopharyngeal cancers
- Nasotracheal intubation
- Neoplasm
- Non-allergic rhinitis
- Nose-picking
- Omsk hemorrhagic fever
- Orbital decompression
- Osler-weber-rendu disease
- Owren parahemophilia
- Palbociclib
- Pancytopenia
- Pennyroyal oil
- People with blood group O
- Pertussis
- PFIC
- Phosphorous
- Pindborg tumor
- Pindone rodenticide poisoning
- Platelet disorders
- Polychondritis
- Polycythemia vera
- Post-traumatic pseudoaneurysm
- Posttraumatic pseudoaneurysm of internal carotid artery
- Prasugrel
- Pregnancy
- Primary hypertension
- Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis
- Prothrombin deficiency
- Purpura
- Pyogenic granuloma
- Ramucirumab
- Rapid weight loss
- Ratak plus rodenticide poisoning
- Relapsing fever
- Renal artery stenosis
- Renal dialysis
- Renal disease
- Respiratory tract infection
- Rhabdomyosarcoma
- Rheumatic fever
- Rhinitis
- Rhinocerebral mucormycosis
- Rhinocerebral zygomycosis
- Rhinoplasty
- Rhinoscleroma
- Rhinosporidiosis
- Riociguat
- Rodend rodenticide poisoning
- Rodenticides
- Sarcoidosis
- Scleroma
- Sclerotic vessels
- Second trimester pregnancy
- Septal deviation
- Septal granulomas
- Septal perforation
- Septal surgery
- Septoplasty
- Sickle cell anemia
- Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma
- Sinus surgery
- Sinus tumor
- Sinusitis
- Skull fracture
- Soft tissue infection
- Solvent abuse
- Sphenoidal fracture
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Stachybotrys chartarum
- Staphylococcal furuncles
- Streptococcus pyogenes infection
- Stuart factor deficiency
- Sulphuric acid
- Superior vena cava syndrome
- Systemic infection with nasal congestion
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Talon rodenticide poisoning
- Telfast
- Tetrachloroethylene
- Tetryl
- Thrombasthenia
- Thrombocytopenic purpura
- Thrombocytopathy
- Thrombocytopenia
- Tiagabine
- Tobacco smoking
- Trauma
- Trauma to Little's area
- Nasal corticosteroids
- Tuberculosis
- Turbinectomy
- Typhoid fever
- Unilateral choanal atresia
- Upper respiratory infection
- valproic acid
- Vanadium
- Vascular disorders
- Vascular malformation
- Viral rhinitis
- Viral upper respiratory infections
- Vitamin C deficiency
- Vitamin K deficiency
- Volak rodenticide poisoning
- Volatile inhalants
- Volid rodenticide poisoning
- Von Gierke Disease
- Von Willebrand disease
- Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
- Warfarin
- Wegener's granulomatosis
- Weil syndrome
- Whooping cough
- X-linked dyserythropoietic anemia and thrombocytopenia
- Zygomycosis
References
- ↑ Krulewitz, Neil Alexander; Fix, Megan Leigh (2019). "Epistaxis". Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 37 (1): 29–39. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2018.09.005. ISSN 0733-8627.
- ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID doi:10.1016/j.otc.2008.01.003 Check
|pmid=
value (help).