Breast lumps causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Breast lumps}}
{{Breast lumps}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{JC}}, {{JS}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{JC}}, {{JS}}, {{S.M}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
[[Breast lumps]], or [[Breast lumps|breast palpable masses]], are the second most common breast symptoms, after [[mastalgia]]. These must be distinguished from the normal nodularity of the breast.<ref>{{Cite book  | last1 = Kumar | first1 = Vinay | last2 = Abbas | first2 = Abul K. | last3 = Fausto | first3 = Nelson. | last4 = Robbins | first4 = Stanley L. (Stanley Leonard) | last5 = Cotran | first5 = Ramzi S. | title = Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disea | date = 2005 | publisher = Elsevier Saunders | location = Philadelphia | isbn = 978-0-7216-0187-8 | pages =  }}</ref> They can be of cystic or solid nature, which can’t be appropriately distinguished just based on physical examination.<ref>{{Cite book  | last1 = Andreoli | first1 = Thomas E. | last2 = Cecil | first2 = Russell L. (Russell La Fayette) | title = Andreoli and Carpenter's Cecil essentials of medicin | date = 2010 | publisher = Saunders/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 978-1-4160-6109-0 | pages = }}</ref> Usually a [[breast lump]] is only palpable after reaching 2 cm of diameter.<ref>{{Cite book  | last1 = Kumar | first1 = Vinay | last2 = Abbas | first2 = Abul K. | last3 = Fausto | first3 = Nelson. | last4 = Robbins | first4 = Stanley L. (Stanley Leonard) | last5 = Cotran | first5 = Ramzi S. | title = Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disea | date = 2005 | publisher = Elsevier Saunders | location = Philadelphia | isbn = 978-0-7216-0187-8 | pages =  }}</ref>
Breast lumps causes can be classified to various groups according to gender and age. Causes of female breast mass could be  [[cancer]], [[inflammatory]], [[infectious]], [[hormonal]] imbalance, [[trauma]]. Male breast enlargement identified as [[gynecomastia]]. Causes of [[gynecomastia]] may be multifactorial, [[hormonal]] imbalance, [[genetic]] factors, [[endocrine]] factors.Breast lumps may develop among children and adolescents, however, there are probably benign ones and related to peripubertal and [[pubertal]] phases.
[[Breast lumps]] are more commonly found in [[Menopause classification|premenopausal]] women, becoming less frequent with age.<ref>{{Cite book  | last1 = Kumar | first1 = Vinay | last2 = Abbas | first2 = Abul K. | last3 = Fausto | first3 = Nelson. | last4 = Robbins | first4 = Stanley L. (Stanley Leonard) | last5 = Cotran | first5 = Ramzi S. | title = Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disea | date = 2005 | publisher = Elsevier Saunders | location = Philadelphia | isbn = 978-0-7216-0187-8 | pages =  }}</ref>
The most common etiologies are [[Fibroadenoma|fibroadenomas]], [[Breast cyst|cysts]] and [[Breast cancer|carcinomas]]. The probability of malignancy on a [[breast lump]] increases with age.<ref>{{Cite book  | last1 = Kumar | first1 = Vinay | last2 = Abbas | first2 = Abul K. | last3 = Fausto | first3 = Nelson. | last4 = Robbins | first4 = Stanley L. (Stanley Leonard) | last5 = Cotran | first5 = Ramzi S. | title = Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disea | date = 2005 | publisher = Elsevier Saunders | location = Philadelphia | isbn = 978-0-7216-0187-8 | pages =  }}</ref>
Factors like the woman’s age and physical characteristics of the mass, palpated by the clinician, may provide clues about its etiology on an initial assessment. However, a definitive diagnosis must be pursued, since all [[breast lumps]] warrant thorough evaluation.<ref>{{Cite book  | last1 = Bickley | first1 = Lynn S. | last2 = Szilagyi | first2 = Peter G. | last3 = Bates | first3 = Barbara | title = Bates' guide to physical examination and history taki | date = 2009 | publisher = Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams  Wilkins | location = Philadelphia | isbn = 0-7817-8058-6 | pages =  }}</ref>
Every [[Breast lumps|palpable mass]], whose benign nature cannot be appropriately determined by ultrasound, will require biopsy for tissue diagnosis. This also applies to lesions that cannot be visualized by [[mammography]]. The role of the [[mammography]] in this setting is also to look for other coincident lesions that may not be palpated.<ref>{{Cite book  | last1 = Andreoli | first1 = Thomas E. | last2 = Cecil | first2 = Russell L. (Russell La Fayette) | title = Andreoli and Carpenter's Cecil essentials of medicin | date = 2010 | publisher = Saunders/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 978-1-4160-6109-0 | pages =  }}</ref>


==Causes in female==
==Causes In Female==
===Life Threatening Causes===
===Life Threatening Causes===
There are no life-threatening causes.
There are no life-threatening causes.<ref name=":0">Santen RJ. Benign Breast Disease in Women. [Updated 2018 May 25]. In: De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK278994/</ref>


===Common Causes===
===Common Causes In Female===
The most common causes of breast lumps in females are:<ref name=":0" /><ref name="pmid18725513">{{cite journal| author=Rohan TE, Negassa A, Chlebowski RT, Lasser NL, McTiernan A, Schenken RS et al.| title=Estrogen plus progestin and risk of benign proliferative breast disease. | journal=Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev | year= 2008 | volume= 17 | issue= 9 | pages= 2337-43 | pmid=18725513 | doi=10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0380 | pmc=2584343 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18725513  }}</ref><ref name="pmidDOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-4679(01)00437-1">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-4679(01)00437-1 | doi= | pmc=5922622 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }}</ref><ref name="pmid26694922">{{cite journal| author=Ferzoco RM, Ruddy KJ| title=The Epidemiology of Male Breast Cancer. | journal=Curr Oncol Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 18 | issue= 1 | pages= 1 | pmid=26694922 | doi=10.1007/s11912-015-0487-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26694922  }}</ref><ref name=":2">Informed Health Online [Internet]. Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. Breast cancer: Overview. 2013 Nov 6 [Updated 2017 Jul 27]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279422/</ref>
* [[Mastitis|Benign inflammatory periductal mastitis]]
* [[Mastitis|Benign inflammatory periductal mastitis]]
* [[Breast abscess]]
* [[Breast abscess]]
Line 37: Line 34:
* [[Breast cyst|Simple cyst]]
* [[Breast cyst|Simple cyst]]


===Causes in female by Organ System===
===Causes In Female by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[hemangiosarcoma|Angiosarcoma of the breast]], [[Mondor's disease]]
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | [[hemangiosarcoma|Angiosarcoma of the breast]], [[Mondor's disease]]
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Breast abscess]],[[Glands of Montgomery|Cysts of Montgomery]], [[epithelioma|epithelioma of the nipple]], [[hives]], [[intraductal papilloma]], [[pseudolymphoma|lymphocytoma cutis]], [[Paget's disease of the breast]], [[breast cyst|retroareolar cyst]], [[sclerosis|sclerosing adenosis]], [[sebaceous cyst]], [[skin|skin lumps]], [[Zuska's disease]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Breast abscess]],[[Glands of Montgomery|Cysts of Montgomery]], [[epithelioma|epithelioma of the nipple]], [[hives]], [[intraductal papilloma]], [[pseudolymphoma|lymphocytoma cutis]], [[Paget's disease of the breast]], [[breast cyst|retroareolar cyst]], [[sclerosis|sclerosing adenosis]], [[sebaceous cyst]], [[skin|skin lumps]], [[Zuska's disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[aldactone]], [[aldomet]] (alphamethyldopa),[[alefacept]], [[beta blockers]], [[bicalutamide]], [[casodex]], [[chlorpromazine]], [[cyclosporine]], [[dalmane]] , [[digitalis]], [[estazolam]], [[etonogestrel]], [[hormone replacement therapy]], [[efalizumab]], [[estradiol]], [[estrogen]], [[birth control|estrogen and progestin]], [[etanercept]], [[birth control|etonogestrel and ethinyl estradiol]], [[flurazepam]], [[flutamide]], [[itraconazole]], [[implanon]], [[medroxyprogesterone]], [[metoclopramide]], [[birth control|norelgestromin and ethinyl estradiol]], [[nilandron]], [[nizoral]], [[oral contraceptive|contraceptive pills]],[[progestin]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Aldactone]], [[aldomet]] (alphamethyldopa),[[alefacept]], [[beta blockers]], [[bicalutamide]], [[casodex]], [[chlorpromazine]], [[cyclosporine]], [[dalmane]] , [[digitalis]], [[estazolam]], [[etonogestrel]], [[hormone replacement therapy]], [[efalizumab]], [[estradiol]], [[estrogen]], [[birth control|estrogen and progestin]], [[etanercept]], [[birth control|etonogestrel and ethinyl estradiol]], [[flurazepam]], [[flutamide]], [[itraconazole]], [[implanon]], [[medroxyprogesterone]], [[metoclopramide]], [[birth control|norelgestromin and ethinyl estradiol]], [[nilandron]], [[nizoral]], [[oral contraceptive pills]],[[progestin]]
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Breast|Aberration of normal development and involution (ANDI)]], [[fibroadenoma|breast fibroadenoma]], [[chronic cystic mastitis]], [[fibroadenoma|fibro-adenosis of the newborn]], [[fibroadenoma]], [[galactocele]], [[fibroadenoma|giant fibroadenoma]],  [[pregnancy|glandular thickening due to hormonal changes of pregnancy]], [[hormone replacement therapy]],[[fibroadenoma|hyalinized fibroadenoma]], [[lactation]], [[premenstrual syndrome]], [[puberty]], [[breast cyst|simple cyst]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Breast|Aberration of normal development and involution (ANDI)]], [[fibroadenoma|breast fibroadenoma]], [[chronic cystic mastitis]], [[fibroadenoma|fibro-adenosis of the newborn]], [[fibroadenoma]], [[galactocele]], [[fibroadenoma|giant fibroadenoma]],  [[pregnancy|glandular thickening due to hormonal changes of pregnancy]], [[hormone replacement therapy]],[[fibroadenoma|hyalinized fibroadenoma]], [[lactation]], [[premenstrual syndrome]], [[puberty]], [[breast cyst|simple cyst]]


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic<ref name=":2" />'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Breast|Aberration of normal development and involution (ANDI)]], [[adenoid cystic carcinoma]], [[metaplasia|apocrine metaplasia]], [[metaplasia|apocrine or squamous metaplasia]], [[papillary carcinoma of the breast|apocrine papillary carcinoma]], [[telangiectasia|ataxia-telangiectasia heterozygosity]], [[breast cancer]], [[cancer]], [[breast cancer|colloidal breast cancer]], [[Cowden syndrome]], [[cyclosporine]], [[breast cancer|cyst wall cancer]], [[ductal carcinoma]], [[extramedullary myeloid tumor]], [[hamartoma|giant mammary hamartoma]], [[hamartoma]], [[stomach cancer|hereditary diffuse gastric cancer]], [[Hodgkin's disease]], [[inflammatory breast cancer]], [[breast cancer|juvenile secretory carcinoma]], [[Li-Fraumeni syndrome]], [[lymphoma]], [[carcinoma|malignant carcinoma]], [[medullary carcinoma]], [[breast cancer|metastatic breast cancer]], [[metastatic cancer]], [[breast cancer|mucinous carcinoma]], [[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome]], [[breast cancer|primary breast cancer]], [[multiple hamartoma syndrome|PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Breast|Aberration of normal development and involution (ANDI)]], [[adenoid cystic carcinoma]], [[metaplasia|apocrine metaplasia]], [[metaplasia|apocrine or squamous metaplasia]], [[papillary carcinoma of the breast|apocrine papillary carcinoma]], [[telangiectasia|ataxia-telangiectasia heterozygosity]], [[breast cancer]], [[cancer]], [[breast cancer|colloidal breast cancer]], [[Cowden syndrome]], [[cyclosporine]], [[breast cancer|cyst wall cancer]], [[ductal carcinoma]], [[extramedullary myeloid tumor]], [[hamartoma|giant mammary hamartoma]], [[hamartoma]], [[stomach cancer|hereditary diffuse gastric cancer]], [[Hodgkin's disease]], [[inflammatory breast cancer]], [[breast cancer|juvenile secretory carcinoma]], [[Li-Fraumeni syndrome]], [[lymphoma]], [[carcinoma|malignant carcinoma]], [[medullary carcinoma]], [[breast cancer|metastatic breast cancer]], [[metastatic cancer]], [[breast cancer|mucinous carcinoma]], [[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome]], [[breast cancer|primary breast cancer]], [[multiple hamartoma syndrome|PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Extramedullary myeloid tumor]], [[Hodgkin's disease]], [[lymphoma]], [[medullary carcinoma]], [[rhabdomyosarcoma]], [[sarcoma]], [[venous thrombosis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Extramedullary myeloid tumor]], [[Hodgkin's disease]], [[lymphoma]], [[medullary carcinoma]], [[rhabdomyosarcoma]], [[sarcoma]], [[venous thrombosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abscess]], [[alefacept]], [[breast abscess]], [[fat necrosis|breast fat necrosis]], [[breast implant]], [[breast cyst|complicated cyst]], [[cyclosporine]], [[efalizumab]], [[estradiol]], [[estrogen]], [[birth control|estrogen and progestin]], [[etanercept]], [[birth control|etonogestrel and ethinyl estradiol]], [[hematoma]], [[medroxyprogesterone]], [[birth control|norelgestromin and ethinyl estradiol]], [[iatrogenesis|postoperative scar/hematoma]], [[progestin]], [[sclerosis|radial scar]], [[hemangiosarcoma|radiation induced angiosarcoma of the breast]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Abscess]], [[alefacept]], [[breast abscess]], [[fat necrosis|breast fat necrosis]], [[breast implant]], [[breast cyst|complicated cyst]], [[cyclosporine]], [[efalizumab]], [[estradiol]], [[estrogen]], [[birth control|estrogen and progestin]], [[etanercept]], [[birth control|etonogestrel and ethinyl estradiol]], [[hematoma]], [[medroxyprogesterone]], [[birth control|norelgestromin and ethinyl estradiol]], [[iatrogenesis|postoperative scar/hematoma]], [[progestin]], [[sclerosis|radial scar]], [[hemangiosarcoma|radiation induced angiosarcoma of the breast]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''<ref name="pmid20610247">{{cite journal| author=Gollapalli V, Liao J, Dudakovic A, Sugg SL, Scott-Conner CE, Weigel RJ| title=Risk factors for development and recurrence of primary breast abscesses. | journal=J Am Coll Surg | year= 2010 | volume= 211 | issue= 1 | pages= 41-8 | pmid=20610247 | doi=10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.04.007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20610247  }}</ref>
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abscess]], [[mastitis|acute mastitis]], [[mastitis|benign inflammatory periductal mastitis]], [[breast abscess]], [[breast cyst]], [[breast infection]], [[tuberculosis|tuberculosis of the breast]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Abscess]], [[mastitis|acute mastitis]], [[mastitis|benign inflammatory periductal mastitis]], [[breast abscess]], [[breast cyst]], [[breast infection]], [[tuberculosis|tuberculosis of the breast]]


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Telangiectasia|Ataxia-telangiectasia heterozygosity]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Telangiectasia|Ataxia-telangiectasia heterozygosity]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ginseng]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[ginseng]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''<ref name="pmid24327995">{{cite journal| author=Yu JH, Kim MJ, Cho H, Liu HJ, Han SJ, Ahn TG| title=Breast diseases during pregnancy and lactation. | journal=Obstet Gynecol Sci | year= 2013 | volume= 56 | issue= 3 | pages= 143-59 | pmid=24327995 | doi=10.5468/ogs.2013.56.3.143 | pmc=3784111 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24327995  }}</ref>
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Breast|Aberration of normal development and involution (ANDI)]], [[adenoid cystic carcinoma]], [[metaplasia|apocrine metaplasia]], [[metaplasia|apocrine or squamous metaplasia]], [[papillary carcinoma of the breast|apocrine papillary carcinoma]], [[mastitis|benign inflammatory periductal mastitis]], [[breast abscess]], [[breast cancer]], [[papilloma|breast duct papilloma]], [[fat necrosis|breast fat necrosis]], [[fibroadenoma|breast fibroadenoma]], [[breast implant]], [[physical trauma|breast injury]],[[physical trauma|breast trauma]], [[chronic cystic mastitis]], [[breast cancer|colloidal breast cancer]], [[breast cyst|complicated cyst]], [[cowden syndrome]], [[breast cancer|cyst wall cancer]], [[cystosarcoma phyllodes]], [[glands of Montgomery|cysts of Montgomery]], [[duct ectasia of breast]], [[ductal carcinoma]], [[epithelioma|epithelioma of the nipple]], [[fat necrosis]], [[hamartoma|fibro-adeno-lipoma]], [[fibroadenoma|fibro-adenosis of the newborn]], [[fibroadenoma]], [[galactocele]], [[fibroadenoma|giant fibroadenoma]], [[hamartoma|giant mammary hamartoma]], [[pregnancy|glandular thickening due to hormonal changes of pregnancy]], [[gynecomastia]], [[fibroadenoma|hyalinized fibroadenoma]], [[intraductal papilloma]], [[lactation]],
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Breast|Aberration of normal development and involution (ANDI)]], [[adenoid cystic carcinoma]], [[metaplasia|apocrine metaplasia]], [[metaplasia|apocrine or squamous metaplasia]], [[papillary carcinoma of the breast|apocrine papillary carcinoma]], [[mastitis|benign inflammatory periductal mastitis]], [[breast abscess]], [[breast cancer]], [[papilloma|breast duct papilloma]], [[fat necrosis|breast fat necrosis]], [[fibroadenoma|breast fibroadenoma]], [[breast implant]], [[physical trauma|breast injury]],[[physical trauma|breast trauma]], [[chronic cystic mastitis]], [[breast cancer|colloidal breast cancer]], [[breast cyst|complicated cyst]], [[cowden syndrome]], [[breast cancer|cyst wall cancer]], [[cystosarcoma phyllodes]], [[glands of Montgomery|cysts of Montgomery]], [[duct ectasia of breast]], [[ductal carcinoma]], [[epithelioma|epithelioma of the nipple]], [[fat necrosis]], [[hamartoma|fibro-adeno-lipoma]], [[fibroadenoma|fibro-adenosis of the newborn]], [[fibroadenoma]], [[galactocele]], [[fibroadenoma|giant fibroadenoma]], [[hamartoma|giant mammary hamartoma]], [[pregnancy|glandular thickening due to hormonal changes of pregnancy]], [[gynecomastia]], [[fibroadenoma|hyalinized fibroadenoma]], [[intraductal papilloma]], [[lactation]], [[Li-Fraumeni syndrome]], [[breast cancer|lobular neoplasia]], [[mastitis|lymphocytic mastitis]], [[mammary duct ectasia]], [[mastitis]], [[breast cancer|metastatic breast cancer]], [[breast cancer|mucinous carcinoma]], [[mastalgia|nipple conditions]]., [[paget's disease of the breast]], [[mastitis|periductal mastitis]], [[phyllodes tumor]], [[mastitis|plasma cell mastitis]], [[breast cancer|primary breast cancer]], [[hyperplasia|pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia]], [[breast cyst|retroareolar cyst]], [[breast cyst|ruptured cyst or duct]], [[sclerosis|sclerosing adenosis]], [[tuberculosis|tuberculosis of the breast]], [[Zuska's disease]]
[[Li-Fraumeni syndrome]], [[breast cancer|lobular neoplasia]], [[mastitis|lymphocytic mastitis]], [[mammary duct ectasia]], [[mastitis]], [[breast cancer|metastatic breast cancer]], [[breast cancer|mucinous carcinoma]], [[mastalgia|nipple conditions]]., [[paget's disease of the breast]], [[mastitis|periductal mastitis]], [[phyllodes tumor]], [[mastitis|plasma cell mastitis]], [[breast cancer|primary breast cancer]], [[hyperplasia|pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia]], [[breast cyst|retroareolar cyst]], [[breast cyst|ruptured cyst or duct]], [[sclerosis|sclerosing adenosis]], [[tuberculosis|tuberculosis of the breast]], [[Zuska's disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''<ref name="pmid22247839">{{cite journal| author=Sharma GN, Dave R, Sanadya J, Sharma P, Sharma KK| title=Various types and management of breast cancer: an overview. | journal=J Adv Pharm Technol Res | year= 2010 | volume= 1 | issue= 2 | pages= 109-26 | pmid=22247839 | doi= | pmc=3255438 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22247839  }}</ref>
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adenoid cystic carcinoma]], [[hemangiosarcoma|angiosarcoma of the breast]], [[papillary carcinoma of the breast|apocrine papillary carcinoma]], [[telangiectasia|ataxia-telangiectasia heterozygosity]], [[breast cancer|benign breast disease]], [[breast cancer]], [[cancer]], [[breast cancer|colloidal breast cancer]], [[breast cancer|cyst wall cancer]], [[cystosarcoma phyllodes]], [[desmoplastic small round cell tumor]], [[ductal carcinoma]], [[epithelioma|epithelioma of the nipple]], [[extramedullary myeloid tumor]], [[stomach cancer|hereditary diffuse gastric cancer]], [[Hodgkin's disease]], [[inflammatory breast cancer]], [[breast cancer|juvenile secretory carcinoma]], [[Li-Fraumeni syndrome]], [[lymphoma]], [[carcinoma|malignant carcinoma]], [[medullary carcinoma]], [[breast cancer|metastatic breast cancer]], [[metastatic cancer]], [[metastatic cancer]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Adenoid cystic carcinoma]], [[hemangiosarcoma|angiosarcoma of the breast]], [[papillary carcinoma of the breast|apocrine papillary carcinoma]], [[telangiectasia|ataxia-telangiectasia heterozygosity]], [[breast cancer|benign breast disease]], [[breast cancer]], [[cancer]], [[breast cancer|colloidal breast cancer]], [[breast cancer|cyst wall cancer]], [[cystosarcoma phyllodes]], [[desmoplastic small round cell tumor]], [[ductal carcinoma]], [[epithelioma|epithelioma of the nipple]], [[extramedullary myeloid tumor]], [[stomach cancer|hereditary diffuse gastric cancer]], [[Hodgkin's disease]], [[inflammatory breast cancer]], [[breast cancer|juvenile secretory carcinoma]], [[Li-Fraumeni syndrome]], [[lymphoma]], [[carcinoma|malignant carcinoma]], [[medullary carcinoma]], [[breast cancer|metastatic breast cancer]], [[metastatic cancer]], [[metastatic cancer]], [[breast cancer|mucinous carcinoma]], [[paget's disease of the breast]], [[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome]], [[phyllodes tumor]], [[breast cancer|primary breast cancer]], [[multiple hamartoma syndrome|PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome]], [[hemangiosarcoma|radiation induced angiosarcoma of the breast]], [[rhabdomyosarcoma]], [[sarcoma]], [[breast cancer|secretory breast carcinoma]]
, [[breast cancer|mucinous carcinoma]], [[paget's disease of the breast]], [[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome]], [[phyllodes tumor]], [[breast cancer|primary breast cancer]], [[multiple hamartoma syndrome|PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome]], [[hemangiosarcoma|radiation induced angiosarcoma of the breast]], [[rhabdomyosarcoma]], [[sarcoma]], [[breast cancer|secretory breast carcinoma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Mastitis|Benign inflammatory periductal mastitis]], [[glands of Montgomery|cysts of Montgomery]], [[desmoplastic small round cell tumor]], [[hives]], [[inflammatory breast cancer]], [[lymph node|intramammary lymph node]], [[lymphatic obstruction]], [[pseudolymphoma|lymphocytoma cutis]], [[mastitis|lymphocytic mastitis]], [[mastitis]], [[Mondor's disease]], [[mastitis|periductal mastitis]], [[mastitis|plasma cell mastitis]], [[Zuska's disease]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Mastitis|Benign inflammatory periductal mastitis]], [[glands of Montgomery|cysts of Montgomery]], [[desmoplastic small round cell tumor]], [[hives]], [[inflammatory breast cancer]], [[lymph node|intramammary lymph node]], [[lymphatic obstruction]], [[pseudolymphoma|lymphocytoma cutis]], [[mastitis|lymphocytic mastitis]], [[mastitis]], [[Mondor's disease]], [[mastitis|periductal mastitis]], [[mastitis|plasma cell mastitis]], [[Zuska's disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Fat necrosis|Breast fat necrosis]], [[physical trauma|breast injury]], [[physical trauma|breast trauma]], [[physical trauma|blow on the breast]], [[fat necrosis]], [[hematoma]], [[breast cyst|ruptured cyst or duct]], [[fat necrosis|traumatic fat necrosis]],
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Fat necrosis|Breast fat necrosis]], [[physical trauma|breast injury]], [[physical trauma|breast trauma]], [[physical trauma|blow on the breast]], [[fat necrosis]], [[hematoma]], [[breast cyst|ruptured cyst or duct]], [[fat necrosis|traumatic fat necrosis]],
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Breast lump]], [[Hamartoma|fibro-adeno-lipoma]], [[hypertrophy]], [[lipoma]], [[lymphatic obstruction]], [[breast cyst|oil cyst]], [[iatrogenesis|postoperative scar/hematoma]], [[sclerosis|radial scar]], [[breast cyst|ruptured cyst or duct]], [[venous thrombosis]],
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Hamartoma|Fibro-adeno-lipoma]], [[hypertrophy]], [[lipoma]], [[lymphatic obstruction]], [[breast cyst|oil cyst]], [[iatrogenesis|postoperative scar/hematoma]], [[sclerosis|radial scar]], [[breast cyst|ruptured cyst or duct]], [[venous thrombosis]],
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in female in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes In Female In Alphabetical Order===


{{columns-list|3|
{{columns-list|
*[[breast|Aberration of normal development and involution (ANDI)]]  
*[[breast|Aberration of normal development and involution (ANDI)]]  
*[[Abscess]]
*[[Abscess]]
Line 185: Line 179:
*[[Breast infection]]
*[[Breast infection]]
*[[physical trauma|Breast injury]]  
*[[physical trauma|Breast injury]]  
*[[breast lump ]]
*[[physical trauma|Breast trauma]]
*[[physical trauma|Breast trauma]]
*[[Cancer]]
*[[Cancer]]
Line 294: Line 287:
*[[Zuska's disease]]
*[[Zuska's disease]]
}}
}}
==Causes In Males==
===Life-Threatening Causes===
There are no life-threatening causes.
===Common Causes In Male===
Breast enlargement in male adolescents is defined as [[gynecomastia]]. Common causes of breast lumps in male include:<ref name="pmid9360527">{{cite journal| author=Ormandy CJ, Hall RE, Manning DL, Robertson JF, Blamey RW, Kelly PA et al.| title=Coexpression and cross-regulation of the prolactin receptor and sex steroid hormone receptors in breast cancer. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 1997 | volume= 82 | issue= 11 | pages= 3692-9 | pmid=9360527 | doi=10.1210/jcem.82.11.4361 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9360527  }}</ref><ref name="pmid20008419">{{cite journal| author=Durmaz E, Ozmert EN, Erkekoglu P, Giray B, Derman O, Hincal F et al.| title=Plasma phthalate levels in pubertal gynecomastia. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2010 | volume= 125 | issue= 1 | pages= e122-9 | pmid=20008419 | doi=10.1542/peds.2009-0724 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20008419  }}</ref><ref name="pmid178817542">{{cite journal| author=Braunstein GD| title=Clinical practice. Gynecomastia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2007 | volume= 357 | issue= 12 | pages= 1229-37 | pmid=17881754 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp070677 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17881754  }}</ref><ref name=":1">Swerdloff RS, Ng JCM. Gynecomastia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. [Updated 2015 Aug 3]. In: De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279105/</ref><ref name="pmid19880691">{{cite journal| author=Johnson RE, Murad MH| title=Gynecomastia: pathophysiology, evaluation, and management. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2009 | volume= 84 | issue= 11 | pages= 1010-5 | pmid=19880691 | doi=10.1016/S0025-6196(11)60671-X | pmc=2770912 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19880691  }}</ref><ref name="pmid7271286">{{cite journal| author=McKiernan JF, Hull D| title=Breast development in the newborn. | journal=Arch Dis Child | year= 1981 | volume= 56 | issue= 7 | pages= 525-9 | pmid=7271286 | doi= | pmc=1627340 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7271286  }}</ref>
*[[Adipose tissue]]
*[[Aging]]- more common in older men as male hormones reduce.
*[[Breast abscess]]
*[[Breast cancer]]
*[[Hepatoma]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Hypogonadism]]
*[[Metastatic cancer]]
*[[Neurofibroma]]
*XXY males
===Causes in Male by Organ System===
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular'''<ref name="pmid26318471">{{cite journal| author=Al Qassabi SS, Al-Harthi SM, Al-Osali ME| title=Mixed gynecomastia. | journal=Saudi Med J | year= 2015 | volume= 36 | issue= 9 | pages= 1115-7 | pmid=26318471 | doi=10.15537/smj.2015.9.11778 | pmc=4613638 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26318471  }}</ref>
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | Cantalamessa-baldini-ambrosi syndrome
|-
| bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | Cantalamessa-baldini-ambrosi syndrome, gingival fibromatosis hypertrichosis, H syndrome, [[Pachydermoperiostosis ]] ,
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Aldactone]], [[bicalutamide]], [[chloropromazine]], [[cimetidine]], [[flutamide]], [[itraconazole]], [[metoclopramide]], [[nizoral]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | Gingival fibromatosis hypertrichosis, H syndrome, Retinitis pigmentosa, deafness, mental retardation, hypogonadism- syndrome
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''<ref name="pmid11732643">{{cite journal| author=Ismail AA, Barth JH| title=Endocrinology of gynaecomastia. | journal=Ann Clin Biochem | year= 2001 | volume= 38 | issue= Pt 6 | pages= 596-607 | pmid=11732643 | doi=10.1258/0004563011900993 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11732643  }}</ref>
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency ]] , [[Androgen insensitivity syndrome ]] , Brugschs syndrome,  Camera-marugo-cohen syndrome, Cantalamessa-baldini-ambrosi syndrome, [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] 17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency, [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency|3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Empty sella syndrome ]] , [[Feminization]], [[Forbes-Albright syndrome]] , [[Gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency|luteinizing hormone releasing hormone deficiency]],    [[Gynecomastia]], H syndrome, [[Hanhart syndrome]], Heller-nelson syndrome, [[Hormone replacement therapy]], [[Hyperprolactinemia]], [[Klinefelter syndrome]], [[Lactotroph adenoma]], Newborn infant breast swelling, Obal syndrome, [[Partial androgen insensitivity]], [[Primrose syndrome]], [[Pseudohermaphroditism|pseudohermaphroditism male]],[[Puberty]], Salvioli syndrome, [[Sohval-Soffer syndrome]], [[Summitt syndrome]], [[Tang Hsi Ryu syndrome]], [[Vasquez Hurst Sotos syndrome]], [[Wilson-Turner X-linked mental retardation syndrome|Wilson turner syndrome]], [[XX male syndrome]], [[XX male syndrome|de la chapelle syndrome]] 
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cirrhosis of the liver]], [[Hepatocellular carcinoma]] (fibrolamellar variant), [[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome]], [[Tang Hsi Ryu syndrome]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic<ref name=":1" />'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency]], 46,XX testicular disorder of sex development, [[Androgen insensitivity syndrome ]] , Brugschs syndrome, [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] 17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency, [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency|3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Fragile X syndrome]], [[Klinefelter syndrome]], [[Lesch-Nyhan's syndrome]], Obal syndrome, [[Summitt syndrome]], [[Tang Hsi Ryu syndrome]], [[Vasquez Hurst Sotos syndrome]], [[XX male syndrome]], [[XX male syndrome|de la chapelle syndrome]] 
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Lymphatic filariasis]],
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | Brugschs syndrome, Camera-marugo-cohen syndrome, [[Lesch-Nyhan's syndrome]], Salvioli syndrome, [[Sohval-Soffer syndrome]],[[Summitt syndrome]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | Camera-marugo-cohen syndrome, [[Fragile X syndrome]],[[Kennedy disease|progressive spinobulbar muscular atrophy]], Retinitis pigmentosa, deafness, mental retardation, hypogonadism, [[Sohval-Soffer syndrome]], [[Spinal muscular atrophy]], [[Summitt syndrome]], [[Tang Hsi Ryu syndrome]], [[Vasquez Hurst Sotos syndrome]], [[Wilson-turner X-linked mental retardation syndrome|wilson turner syndrome]], 
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Breast cancer]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | Cantalamessa-baldini-ambrosi syndrome, Obal syndrome, Retinitis pigmentosa, deafness, mental retardation, hypogonadism. 
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Libido|sexual arousal]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Libido|sexual arousal]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|}
==Causes in Male in Alphabetical order==
{{columns-list|
*[[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency|3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency]]
*[[17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency]]
*46,XX testicular disorder of sex development
*[[Aldactone]],
*[[Androgen insensitivity syndrome]]
*[[Bicalutamide]],
*[[Breast cancer]]
*Brugschs syndrome
*Camera-marugo-cohen syndrome
*Cantalamessa-Baldini-Ambrosi syndrome
*[[Chlorpromazine]],
*[[Cimetidine]],
*[[Cirrhosis of the liver]]
*[[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] 17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency
*[[XX male syndrome|De la chapelle syndrome]]
*[[Empty sella syndrome]]
*[[Feminization ]]
*[[Flutamide]],
*[[Forbes-Albright syndrome]]
*[[Fragile X syndrome]]
*Gingival fibromatosis hypertrichosis
*[[Gynecomastia]]
*[[H syndrome]]
*[[Hanhart syndrome]]
*Heller-Nelson syndrome
*[[Hepatocellular carcinoma]] (fibrolamellar variant)
*[[Hormone replacement therapy]]
*[[Hyperprolactinemia]]
*[[Itraconazole]],
*[[Klinefelter syndrome]]
*[[Lactotroph adenoma]]
*[[Lesch-Nyhan's syndrome]]
*[[Gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency|Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone deficiency]]
*[[Lymphatic filariasis]]
*[[Metoclopramide]],
*Newborn infant breast swelling
*[[Nizoral]]
*[[Obal syndrome]]
*[[Pachydermoperiostosis]]
*[[Partial androgen insensitivity]]
*[[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome]]
*[[Primrose syndrome]]
*[[Primrose syndrome]]
*[[Primrose syndrome]]
*[[Kennedy disease|Progressive spinobulbar muscular atrophy]]
*[[Pseudohermaphroditism|Pseudohermaphroditism male]]
*[[Puberty]]
*Retinitis pigmentosa, deafness, mental retardation, hypogonadism
*Salvioli syndrome
*[[Breast carcinoma|Secretory breast carcinoma]]
*[[Libido|Sexual arousal]]
*[[Sohval-Soffer syndrome]]
*[[Spinal muscular atrophy]]
*[[Summitt syndrome]]
*[[Tang Hsi Ryu syndrome]]
*[[Vasquez Hurst Sotos syndrome]]
*[[Wilson-Turner X-linked mental retardation syndrome|Wilson turner syndrome]]
*[[XX male syndrome]]
}}
==Causes in Children==
*Neonates and infants <ref name="pmid16713771">{{cite journal| author=Greydanus DE, Matytsina L, Gains M| title=Breast disorders in children and adolescents. | journal=Prim Care | year= 2006 | volume= 33 | issue= 2 | pages= 455-502 | pmid=16713771 | doi=10.1016/j.pop.2006.02.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16713771  }} </ref>
** Breast [[hypertrophy]] due to maternal [[hormones]]
*Prepubertal and [[pubertal]] children<ref name="pmid26668298">{{cite journal| author=Kaplowitz P, Bloch C, Section on Endocrinology, American Academy of Pediatrics| title=Evaluation and Referral of Children With Signs of Early Puberty. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2016 | volume= 137 | issue= 1 | pages=  | pmid=26668298 | doi=10.1542/peds.2015-3732 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26668298  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17174833">{{cite journal| author=De Silva NK, Brandt ML| title=Disorders of the breast in children and adolescents, Part 2: breast masses. | journal=J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol | year= 2006 | volume= 19 | issue= 6 | pages= 415-8 | pmid=17174833 | doi=10.1016/j.jpag.2006.09.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17174833  }} </ref>
**Breast infection
**[[Hemangiomas]] and [[lymphangiomas]]
**Lipomastia
**[[Premature]] [[Thelarche]] and [[Thelarche]]
**[[Trauma]]
==Causes in Male Adolescents==
*Breast enlargement in male adolescents is defined as [[gynecomastia]]:<ref name="pmid17881754">{{cite journal| author=Braunstein GD| title=Clinical practice. Gynecomastia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2007 | volume= 357 | issue= 12 | pages= 1229-37 | pmid=17881754 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp070677 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17881754  }} </ref>
**Persistent [[pubertal]] [[gynecomastia]]
**Drugs<ref name="pmid22862307">{{cite journal| author=Deepinder F, Braunstein GD| title=Drug-induced gynecomastia: an evidence-based review. | journal=Expert Opin Drug Saf | year= 2012 | volume= 11 | issue= 5 | pages= 779-95 | pmid=22862307 | doi=10.1517/14740338.2012.712109 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22862307  }} </ref>
***[[spironolactone]]
***[[Cimetidine]]
***[[Ketoconazole]]
***[[Recombinant]] [[human growth hormone]],
***[[Estrogens]]
***[[Antiandrogens]]
***[[Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist|Gonadotropin-releasing hormone]] (GnRH) [[agonists]]
***[[5-alpha-reductase]] inhibitors
***[[Human chorionic gonadotropin]] (hCG)
**[[Idiopathic]]
**[[Cirrhosis]]
**[[Malnutrition]]
**[[Hyperthyroidism]]
**[[Hypogonadism]]
**[[Testicular]] [[tumors]]
**[[Chronic renal insufficiency]]
==Causes in Female Adolescents==
*[[Fibrocystic breast|Fibrocystic]] change<ref name="pmid10693180">{{cite journal| author=Templeman C, Hertweck SP| title=Breast disorders in the pediatric and adolescent patient. | journal=Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am | year= 2000 | volume= 27 | issue= 1 | pages= 19-34 | pmid=10693180 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10693180  }} </ref>
*Juvenille [[fibroadenoma]]<ref name="pmid29080125">{{cite journal| author=Sanders LM, Sharma P, El Madany M, King AB, Goodman KS, Sanders AE| title=Clinical breast concerns in low-risk pediatric patients: practice review with proposed recommendations. | journal=Pediatr Radiol | year= 2018 | volume= 48 | issue= 2 | pages= 186-195 | pmid=29080125 | doi=10.1007/s00247-017-4007-6 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29080125  }} </ref>
*Giant [[fibroadenoma]]<ref name="pmid16713771" />
*[[Phyllodes tumor]]<ref name="pmid11423590">{{cite journal| author=Parker SJ, Harries SA| title=Phyllodes tumours. | journal=Postgrad Med J | year= 2001 | volume= 77 | issue= 909 | pages= 428-35 | pmid=11423590 | doi= | pmc=1760996 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11423590  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19539191">{{cite journal| author=Pistolese CA, Tanga I, Cossu E, Perretta T, Yamgoue M, Bonanno E et al.| title=A phyllodes tumor in a child. | journal=J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol | year= 2009 | volume= 22 | issue= 3 | pages= e21-4 | pmid=19539191 | doi=10.1016/j.jpag.2007.11.006 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19539191  }} </ref>
*[[Mammary]] [[duct]] [[ectasia]]<ref name="pmid6286199">{{cite journal| author=Schwartz GF| title=Benign neoplasms and "inflammations" of the breast. | journal=Clin Obstet Gynecol | year= 1982 | volume= 25 | issue= 2 | pages= 373-85 | pmid=6286199 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6286199  }} </ref>
*[[Cysts]] of [[Montgomery's glands|montgomery]]<ref name="pmid17174833" />


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Latest revision as of 20:22, 10 January 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Jyostna Chouturi, M.B.B.S [2], João André Alves Silva, M.D. [3], Shadan Mehraban, M.D.[4]

Overview

Breast lumps causes can be classified to various groups according to gender and age. Causes of female breast mass could be cancer, inflammatory, infectious, hormonal imbalance, trauma. Male breast enlargement identified as gynecomastia. Causes of gynecomastia may be multifactorial, hormonal imbalance, genetic factors, endocrine factors.Breast lumps may develop among children and adolescents, however, there are probably benign ones and related to peripubertal and pubertal phases.

Causes In Female

Life Threatening Causes

There are no life-threatening causes.[1]

Common Causes In Female

The most common causes of breast lumps in females are:[1][2][3][4][5]

Causes In Female by Organ System

Cardiovascular Angiosarcoma of the breast, Mondor's disease
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic Breast abscess,Cysts of Montgomery, epithelioma of the nipple, hives, intraductal papilloma, lymphocytoma cutis, Paget's disease of the breast, retroareolar cyst, sclerosing adenosis, sebaceous cyst, skin lumps, Zuska's disease
Drug Side Effect Aldactone, aldomet (alphamethyldopa),alefacept, beta blockers, bicalutamide, casodex, chlorpromazine, cyclosporine, dalmane , digitalis, estazolam, etonogestrel, hormone replacement therapy, efalizumab, estradiol, estrogen, estrogen and progestin, etanercept, etonogestrel and ethinyl estradiol, flurazepam, flutamide, itraconazole, implanon, medroxyprogesterone, metoclopramide, norelgestromin and ethinyl estradiol, nilandron, nizoral, oral contraceptive pills,progestin
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Aberration of normal development and involution (ANDI), breast fibroadenoma, chronic cystic mastitis, fibro-adenosis of the newborn, fibroadenoma, galactocele, giant fibroadenoma, glandular thickening due to hormonal changes of pregnancy, hormone replacement therapy,hyalinized fibroadenoma, lactation, premenstrual syndrome, puberty, simple cyst
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic[5] Aberration of normal development and involution (ANDI), adenoid cystic carcinoma, apocrine metaplasia, apocrine or squamous metaplasia, apocrine papillary carcinoma, ataxia-telangiectasia heterozygosity, breast cancer, cancer, colloidal breast cancer, Cowden syndrome, cyclosporine, cyst wall cancer, ductal carcinoma, extramedullary myeloid tumor, giant mammary hamartoma, hamartoma, hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, Hodgkin's disease, inflammatory breast cancer, juvenile secretory carcinoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, lymphoma, malignant carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, metastatic breast cancer, metastatic cancer, mucinous carcinoma, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, primary breast cancer, PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome
Hematologic Extramedullary myeloid tumor, Hodgkin's disease, lymphoma, medullary carcinoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, sarcoma, venous thrombosis
Iatrogenic Abscess, alefacept, breast abscess, breast fat necrosis, breast implant, complicated cyst, cyclosporine, efalizumab, estradiol, estrogen, estrogen and progestin, etanercept, etonogestrel and ethinyl estradiol, hematoma, medroxyprogesterone, norelgestromin and ethinyl estradiol, postoperative scar/hematoma, progestin, radial scar, radiation induced angiosarcoma of the breast
Infectious Disease[6] Abscess, acute mastitis, benign inflammatory periductal mastitis, breast abscess, breast cyst, breast infection, tuberculosis of the breast
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic Ataxia-telangiectasia heterozygosity
Nutritional/Metabolic ginseng
Obstetric/Gynecologic[7] Aberration of normal development and involution (ANDI), adenoid cystic carcinoma, apocrine metaplasia, apocrine or squamous metaplasia, apocrine papillary carcinoma, benign inflammatory periductal mastitis, breast abscess, breast cancer, breast duct papilloma, breast fat necrosis, breast fibroadenoma, breast implant, breast injury,breast trauma, chronic cystic mastitis, colloidal breast cancer, complicated cyst, cowden syndrome, cyst wall cancer, cystosarcoma phyllodes, cysts of Montgomery, duct ectasia of breast, ductal carcinoma, epithelioma of the nipple, fat necrosis, fibro-adeno-lipoma, fibro-adenosis of the newborn, fibroadenoma, galactocele, giant fibroadenoma, giant mammary hamartoma, glandular thickening due to hormonal changes of pregnancy, gynecomastia, hyalinized fibroadenoma, intraductal papilloma, lactation, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, lobular neoplasia, lymphocytic mastitis, mammary duct ectasia, mastitis, metastatic breast cancer, mucinous carcinoma, nipple conditions., paget's disease of the breast, periductal mastitis, phyllodes tumor, plasma cell mastitis, primary breast cancer, pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia, retroareolar cyst, ruptured cyst or duct, sclerosing adenosis, tuberculosis of the breast, Zuska's disease
Oncologic[8] Adenoid cystic carcinoma, angiosarcoma of the breast, apocrine papillary carcinoma, ataxia-telangiectasia heterozygosity, benign breast disease, breast cancer, cancer, colloidal breast cancer, cyst wall cancer, cystosarcoma phyllodes, desmoplastic small round cell tumor, ductal carcinoma, epithelioma of the nipple, extramedullary myeloid tumor, hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, Hodgkin's disease, inflammatory breast cancer, juvenile secretory carcinoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, lymphoma, malignant carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, metastatic breast cancer, metastatic cancer, metastatic cancer, mucinous carcinoma, paget's disease of the breast, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, phyllodes tumor, primary breast cancer, PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome, radiation induced angiosarcoma of the breast, rhabdomyosarcoma, sarcoma, secretory breast carcinoma
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Benign inflammatory periductal mastitis, cysts of Montgomery, desmoplastic small round cell tumor, hives, inflammatory breast cancer, intramammary lymph node, lymphatic obstruction, lymphocytoma cutis, lymphocytic mastitis, mastitis, Mondor's disease, periductal mastitis, plasma cell mastitis, Zuska's disease
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Breast fat necrosis, breast injury, breast trauma, blow on the breast, fat necrosis, hematoma, ruptured cyst or duct, traumatic fat necrosis,
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Fibro-adeno-lipoma, hypertrophy, lipoma, lymphatic obstruction, oil cyst, postoperative scar/hematoma, radial scar, ruptured cyst or duct, venous thrombosis,

Causes In Female In Alphabetical Order

Causes In Males

Life-Threatening Causes

There are no life-threatening causes.

Common Causes In Male

Breast enlargement in male adolescents is defined as gynecomastia. Common causes of breast lumps in male include:[9][10][11][12][13][14]

Causes in Male by Organ System

Cardiovascular[15] Cantalamessa-baldini-ambrosi syndrome
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic Cantalamessa-baldini-ambrosi syndrome, gingival fibromatosis hypertrichosis, H syndrome, Pachydermoperiostosis ,
Drug Side Effect Aldactone, bicalutamide, chloropromazine, cimetidine, flutamide, itraconazole, metoclopramide, nizoral
Ear Nose Throat Gingival fibromatosis hypertrichosis, H syndrome, Retinitis pigmentosa, deafness, mental retardation, hypogonadism- syndrome
Endocrine[16] 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency , Androgen insensitivity syndrome , Brugschs syndrome, Camera-marugo-cohen syndrome, Cantalamessa-baldini-ambrosi syndrome, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia 17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency, 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency, Empty sella syndrome , Feminization, Forbes-Albright syndrome , luteinizing hormone releasing hormone deficiency, Gynecomastia, H syndrome, Hanhart syndrome, Heller-nelson syndrome, Hormone replacement therapy, Hyperprolactinemia, Klinefelter syndrome, Lactotroph adenoma, Newborn infant breast swelling, Obal syndrome, Partial androgen insensitivity, Primrose syndrome, pseudohermaphroditism male,Puberty, Salvioli syndrome, Sohval-Soffer syndrome, Summitt syndrome, Tang Hsi Ryu syndrome, Vasquez Hurst Sotos syndrome, Wilson turner syndrome, XX male syndrome, de la chapelle syndrome
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Cirrhosis of the liver, Hepatocellular carcinoma (fibrolamellar variant), Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Tang Hsi Ryu syndrome
Genetic[12] 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency, 46,XX testicular disorder of sex development, Androgen insensitivity syndrome , Brugschs syndrome, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia 17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency, 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency, Fragile X syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Lesch-Nyhan's syndrome, Obal syndrome, Summitt syndrome, Tang Hsi Ryu syndrome, Vasquez Hurst Sotos syndrome, XX male syndrome, de la chapelle syndrome
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Lymphatic filariasis,
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Brugschs syndrome, Camera-marugo-cohen syndrome, Lesch-Nyhan's syndrome, Salvioli syndrome, Sohval-Soffer syndrome,Summitt syndrome
Neurologic Camera-marugo-cohen syndrome, Fragile X syndrome,progressive spinobulbar muscular atrophy, Retinitis pigmentosa, deafness, mental retardation, hypogonadism, Sohval-Soffer syndrome, Spinal muscular atrophy, Summitt syndrome, Tang Hsi Ryu syndrome, Vasquez Hurst Sotos syndrome, wilson turner syndrome,
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Breast cancer
Ophthalmologic Cantalamessa-baldini-ambrosi syndrome, Obal syndrome, Retinitis pigmentosa, deafness, mental retardation, hypogonadism.
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric sexual arousal
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual sexual arousal
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Male in Alphabetical order

Causes in Children

Causes in Male Adolescents

Causes in Female Adolescents

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Santen RJ. Benign Breast Disease in Women. [Updated 2018 May 25]. In: De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK278994/
  2. ↑ Rohan TE, Negassa A, Chlebowski RT, Lasser NL, McTiernan A, Schenken RS; et al. (2008). "Estrogen plus progestin and risk of benign proliferative breast disease". Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 17 (9): 2337–43. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0380. PMC 2584343. PMID 18725513.
  3. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMC 5922622. PMID https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-4679(01)00437-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-4679(01)00437-1 Check |pmid= value (help).
  4. ↑ Ferzoco RM, Ruddy KJ (2016). "The Epidemiology of Male Breast Cancer". Curr Oncol Rep. 18 (1): 1. doi:10.1007/s11912-015-0487-4. PMID 26694922.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Informed Health Online [Internet]. Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. Breast cancer: Overview. 2013 Nov 6 [Updated 2017 Jul 27]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279422/
  6. ↑ Gollapalli V, Liao J, Dudakovic A, Sugg SL, Scott-Conner CE, Weigel RJ (2010). "Risk factors for development and recurrence of primary breast abscesses". J Am Coll Surg. 211 (1): 41–8. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.04.007. PMID 20610247.
  7. ↑ Yu JH, Kim MJ, Cho H, Liu HJ, Han SJ, Ahn TG (2013). "Breast diseases during pregnancy and lactation". Obstet Gynecol Sci. 56 (3): 143–59. doi:10.5468/ogs.2013.56.3.143. PMC 3784111. PMID 24327995.
  8. ↑ Sharma GN, Dave R, Sanadya J, Sharma P, Sharma KK (2010). "Various types and management of breast cancer: an overview". J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 1 (2): 109–26. PMC 3255438. PMID 22247839.
  9. ↑ Ormandy CJ, Hall RE, Manning DL, Robertson JF, Blamey RW, Kelly PA; et al. (1997). "Coexpression and cross-regulation of the prolactin receptor and sex steroid hormone receptors in breast cancer". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 82 (11): 3692–9. doi:10.1210/jcem.82.11.4361. PMID 9360527.
  10. ↑ Durmaz E, Ozmert EN, Erkekoglu P, Giray B, Derman O, Hincal F; et al. (2010). "Plasma phthalate levels in pubertal gynecomastia". Pediatrics. 125 (1): e122–9. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-0724. PMID 20008419.
  11. ↑ Braunstein GD (2007). "Clinical practice. Gynecomastia". N Engl J Med. 357 (12): 1229–37. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp070677. PMID 17881754.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Swerdloff RS, Ng JCM. Gynecomastia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. [Updated 2015 Aug 3]. In: De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279105/
  13. ↑ Johnson RE, Murad MH (2009). "Gynecomastia: pathophysiology, evaluation, and management". Mayo Clin Proc. 84 (11): 1010–5. doi:10.1016/S0025-6196(11)60671-X. PMC 2770912. PMID 19880691.
  14. ↑ McKiernan JF, Hull D (1981). "Breast development in the newborn". Arch Dis Child. 56 (7): 525–9. PMC 1627340. PMID 7271286.
  15. ↑ Al Qassabi SS, Al-Harthi SM, Al-Osali ME (2015). "Mixed gynecomastia". Saudi Med J. 36 (9): 1115–7. doi:10.15537/smj.2015.9.11778. PMC 4613638. PMID 26318471.
  16. ↑ Ismail AA, Barth JH (2001). "Endocrinology of gynaecomastia". Ann Clin Biochem. 38 (Pt 6): 596–607. doi:10.1258/0004563011900993. PMID 11732643.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Greydanus DE, Matytsina L, Gains M (2006). "Breast disorders in children and adolescents". Prim Care. 33 (2): 455–502. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2006.02.002. PMID 16713771.
  18. ↑ Kaplowitz P, Bloch C, Section on Endocrinology, American Academy of Pediatrics (2016). "Evaluation and Referral of Children With Signs of Early Puberty". Pediatrics. 137 (1). doi:10.1542/peds.2015-3732. PMID 26668298.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 De Silva NK, Brandt ML (2006). "Disorders of the breast in children and adolescents, Part 2: breast masses". J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 19 (6): 415–8. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2006.09.002. PMID 17174833.
  20. ↑ Braunstein GD (2007). "Clinical practice. Gynecomastia". N Engl J Med. 357 (12): 1229–37. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp070677. PMID 17881754.
  21. ↑ Deepinder F, Braunstein GD (2012). "Drug-induced gynecomastia: an evidence-based review". Expert Opin Drug Saf. 11 (5): 779–95. doi:10.1517/14740338.2012.712109. PMID 22862307.
  22. ↑ Templeman C, Hertweck SP (2000). "Breast disorders in the pediatric and adolescent patient". Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 27 (1): 19–34. PMID 10693180.
  23. ↑ Sanders LM, Sharma P, El Madany M, King AB, Goodman KS, Sanders AE (2018). "Clinical breast concerns in low-risk pediatric patients: practice review with proposed recommendations". Pediatr Radiol. 48 (2): 186–195. doi:10.1007/s00247-017-4007-6. PMID 29080125.
  24. ↑ Parker SJ, Harries SA (2001). "Phyllodes tumours". Postgrad Med J. 77 (909): 428–35. PMC 1760996. PMID 11423590.
  25. ↑ Pistolese CA, Tanga I, Cossu E, Perretta T, Yamgoue M, Bonanno E; et al. (2009). "A phyllodes tumor in a child". J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 22 (3): e21–4. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2007.11.006. PMID 19539191.
  26. ↑ Schwartz GF (1982). "Benign neoplasms and "inflammations" of the breast". Clin Obstet Gynecol. 25 (2): 373–85. PMID 6286199.


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