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__NOTOC__
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{{Fibroma}}
{{Fibroma}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
Common causes of oral fibroma include trauma or chronic irritation. There are no established causes for [[chondromyxoid fibroma]], [[non-ossifying fibroma]], [[cemento-ossifying fibroma]], and [[ossifying fibroma]].<ref name="pmid9831204">{{cite journal| author=Granter SR, Renshaw AA, Kozakewich HP, Fletcher JA| title=The pericentromeric inversion, inv (6)(p25q13), is a novel diagnostic marker in chondromyxoid fibroma. | journal=Mod Pathol | year= 1998 | volume= 11 | issue= 11 | pages= 1071-4 | pmid=9831204 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9831204  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19648885">{{cite journal| author=Yasuda T, Nishio J, Sumegi J, Kapels KM, Althof PA, Sawyer JR et al.| title=Aberrations of 6q13 mapped to the COL12A1 locus in chondromyxoid fibroma. | journal=Mod Pathol | year= 2009 | volume= 22 | issue= 11 | pages= 1499-506 | pmid=19648885 | doi=10.1038/modpathol.2009.101 | pmc=PMC2784180 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19648885  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24658000">{{cite journal| author=Nord KH, Lilljebjörn H, Vezzi F, Nilsson J, Magnusson L, Tayebwa J et al.| title=GRM1 is upregulated through gene fusion and promoter swapping in chondromyxoid fibroma. | journal=Nat Genet | year= 2014 | volume= 46 | issue= 5 | pages= 474-7 | pmid=24658000 | doi=10.1038/ng.2927 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24658000  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23008139">{{cite journal| author=Bowers LM, Cohen DM, Bhattacharyya I, Pettigrew JC, Stavropoulos MF| title=The non-ossifying fibroma: a case report and review of the literature. | journal=Head Neck Pathol | year= 2013 | volume= 7 | issue= 2 | pages= 203-10 | pmid=23008139 | doi=10.1007/s12105-012-0399-7 | pmc=PMC3642261 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23008139  }} </ref>
Common causes of [[oral fibroma]] include [[trauma]] or [[Chronic (medical)|chronic]] irritation. There are no established causes for [[chondromyxoid fibroma]], [[non-ossifying fibroma]], [[cemento-ossifying fibroma]], and [[ossifying fibroma]]. Although there are some associated factors for the development of some fibromas like [[ovarian fibroma]], [[uterine fibroma]].
 
==Causes==
==Causes==
===Chondromyxoid Fibroma===
There are no established causes for chondromyxoid fibroma. However, scientists have noted an association of chondromyxoid fibroma with certain chromosomal abnormalities. [[Chondromyxoid fibroma]] may be caused by a clonal rearrangement of chromosome 6. The oncogene activation resulting from this clonal rearrangement is likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of chondromyxoid fibroma. Scientists have found that the glutamate receptor gene ''GRM1'' recombines with several partner genes through promoter swapping and gene fusion. The subjects with chondromyxoid fibroma also showed increases in ''GRM1'' gene expression levels.<ref name="pmid9831204">{{cite journal| author=Granter SR, Renshaw AA, Kozakewich HP, Fletcher JA| title=The pericentromeric inversion, inv (6)(p25q13), is a novel diagnostic marker in chondromyxoid fibroma. | journal=Mod Pathol | year= 1998 | volume= 11 | issue= 11 | pages= 1071-4 | pmid=9831204 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9831204  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19648885">{{cite journal| author=Yasuda T, Nishio J, Sumegi J, Kapels KM, Althof PA, Sawyer JR et al.| title=Aberrations of 6q13 mapped to the COL12A1 locus in chondromyxoid fibroma. | journal=Mod Pathol | year= 2009 | volume= 22 | issue= 11 | pages= 1499-506 | pmid=19648885 | doi=10.1038/modpathol.2009.101 | pmc=PMC2784180 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19648885  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24658000">{{cite journal| author=Nord KH, Lilljebjörn H, Vezzi F, Nilsson J, Magnusson L, Tayebwa J et al.| title=GRM1 is upregulated through gene fusion and promoter swapping in chondromyxoid fibroma. | journal=Nat Genet | year= 2014 | volume= 46 | issue= 5 | pages= 474-7 | pmid=24658000 | doi=10.1038/ng.2927 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24658000  }} </ref>
===Oral Fibroma===
The oral fibroma is a common oral lesion that arises due to trauma or chronic irritation. The fibroma is considered to be a reactive lesion. Oral fibroma represents a response of connective tissue cells to chronic irritation. When trauma occurs, the tissues of the oral cavity react and an irrepressible repair process is seen.
As a result, an overabundance of fibrous connective tissue is produced and the formation of a nodule or mass.
==Non-ossifying Fibroma==
The cause of [[non-ossifying fibroma]] has not been identified. However, there are reports of non-ossifying fibroma (NOF) in the long bones with clonal rearrangements in chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 11, and 14. These clonal chromosomal changes may suggest genetic events associated with tumorigenesis in the reported NOFs. However, no studies have reported clonal rearrangements in NOF of the mandible.<ref name="pmid23008139">{{cite journal| author=Bowers LM, Cohen DM, Bhattacharyya I, Pettigrew JC, Stavropoulos MF| title=The non-ossifying fibroma: a case report and review of the literature. | journal=Head Neck Pathol | year= 2013 | volume= 7 | issue= 2 | pages= 203-10 | pmid=23008139 | doi=10.1007/s12105-012-0399-7 | pmc=PMC3642261 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23008139  }} </ref>


===Cemento-ossifying Fibroma===
{| class="wikitable"
There are no established causes for [[cemento-ossifying fibroma]]. However, there have been reports of past trauma in the area of the lesion.<ref name="Silvestre-RangilSilvestre2011">{{cite journal|last1=Silvestre-Rangil|first1=J.|last2=Silvestre|first2=FJ.|last3=Requeni-Bernal|first3=J.|title=Cemento-ossifying fibroma of the mandible: Presentation of a case and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry|year=2011|pages=e66–e69|issn=19895488|doi=10.4317/jced.3.e66}}</ref>
|+
===Ossifying-fibroma===
!Type of fibroma
There are no established causes for ossifying fibroma.
!Causes/ associated factors
==Ovarian Fibroma==
|-
There are no established causes for [[ovarian fibroma]]. However, there are several factors that are associated with fibroid growth. These factors include the following:
|[[Ovarian]] Fibroma<ref name="pmid26175813">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boujoual M, Hakimi I, Kouach J, Oukabli M, Moussaoui DR, Dehayni M |title=Large twisted ovarian fibroma in menopausal women: a case report |journal=Pan Afr Med J |volume=20 |issue= |pages=322 |date=2015 |pmid=26175813 |pmc=4491469 |doi=10.11604/pamj.2015.20.322.5998 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27876070">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen H, Liu Y, Shen LF, Jiang MJ, Yang ZF, Fang GP |title=Ovarian thecoma-fibroma groups: clinical and sonographic features with pathological comparison |journal=J Ovarian Res |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=81 |date=November 2016 |pmid=27876070 |pmc=5120502 |doi=10.1186/s13048-016-0291-2 |url=}}</ref>
*Obesity
|
*[[Tamoxifen therapy]] has been associated with an increase in persistent ovarian cysts.
*[[Obesity]]
*Early menarche.
*[[Tamoxifen]] therapy
*Infertility
*Early [[menarche]]
*[[Infertility]]
*Nulliparity
*Nulliparity
*African race
*African [[race]]
*The natural production of estrogen in the body has also been known to be a stimulant of fibroid growth.
*[[Estrogen]]
===Uterine Fibroma===
|-
There are no established causes for uterine fibroma. However, there are several factors that are associated with uterine fibromas. The factors that are associated with fibromas include the following:
|Non-ossifying Fibroma <ref name="pmid23008139">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bowers LM, Cohen DM, Bhattacharyya I, Pettigrew JC, Stavropoulos MF |title=The non-ossifying fibroma: a case report and review of the literature |journal=Head Neck Pathol |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=203–10 |date=June 2013 |pmid=23008139 |doi=10.1007/s12105-012-0399-7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27044378">{{cite journal |vauthors=Herget GW, Mauer D, Krauß T, El Tayeh A, Uhl M, Südkamp NP, Hauschild O |title=Non-ossifying fibroma: natural history with an emphasis on a stage-related growth, fracture risk and the need for follow-up |journal=BMC Musculoskelet Disord |volume=17 |issue= |pages=147 |date=April 2016 |pmid=27044378 |pmc=4820930 |doi=10.1186/s12891-016-1004-0 |url=}}</ref>
*Genetic changes
|[[Clonal rearrangements]] in [[chromosomes]] 1, 3, 4, 11, and 14
**Evidence suggest that fibroids run in families and that identical twins are more likely to both have fibroids than nonidentical twins.
|-
*Hormones
|[[Uterine]] Fibroma <ref name="pmid18534913">{{cite journal |vauthors=Okolo S |title=Incidence, aetiology and epidemiology of uterine fibroids |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=571–88 |date=August 2008 |pmid=18534913 |doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2008.04.002 |url=}}</ref>
**[[Estrogen]] and [[progesterone]] appear to promote the growth of fibroids. Fibroids contain more estrogen and progesterone receptors than normal uterine muscle cells do. Fibroids tend to shrink after menopause due to a decrease in hormone production.
|[[Genetic]] changes
*Other growth factors
 
**Substances that help the body maintain tissues, such as insulin-like growth factor, may affect fibroid growth.
*[[Estrogen]] and [[progesterone]]  
 
*[[Insulin-like growth factor]]
|-
|[[Oral]] Fibroma
|[[Trauma]] or [[Chronic (medical)|chronic]] irritation
|-
|[[Chondromyxoid fibroma|Chondromyxoid]] Fibroma <ref name="pmid17907440">{{cite journal |vauthors=Takenaga RK, Frassica FJ, McCarthy EF |title=Subperiosteal chondromyxoid fibroma: a report of two cases |journal=Iowa Orthop J |volume=27 |issue= |pages=104–7 |date=2007 |pmid=17907440 |pmc=2150655 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16547720">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sharma H, Jane MJ, Reid R |title=Chondromyxoid fibroma of the foot and ankle: 40 years' Scottish bone tumour registry experience |journal=Int Orthop |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=205–9 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16547720 |pmc=2532097 |doi=10.1007/s00264-005-0046-y |url=}}</ref>
|Clonal rearrangement of [[chromosome]] 6
|}


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Oncology]]  
[[Category:Oncology]]  
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maneesha Nandimandalam, M.B.B.S.[2], Simrat Sarai, M.D. [3]

Overview

Common causes of oral fibroma include trauma or chronic irritation. There are no established causes for chondromyxoid fibroma, non-ossifying fibroma, cemento-ossifying fibroma, and ossifying fibroma. Although there are some associated factors for the development of some fibromas like ovarian fibroma, uterine fibroma.

Causes

Type of fibroma Causes/ associated factors
Ovarian Fibroma[1][2]
Non-ossifying Fibroma [3][4] Clonal rearrangements in chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 11, and 14
Uterine Fibroma [5] Genetic changes
Oral Fibroma Trauma or chronic irritation
Chondromyxoid Fibroma [6][7] Clonal rearrangement of chromosome 6

References

  1. ↑ Boujoual M, Hakimi I, Kouach J, Oukabli M, Moussaoui DR, Dehayni M (2015). "Large twisted ovarian fibroma in menopausal women: a case report". Pan Afr Med J. 20: 322. doi:10.11604/pamj.2015.20.322.5998. PMC 4491469. PMID 26175813.
  2. ↑ Chen H, Liu Y, Shen LF, Jiang MJ, Yang ZF, Fang GP (November 2016). "Ovarian thecoma-fibroma groups: clinical and sonographic features with pathological comparison". J Ovarian Res. 9 (1): 81. doi:10.1186/s13048-016-0291-2. PMC 5120502. PMID 27876070.
  3. ↑ Bowers LM, Cohen DM, Bhattacharyya I, Pettigrew JC, Stavropoulos MF (June 2013). "The non-ossifying fibroma: a case report and review of the literature". Head Neck Pathol. 7 (2): 203–10. doi:10.1007/s12105-012-0399-7. PMID 23008139.
  4. ↑ Herget GW, Mauer D, Krauß T, El Tayeh A, Uhl M, Südkamp NP, Hauschild O (April 2016). "Non-ossifying fibroma: natural history with an emphasis on a stage-related growth, fracture risk and the need for follow-up". BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 17: 147. doi:10.1186/s12891-016-1004-0. PMC 4820930. PMID 27044378.
  5. ↑ Okolo S (August 2008). "Incidence, aetiology and epidemiology of uterine fibroids". Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 22 (4): 571–88. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2008.04.002. PMID 18534913.
  6. ↑ Takenaga RK, Frassica FJ, McCarthy EF (2007). "Subperiosteal chondromyxoid fibroma: a report of two cases". Iowa Orthop J. 27: 104–7. PMC 2150655. PMID 17907440.
  7. ↑ Sharma H, Jane MJ, Reid R (June 2006). "Chondromyxoid fibroma of the foot and ankle: 40 years' Scottish bone tumour registry experience". Int Orthop. 30 (3): 205–9. doi:10.1007/s00264-005-0046-y. PMC 2532097. PMID 16547720.


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