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==Overview==
==Overview==
Uveitis is a large disease entity that may be best described using various, concurrent classification systems. Uveitis may be classified according to anatomical location into 4 subtypes, depending on which part of the [[uvea]] is primarily affected: anterior, intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis. Based on the duration of symptoms it may be further sub-classified as acute or chronic. Upon further investigation, uveitis may be classified according to histological features of the inflammation such as granulomatous or non-granulomatous. Finally, uveitis may be described by the laterality of the condition: unilateral affecting one eye, or bilateral affecting both eyes.  
Uveitis is best described using various, concurrent classification systems. Uveitis may be classified according to anatomical location into 4 subtypes, depending on which part of the [[uvea]] is primarily affected: [[anterior]], intermediate, [[posterior]], and panuveitis. Based on the duration of [[symptoms]] it may be further sub-classified as [[Acute (medical)|acute]] or [[Chronic (medical)|chronic]]. Upon further investigation, uveitis may be classified according to histological features of the inflammation such as [[granulomatous]] or non-[[granulomatous]]. Additionally, uveitis may be described by the [[laterality]] of the condition (unilateral or bilateral). Finally, uveitis may be classified by general underlying systemic causes such as [[infectious]], [[autoimmune]], [[iatrogenesis|drug-induced]], or [[idiopathic]].<ref name="pmid18379933">{{cite journal| author=Deschenes J, Murray PI, Rao NA, Nussenblatt RB, International Uveitis Study Group| title=International Uveitis Study Group (IUSG): clinical classification of uveitis. | journal=Ocul Immunol Inflamm | year= 2008 | volume= 16 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-2 | pmid=18379933 | doi=10.1080/09273940801899822 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18379933  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16196117">{{cite journal| author=Jabs DA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT, Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group| title=Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data. Results of the First International Workshop. | journal=Am J Ophthalmol | year= 2005 | volume= 140 | issue= 3 | pages= 509-16 | pmid=16196117 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16196117  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10688564">{{cite journal| author=McCluskey PJ, Towler HM, Lightman S| title=Management of chronic uveitis. | journal=BMJ | year= 2000 | volume= 320 | issue= 7234 | pages= 555-8 | pmid=10688564 | doi= | pmc=1117601 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10688564  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17311570">{{cite journal| author=Gutteridge IF, Hall AJ| title=Acute anterior uveitis in primary care. | journal=Clin Exp Optom | year= 2007 | volume= 90 | issue= 2 | pages= 70-82 | pmid=17311570 | doi=10.1111/j.1444-0938.2006.00128.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17311570  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20943722">{{cite journal| author=Guly CM, Forrester JV| title=Investigation and management of uveitis. | journal=BMJ | year= 2010 | volume= 341 | issue=  | pages= c4976 | pmid=20943722 | doi=10.1136/bmj.c4976 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20943722  }} </ref>
 
Although there are numerous, poorly understood etiologies of Uveitis, it is possible to classify it by general underlying systemic cause such as: infectious, autoimmune, drug-induced, or idiopathic.
 


== Classification ==
== Classification ==
Uveitis can be described according to the following classifications:<ref name="pmid18379933">{{cite journal| author=Deschenes J, Murray PI, Rao NA, Nussenblatt RB, International Uveitis Study Group| title=International Uveitis Study Group (IUSG): clinical classification of uveitis. | journal=Ocul Immunol Inflamm | year= 2008 | volume= 16 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-2 | pmid=18379933 | doi=10.1080/09273940801899822 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18379933  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16196117">{{cite journal| author=Jabs DA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT, Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group| title=Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data. Results of the First International Workshop. | journal=Am J Ophthalmol | year= 2005 | volume= 140 | issue= 3 | pages= 509-16 | pmid=16196117 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16196117  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20943722">{{cite journal| author=Guly CM, Forrester JV| title=Investigation and management of uveitis. | journal=BMJ | year= 2010 | volume= 341 | issue=  | pages= c4976 | pmid=20943722 | doi=10.1136/bmj.c4976 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20943722  }} </ref>
*'''Classification by Anatomical Location'''
*'''Classification by Anatomical Location'''
** '''Anterior uveitis''' involves inflammation in the front part of the eye.  It is the most common form of uveitis, making up 40-70% of all uveitis cases<ref>http://www.preventblindness.org/uveitis/what/types.html</ref>.  It is often called [[iritis]] because it is usually only effects the [[iris]].
** '''Anterior uveitis''': [[Iritis]], [[cyclitis]] or [[iridocyclitis]] ([[inflammation]] affecting the [[iris]], the [[ciliary body]], or both)
** '''[[Intermediate uveitis]]''' (also known as '''cyclitis''', '''pars planitis''', or '''vitritis''') involves inflammation of the [[ciliary body]], the [[vitreous humor]], and the front end of the [[retina]].  This is the least common form of uveitis, constituting 7-15% of cases<ref>http://www.preventblindness.org/uveitis/what/types.html</ref>.
** '''[[Intermediate uveitis]]''': [[Viritis]] or  [[pars planitis]] ([[inflammation]] of the the [[vitreous humor]] or the [[pars plana]])
** '''Posterior uveitis''' (also known as '''choroiditis''' if just the [[choroid]] is involved, or '''[[chorioretinitis]]''' if the retina is also involved) affects the back part of the [[uvea]] and involves primarily the [[choroid]], a layer of [[blood vessels]] and [[connective tissue]] in the middle part of the eye. It can also involve inflammation of the [[retina]] and [[optic nerve]].  It makes up 15-22% of all uveitis cases<ref>http://www.preventblindness.org/uveitis/what/types.html</ref>.
** '''Posterior uveitis''': [[Choroiditis]], [[retinitis]], or [[chorioretinitis]] ([[inflammation]] of the [[choroid]], the [[retina]], or both)
** '''Panuveitis''' is the inflammation of the entire [[uvea]], and it effects all layers of the [[uvea]].
** '''Panuveitis''': [[Inflammation]] of the entire [[uvea]]
* '''Classification by Duration of Symptoms'''
* '''Classification by Duration of Symptoms'''<ref name="pmid10688564">{{cite journal| author=McCluskey PJ, Towler HM, Lightman S| title=Management of chronic uveitis. | journal=BMJ | year= 2000 | volume= 320 | issue= 7234 | pages= 555-8 | pmid=10688564 | doi= | pmc=1117601 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10688564  }} </ref>
** '''Acute'''
** '''[[Acute (medical)|Acute]]''': Active uveitis for less than 3 months
** '''Chronic'''
** '''[[Chronic (medical)|Chronic]]''': Active uveitis for more than 3 months
* '''Classification by type of inflammation'''
* '''Classification by type of inflammation'''<ref name="pmid17311570">{{cite journal| author=Gutteridge IF, Hall AJ| title=Acute anterior uveitis in primary care. | journal=Clin Exp Optom | year= 2007 | volume= 90 | issue= 2 | pages= 70-82 | pmid=17311570 | doi=10.1111/j.1444-0938.2006.00128.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17311570  }} </ref>
** '''Granulomatous'''
** '''Granulomatous''': showing [[granulomatous]] [[inflammation]] on slit lamp test
** '''Non-granulomatous'''
** '''Non-granulomatous''' showing no [[granulomatous]] [[inflammation]] on slit lamp test
* '''Classification by Laterality'''
* '''Classification by Laterality'''
** '''Unilateral'''
** '''Unilateral''': Single eye involvement
** '''Bilateral'''
** '''Bilateral''': Both eyes involvement
* '''Classification by Etiology'''
* '''Classification by Etiology'''<ref name="pmid18379933">{{cite journal| author=Deschenes J, Murray PI, Rao NA, Nussenblatt RB, International Uveitis Study Group| title=International Uveitis Study Group (IUSG): clinical classification of uveitis. | journal=Ocul Immunol Inflamm | year= 2008 | volume= 16 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-2 | pmid=18379933 | doi=10.1080/09273940801899822 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18379933  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16196117">{{cite journal| author=Jabs DA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT, Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group| title=Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data. Results of the First International Workshop. | journal=Am J Ophthalmol | year= 2005 | volume= 140 | issue= 3 | pages= 509-16 | pmid=16196117 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16196117  }} </ref>
** '''Idiopathic''''''
** '''Idiopathic''': No known cause
** '''Infectious'''
** '''Infectious''': [[Bacterial]], [[viral]], [[mycosis|fungal]], or [[parasitic]] cause
** '''Autoimmune'''
** '''Autoimmune/Inflammatory''': Caused by a systemic non-[[infectious]] [[inflammatory]] condition commonly associated with uveitis
** '''Drug-Induced'''
** '''Drug-Induced''': [[Iatrogenic]] cause by [[medications]] that are associated with [[incidence]] of uveitis<br>
As uveitis manifests in a variety of clinical [[etiologies]], differentiation must be established in accordance with the classification system for particular subtypes. [[Etiologies]] of [[Acute (medical)|acute]] [[anterior]] unilateral [[infectious]] uveitis must be differentiated from  other subtypes that cause [[eye redness|conjuctival injection]], [[eye pain]], and [[photophobia]] such as [[Acute (medical)|acute]] [[anterior]] bilateral non-[[infectious]] uveitis or [[Chronic (medical)|chronic]] [[anterior]] uveitis. Diversely, [[posterior]] [[infectious]] uveitis must be differentiated from other subtypes that cause [[visual disturbance|visual changes]] such as [[intermediate uveitis|intermediate]] non-[[infectious]] uveitis and [[infectious]] panuveitis. Using the above model, the following is a classification of uveitis, which includes the most common subtypes:
==== Anterior Uveitis ====
[[Anterior]] uveitis can be classified according to the following presentation:<ref name="pmid20943722">{{cite journal| author=Guly CM, Forrester JV| title=Investigation and management of uveitis. | journal=BMJ | year= 2010 | volume= 341 | issue=  | pages= c4976 | pmid=20943722 | doi=10.1136/bmj.c4976 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20943722  }} </ref><ref name=eyewikiuveitis>American Academy of Ophthalmology EyeWiki (2015)http://eyewiki.aao.org/Category:Uveitis</ref><ref name="pmid26187650">{{cite journal| author=Prior-Español Á, Martínez-Morillo M, Holgado-Pérez S, Juega FJ| title=Differential diagnosis of acute bilateral uveitis in the rheumatologist's office. | journal=Reumatol Clin | year= 2016 | volume= 12 | issue= 3 | pages= 174-175 | pmid=26187650 | doi=10.1016/j.reuma.2015.05.012 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26187650  }} </ref>
* '''Acute''' (>3 months of active symptoms)<ref name="pmid10688564">{{cite journal| author=McCluskey PJ, Towler HM, Lightman S| title=Management of chronic uveitis. | journal=BMJ | year= 2000 | volume= 320 | issue= 7234 | pages= 555-8 | pmid=10688564 | doi= | pmc=1117601 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10688564  }} </ref>
** '''''Unilateral'''''
*** ''Infectious'': [[Cytomegalovirus]], [[Herpes simplex]], [[Varicella zoster]], [[syphilis]]
*** ''Non-infectious'': [[Seronegative spondyloarthropathy]], [[relapsing polychondritis]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]] (SLE), [[Kawasaki disease]]
** '''''Bilateral'''''
*** ''Infectious'': [[Tuberculosis]], [[syphilis]]
*** ''Non-infectious'': [[tubulointerstitial nephritis]] with uveitis (TINU syndrome)
* '''Chronic''' (>3 months of active symptoms)<ref name="pmid10688564">{{cite journal| author=McCluskey PJ, Towler HM, Lightman S| title=Management of chronic uveitis. | journal=BMJ | year= 2000 | volume= 320 | issue= 7234 | pages= 555-8 | pmid=10688564 | doi= | pmc=1117601 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10688564  }} </ref>
** ''Infectious'': [[Tuberculosis]]
** ''Non-infectious'': [[juvenile idiopathic arthritis]], [[Sjorgen's Syndrome]], [[sarcoidosis]]
 
==== Intermediate Uveitis ====
Intermediate may present with unilateral or [[bilateral]] involvement. It can be classified according to the following [[etiology|etiologies]]<ref name="pmid20943722">{{cite journal| author=Guly CM, Forrester JV| title=Investigation and management of uveitis. | journal=BMJ | year= 2010 | volume= 341 | issue=  | pages= c4976 | pmid=20943722 | doi=10.1136/bmj.c4976 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20943722  }} </ref><ref name=eyewikiuveitis>American Academy of Ophthalmology EyeWiki (2015)http://eyewiki.aao.org/Category:Uveitis</ref><ref name="pmid26187650">{{cite journal| author=Prior-Español Á, Martínez-Morillo M, Holgado-Pérez S, Juega FJ| title=Differential diagnosis of acute bilateral uveitis in the rheumatologist's office. | journal=Reumatol Clin | year= 2016 | volume= 12 | issue= 3 | pages= 174-175 | pmid=26187650 | doi=10.1016/j.reuma.2015.05.012 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26187650  }} </ref>
* ''Infectious'': [[Lyme disease]], [[Whipple's disease]]
* ''Non-infectious'': [[multiple sclerosis]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[tubulointerstitial nephritis]] with uveitis (TINU syndrome), [[lymphoma]]
==== Posterior Uveitis ====
Posterior uveitis may present with unilateral or [[bilateral]] involvement. It can be classified according to the following most common [[etiology|etiologies]]:<ref name="pmid20943722">{{cite journal| author=Guly CM, Forrester JV| title=Investigation and management of uveitis. | journal=BMJ | year= 2010 | volume= 341 | issue=  | pages= c4976 | pmid=20943722 | doi=10.1136/bmj.c4976 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20943722  }} </ref><ref name=eyewikiuveitis>American Academy of Ophthalmology EyeWiki (2015)http://eyewiki.aao.org/Category:Uveitis</ref><ref name="pmid26187650">{{cite journal| author=Prior-Español Á, Martínez-Morillo M, Holgado-Pérez S, Juega FJ| title=Differential diagnosis of acute bilateral uveitis in the rheumatologist's office. | journal=Reumatol Clin | year= 2016 | volume= 12 | issue= 3 | pages= 174-175 | pmid=26187650 | doi=10.1016/j.reuma.2015.05.012 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26187650  }} </ref>
* ''Infectious'': [[Toxoplasmosis]], [[Cytomegalovirus]], [[Tuberculosis]], [[Syphilis]], [[Toxocariasis]], [[Herpes simplex]], [[Varicella zoster]], [[cat scratch disease]]
* ''Non-infectious'':[[Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Wegeners_granulomatosis| granulomatosis with polyangitis], [[Behcet's disease]], [[birdshot chorioretinopathy]], [[lymphoma]]
 
==== Panuveitis ====
Panuveitis may present with unilateral or [[bilateral]] involvement. It can be classified according to the following most common [[etiology|etiologies]]:<ref name="pmid20943722">{{cite journal| author=Guly CM, Forrester JV| title=Investigation and management of uveitis. | journal=BMJ | year= 2010 | volume= 341 | issue=  | pages= c4976 | pmid=20943722 | doi=10.1136/bmj.c4976 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20943722  }} </ref><ref name=eyewikiuveitis>American Academy of Ophthalmology EyeWiki (2015)http://eyewiki.aao.org/Category:Uveitis</ref><ref name="pmid26187650">{{cite journal| author=Prior-Español Á, Martínez-Morillo M, Holgado-Pérez S, Juega FJ| title=Differential diagnosis of acute bilateral uveitis in the rheumatologist's office. | journal=Reumatol Clin | year= 2016 | volume= 12 | issue= 3 | pages= 174-175 | pmid=26187650 | doi=10.1016/j.reuma.2015.05.012 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26187650  }} </ref>
* ''Infectious'': [[Tuberculosis]], [[syphilis]]
* ''Non-infectious'': [[Juvenile idiopathic arthritis]], [[Behcet's disease]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome]], [[Sjorgen's Syndrome]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
 
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Tarek Nafee, M.D. [2]

Overview

Uveitis is best described using various, concurrent classification systems. Uveitis may be classified according to anatomical location into 4 subtypes, depending on which part of the uvea is primarily affected: anterior, intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis. Based on the duration of symptoms it may be further sub-classified as acute or chronic. Upon further investigation, uveitis may be classified according to histological features of the inflammation such as granulomatous or non-granulomatous. Additionally, uveitis may be described by the laterality of the condition (unilateral or bilateral). Finally, uveitis may be classified by general underlying systemic causes such as infectious, autoimmune, drug-induced, or idiopathic.[1][2][3][4][5]

Classification

Uveitis can be described according to the following classifications:[1][2][5]

As uveitis manifests in a variety of clinical etiologies, differentiation must be established in accordance with the classification system for particular subtypes. Etiologies of acute anterior unilateral infectious uveitis must be differentiated from other subtypes that cause conjuctival injection, eye pain, and photophobia such as acute anterior bilateral non-infectious uveitis or chronic anterior uveitis. Diversely, posterior infectious uveitis must be differentiated from other subtypes that cause visual changes such as intermediate non-infectious uveitis and infectious panuveitis. Using the above model, the following is a classification of uveitis, which includes the most common subtypes:

Anterior Uveitis

Anterior uveitis can be classified according to the following presentation:[5][6][7]

Intermediate Uveitis

Intermediate may present with unilateral or bilateral involvement. It can be classified according to the following etiologies[5][6][7]

Posterior Uveitis

Posterior uveitis may present with unilateral or bilateral involvement. It can be classified according to the following most common etiologies:[5][6][7]

Panuveitis

Panuveitis may present with unilateral or bilateral involvement. It can be classified according to the following most common etiologies:[5][6][7]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Deschenes J, Murray PI, Rao NA, Nussenblatt RB, International Uveitis Study Group (2008). "International Uveitis Study Group (IUSG): clinical classification of uveitis". Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 16 (1): 1–2. doi:10.1080/09273940801899822. PMID 18379933.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Jabs DA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT, Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group (2005). "Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data. Results of the First International Workshop". Am J Ophthalmol. 140 (3): 509–16. PMID 16196117.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 McCluskey PJ, Towler HM, Lightman S (2000). "Management of chronic uveitis". BMJ. 320 (7234): 555–8. PMC 1117601. PMID 10688564.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Gutteridge IF, Hall AJ (2007). "Acute anterior uveitis in primary care". Clin Exp Optom. 90 (2): 70–82. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2006.00128.x. PMID 17311570.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Guly CM, Forrester JV (2010). "Investigation and management of uveitis". BMJ. 341: c4976. doi:10.1136/bmj.c4976. PMID 20943722.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 American Academy of Ophthalmology EyeWiki (2015)http://eyewiki.aao.org/Category:Uveitis
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Prior-Español Á, Martínez-Morillo M, Holgado-Pérez S, Juega FJ (2016). "Differential diagnosis of acute bilateral uveitis in the rheumatologist's office". Reumatol Clin. 12 (3): 174–175. doi:10.1016/j.reuma.2015.05.012. PMID 26187650.

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