Endocarditis historical background: Difference between revisions
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{{Endocarditis}} | {{Endocarditis}} | ||
{{CMG}}; | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}} {{Maliha}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Endocarditis was first described in 1554. The inflammatory process associated with endocarditis was discovered in 1799. Vegetations were first discovered to be associated with endocarditis in 1806. | [[Endocarditis]] was first described in 1554. The [[inflammatory]] process associated with [[endocarditis]] was discovered in 1799. [[Vegetation (pathology)|Vegetations]] were first discovered to be associated with [[endocarditis]] in 1806. | ||
==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
*1554: Earliest report of endocarditis in medical books | === Discovery === | ||
*1669: Accurately description of [[tricuspid valve]] endocarditis | Important landmarks in the history of [[endocarditis]] include the following:<ref name="pmid15207065">{{cite journal| author=Millar BC, Moore JE| title=Emerging issues in infective endocarditis. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2004 | volume= 10 | issue= 6 | pages= 1110-6 | pmid=15207065 | doi=10.3201/eid1006.030848 | pmc=PMC3323180 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15207065 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21537712">{{cite journal| author=Grinberg M, Solimene MC| title=Historical aspects of infective endocarditis. | journal=Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) | year= 2011 | volume= 57 | issue= 2 | pages= 228-33 | pmid=21537712 | doi=10.1590/s0104-42302011000200023 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21537712 }}</ref><ref name="Contrepois2012">{{cite journal|last1=Contrepois|first1=Alain|title=Towards a history of infective endocarditis|journal=Medical History|volume=40|issue=1|year=2012|pages=25–54|issn=0025-7273|doi=10.1017/S0025727300060658}}</ref><ref name="pmid32089994">{{cite journal| author=Sordelli C, Fele N, Mocerino R, Weisz SH, Ascione L, Caso P | display-authors=etal| title=Infective Endocarditis: Echocardiographic Imaging and New Imaging Modalities. | journal=J Cardiovasc Echogr | year= 2019 | volume= 29 | issue= 4 | pages= 149-155 | pmid=32089994 | doi=10.4103/jcecho.jcecho_53_19 | pmc=7011492 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32089994 }}</ref> | ||
*1646: | |||
*1708: Description of unusual structures in entrance of [[aorta]] | *In 1554: Earliest report of [[endocarditis]] in medical books. | ||
*1715: Description of abnormality in [[aortic|aortic valve]] and [[mitral valve]] | *In 1669: Accurately description of [[tricuspid valve]] [[endocarditis]]. | ||
*1749: Description of valvular lesions | *In 1646: Description of unusual "outgrowths" from [[autopsy]] of a patient with [[endocarditis]]; detected [[murmur]]s by placing a hand on patient's chest. | ||
*1769: Link between infectious disease and endocarditis established; association with spleen observed | *In 1708: Description of unusual structures in entrance of [[aorta]]. | ||
*1784: Intracardiac abnormalities accurately drawn | *In 1715: Description of abnormality in [[aortic|aortic valve]] and [[mitral valve]]. | ||
*1797: Relationship between rheumatism and [[heart disease]] established | *In 1749: Description of [[valvular]] lesions. | ||
*1799: Inflammatory process associated with endocarditis described | *In 1769: Link between infectious disease and [[endocarditis]] established; association with [[spleen]] observed. | ||
*1806: Described unusual structures in heart as "vegetations," syphilitic virus as causative agent of endocarditis, and theory of antiviral treatment of endocarditis | *In 1784: Intracardiac abnormalities accurately drawn. | ||
*1809: Vegetations were described as not "outgrowths" or "buds" but particles adhering to heart wall | *In 1797: Relationship between [[rheumatism]] and [[heart disease]] established. | ||
*1816: Invention of cylindrical [[stethoscope]] used to listen to heart [[murmur]]s; link between venereal disease and endocarditis dismissed | *In 1799: Inflammatory process associated with [[endocarditis]] described. | ||
*1832: Laennec's observations observed | *In 1806: Described unusual structures in the heart as "[[Vegetation (pathology)|vegetations]]," [[Syphilis|syphilitic]] virus as a causative agent of [[endocarditis]], and theory of antiviral treatment of [[endocarditis]]. | ||
*1835-40: Named [[endocardium]] and [[endocarditis]]; described symptoms; herbal tea and bloodletting described as treatment regimen; link between acute [[rheumatoid arthritis]] and endocarditis established | *In 1809: [[Vegetation (pathology)|Vegetations]] were described as not "outgrowths" or "buds" but particles adhering to the heart wall. | ||
*1852: Consequences of [[embolization]] of vegetations throughout body described. Described cutaneous nodules (named "[[Osler's nodes]]" by Libman) | *In 1816: Invention of cylindrical [[stethoscope]] used to listen to heart [[murmur]]s; the link between [[Venereal diseases|venereal disease]] and [[endocarditis]] dismissed. | ||
*1858-71: Examined [[fibrin]] vegetation associated with endocarditis by microscope; coined term "embolism;" discussed role of [[bacteria]], vibrios, and micrococci in [[endocarditis]] | *In 1832: Laennec's observations observed. | ||
*1861: Virchow's theory on [[emboli]] described | *In 1835-40: Named [[endocardium]] and [[endocarditis]]; described symptoms; herbal tea and bloodletting described as treatment regimen; the link between acute [[rheumatoid arthritis]] and [[endocarditis]] established. | ||
*1862: Granulations or foreign elements in blood and [[valve]]s described | *In 1852: Consequences of [[embolization]] of [[Vegetation (pathology)|vegetations]] throughout body described. Described cutaneous nodules (named "[[Osler's nodes]]" by Libman). | ||
*1868-70: Described infected arterial blood as originating from heart; proposed [[scarlet fever]] as cause of endocarditis | *In 1858-71: Examined [[fibrin]] [[Vegetation (pathology)|vegetation]] associated with [[endocarditis]] by [[microscope]]; coined term "[[embolism]];" discussed role of [[bacteria]], vibrios, and micrococci in [[endocarditis]]. | ||
*1869: Established "parasites" on skin transported to heart and attached to [[endocardium]]; named ''Mycosis | *In 1861: Virchow's theory on [[emboli]] described. | ||
*1872: Microorganisms in vegetations of endocarditis are described | *In 1862: Granulations or foreign elements in blood and [[valve]]s described. | ||
*1878: All cases of endocarditis were infectious in origin | *In 1868-70: Described infected [[Arterial blood gas|arterial blood]] as originating from the heart; proposed [[scarlet fever]] as a cause of [[endocarditis]]. | ||
*1878: Combined experimental physiology and infection to produce animal model of endocarditis in rabbit; noted valve had to be damaged before [[bacteria]] grafted onto valve | *In 1869: Established "[[parasites]]" on skin transported to the heart and attached to [[endocardium]]; named ''[[Mycosis]] [[endocarditis]].'' | ||
*1878: Micrococci enter vessels that valves were fitted into; valves exposed to abnormal mechanical attacks over long period created favorable niche for bacterial colonization | *In 1872: Microorganisms in [[Vegetation (pathology)|vegetations]] of [[endocarditis]] are described. | ||
*1879: Virchow's student; employed early animal model of endocarditis | *In 1878: All cases of [[endocarditis]] were infectious in origin. | ||
*1879: Proposed etiology of endocarditis was based on infectious model and treatment should focus on eliminating "parasitic infection" | *In 1878: Combined experimental physiology and infection to produce an animal model of [[endocarditis]] in rabbit; noted valve had to be damaged before [[bacteria]] grafted onto the [[valve]]. | ||
*1880: Working with Pasteur, proposed use of routine blood cultures | *In 1878: Micrococci enter vessels that valves were fitted into; valves exposed to abnormal mechanical attacks over long period created favorable niche for [[bacterial]] colonization. | ||
*1881-86: Believed endocarditis could appear during various infections; noted translocation of respiratory pathogen from pulmonary lesion to valve through blood | *In 1879: Virchow's student; employed early animal model of [[endocarditis]]. | ||
*1883: Believed microorganisms were result, not cause, of endocarditis | *In 1879: Proposed etiology of [[endocarditis]] was based on infectious model and treatment should focus on eliminating "parasitic infection" | ||
*1884: Named disease "[[infective endocarditis]]" | *In 1880: Working with Pasteur, proposed use of routine blood cultures. | ||
*1886: Demonstrated various bacteria introduced to bloodstream could cause endocarditis on valve that had previous lesion | *In 1881-86: Believed [[endocarditis]] could appear during various infections; noted translocation of respiratory pathogen from [[pulmonary]] lesion to valve through blood. | ||
*1885: Synthesized work of others relating to endocarditis | *In 1883: Believed [[Microorganism|microorganisms]] were result, not cause, of [[endocarditis]]. | ||
*1899: Described streptococcal, staphylococcal, pneumococcal, and gonococcal endocarditis | *In 1884: Named disease "[[infective endocarditis]]". | ||
*1903: First described "endocarditis lenta" | *In 1886: Demonstrated various [[bacteria]] introduced to bloodstream could cause [[endocarditis]] on valve that had previous lesion. | ||
*1909: Credited by Osler as first to observe cutaneous nodes (named "Osler's nodes" by Libman) in patients with endocarditis | *In 1885: Synthesized work of others relating to [[endocarditis]]. | ||
*1909: Analyzed 150 cases of endocarditis and published diagnostic criteria relating to signs and symptoms | *In 1899: Described [[streptococcal]], [[staphylococcal]], [[pneumococcal]], and [[gonococcal]] [[endocarditis]]. | ||
*1910: Described initial classification scheme to include "[[subacute endocarditis]]," with clinical signs/symptoms; absolute diagnosis required blood cultures | *In 1903: First described "[[endocarditis]] lenta". | ||
*1981: Beth Israel criteria based on strict case definitions described | *In 1909: Credited by Osler as first to observe [[cutaneous]] nodes (named "[[Osler's node|Osler's nodes]]" by Libman) in patients with [[endocarditis]]. | ||
*1994: New criteria utilizing specific echocardiographic findings | *In 1909: Analyzed 150 cases of [[endocarditis]] and published diagnostic criteria relating to signs and symptoms. | ||
*1995: Antibiotic treatment of adults with [[infective endocarditis]] caused by streptococci, enterococci, staphylococci, and HACEK microorganisms described | *In 1910: Described initial classification scheme to include "[[subacute endocarditis]]," with clinical signs/symptoms; absolute diagnosis required blood cultures. | ||
*1996: Modified [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria] to allow serologic diagnosis of ''[[Coxiella burnetii]]'' | *In 1981: Beth Israel criteria based on strict case definitions described. | ||
*1997: Guidelines for preventing bacterial endocarditis established | *In 1994: New criteria utilizing specific [[Echocardiography|echocardiographic]] findings. | ||
*1997: Modifications to Duke criteria for clinical diagnosis of native valve and [[prosthetic valve]] endocarditis suggested: | *In 1995: Antibiotic treatment of adults with [[infective endocarditis]] caused by [[streptococci]], [[enterococci]], [[staphylococci]], and [[HACEK microorganisms]] described. | ||
*1998: Guidelines for [[antibiotic]] treatment of streptococcal, enterococcal, and staphylococcal endocarditis established | *In 1996: Modified [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria] to allow serologic diagnosis of ''[[Coxiella burnetii]].'' | ||
*1998: Antibiotic treatment of infective endocarditis due to viridans streptococci, enterococci, and other streptococci established; recommendations for surgical treatment of endocarditis | *In 1997: Guidelines for preventing bacterial [[endocarditis]] established. | ||
*2000: Updated and modified [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria] | *In 1997: Modifications to [[Duke criteria]] for clinical diagnosis of native valve and [[prosthetic valve]] endocarditis suggested: Analysis of 118 pathologically proven cases. | ||
*2002: [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria] to include a molecular diagnosis of causal agents | *In 1998: Guidelines for [[antibiotic]] treatment of [[streptococcal]], [[enterococcal]], and [[staphylococcal]] [[endocarditis]] established. | ||
*2001-3: | *In 1998: [[Antibiotic]] treatment of [[Endocarditis|infective endocarditis]] due to [[viridans streptococci]], [[enterococci]], and other [[streptococci]] established; recommendations for surgical treatment of [[endocarditis]]. | ||
*In 2000: Updated and modified [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria]. | |||
*In 2002: [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria] to include a molecular diagnosis of causal agents. | |||
*In 2001-3: Etiology of [[Bartonella]] spp., ''[[Tropheryma whipplei]]'', and ''[[Coxiella burnetii]]'' in [[endocarditis]] described. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[Category:Cardiology]] | [[Category:Cardiology]] | ||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | [[Category:Emergency medicine]] | ||
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]] | [[Category:Intensive care medicine]] | ||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | [[Category:Up-To-Date]] | ||
Latest revision as of 15:26, 3 March 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2] Maliha Shakil, M.D. [3]
Overview
Endocarditis was first described in 1554. The inflammatory process associated with endocarditis was discovered in 1799. Vegetations were first discovered to be associated with endocarditis in 1806.
Historical Perspective
Discovery
Important landmarks in the history of endocarditis include the following:[1][2][3][4]
- In 1554: Earliest report of endocarditis in medical books.
- In 1669: Accurately description of tricuspid valve endocarditis.
- In 1646: Description of unusual "outgrowths" from autopsy of a patient with endocarditis; detected murmurs by placing a hand on patient's chest.
- In 1708: Description of unusual structures in entrance of aorta.
- In 1715: Description of abnormality in aortic valve and mitral valve.
- In 1749: Description of valvular lesions.
- In 1769: Link between infectious disease and endocarditis established; association with spleen observed.
- In 1784: Intracardiac abnormalities accurately drawn.
- In 1797: Relationship between rheumatism and heart disease established.
- In 1799: Inflammatory process associated with endocarditis described.
- In 1806: Described unusual structures in the heart as "vegetations," syphilitic virus as a causative agent of endocarditis, and theory of antiviral treatment of endocarditis.
- In 1809: Vegetations were described as not "outgrowths" or "buds" but particles adhering to the heart wall.
- In 1816: Invention of cylindrical stethoscope used to listen to heart murmurs; the link between venereal disease and endocarditis dismissed.
- In 1832: Laennec's observations observed.
- In 1835-40: Named endocardium and endocarditis; described symptoms; herbal tea and bloodletting described as treatment regimen; the link between acute rheumatoid arthritis and endocarditis established.
- In 1852: Consequences of embolization of vegetations throughout body described. Described cutaneous nodules (named "Osler's nodes" by Libman).
- In 1858-71: Examined fibrin vegetation associated with endocarditis by microscope; coined term "embolism;" discussed role of bacteria, vibrios, and micrococci in endocarditis.
- In 1861: Virchow's theory on emboli described.
- In 1862: Granulations or foreign elements in blood and valves described.
- In 1868-70: Described infected arterial blood as originating from the heart; proposed scarlet fever as a cause of endocarditis.
- In 1869: Established "parasites" on skin transported to the heart and attached to endocardium; named Mycosis endocarditis.
- In 1872: Microorganisms in vegetations of endocarditis are described.
- In 1878: All cases of endocarditis were infectious in origin.
- In 1878: Combined experimental physiology and infection to produce an animal model of endocarditis in rabbit; noted valve had to be damaged before bacteria grafted onto the valve.
- In 1878: Micrococci enter vessels that valves were fitted into; valves exposed to abnormal mechanical attacks over long period created favorable niche for bacterial colonization.
- In 1879: Virchow's student; employed early animal model of endocarditis.
- In 1879: Proposed etiology of endocarditis was based on infectious model and treatment should focus on eliminating "parasitic infection"
- In 1880: Working with Pasteur, proposed use of routine blood cultures.
- In 1881-86: Believed endocarditis could appear during various infections; noted translocation of respiratory pathogen from pulmonary lesion to valve through blood.
- In 1883: Believed microorganisms were result, not cause, of endocarditis.
- In 1884: Named disease "infective endocarditis".
- In 1886: Demonstrated various bacteria introduced to bloodstream could cause endocarditis on valve that had previous lesion.
- In 1885: Synthesized work of others relating to endocarditis.
- In 1899: Described streptococcal, staphylococcal, pneumococcal, and gonococcal endocarditis.
- In 1903: First described "endocarditis lenta".
- In 1909: Credited by Osler as first to observe cutaneous nodes (named "Osler's nodes" by Libman) in patients with endocarditis.
- In 1909: Analyzed 150 cases of endocarditis and published diagnostic criteria relating to signs and symptoms.
- In 1910: Described initial classification scheme to include "subacute endocarditis," with clinical signs/symptoms; absolute diagnosis required blood cultures.
- In 1981: Beth Israel criteria based on strict case definitions described.
- In 1994: New criteria utilizing specific echocardiographic findings.
- In 1995: Antibiotic treatment of adults with infective endocarditis caused by streptococci, enterococci, staphylococci, and HACEK microorganisms described.
- In 1996: Modified Duke Criteria to allow serologic diagnosis of Coxiella burnetii.
- In 1997: Guidelines for preventing bacterial endocarditis established.
- In 1997: Modifications to Duke criteria for clinical diagnosis of native valve and prosthetic valve endocarditis suggested: Analysis of 118 pathologically proven cases.
- In 1998: Guidelines for antibiotic treatment of streptococcal, enterococcal, and staphylococcal endocarditis established.
- In 1998: Antibiotic treatment of infective endocarditis due to viridans streptococci, enterococci, and other streptococci established; recommendations for surgical treatment of endocarditis.
- In 2000: Updated and modified Duke Criteria.
- In 2002: Duke Criteria to include a molecular diagnosis of causal agents.
- In 2001-3: Etiology of Bartonella spp., Tropheryma whipplei, and Coxiella burnetii in endocarditis described.
References
- ↑ Millar BC, Moore JE (2004). "Emerging issues in infective endocarditis". Emerg Infect Dis. 10 (6): 1110–6. doi:10.3201/eid1006.030848. PMC 3323180. PMID 15207065.
- ↑ Grinberg M, Solimene MC (2011). "Historical aspects of infective endocarditis". Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 57 (2): 228–33. doi:10.1590/s0104-42302011000200023. PMID 21537712.
- ↑ Contrepois, Alain (2012). "Towards a history of infective endocarditis". Medical History. 40 (1): 25–54. doi:10.1017/S0025727300060658. ISSN 0025-7273.
- ↑ Sordelli C, Fele N, Mocerino R, Weisz SH, Ascione L, Caso P; et al. (2019). "Infective Endocarditis: Echocardiographic Imaging and New Imaging Modalities". J Cardiovasc Echogr. 29 (4): 149–155. doi:10.4103/jcecho.jcecho_53_19. PMC 7011492 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32089994 Check|pmid=value (help).