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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{SI}} | | {{Acute retinal necrosis}} |
| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Faizan}}
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| ==Overview==
| | '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]''' |
| '''Acute retinal necrosis''' is a type of [[retinitis]] which can be associated with viral infections. | |
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| It was first characterized in 1971.<ref name="titleeMedicine - Acute Retinal Necrosis : Article by Andrew A Dahl, MD">{{cite web |url=http://www.emedicine.com/oph/topic377.htm |title=eMedicine - Acute Retinal Necrosis : Article by Andrew A Dahl, MD |accessdate=2008-02-05 |work=| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080216011141/http://www.emedicine.com/oph/topic377.htm| archivedate= 16 February 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name ="Urayama">Urayama A, Yamada N, Sasaki T: Unilateral acute uveitis with retinal periarteritis and detachment. Jpn J Clin Ophthalmol 1971; 25: 607.</ref>
| | {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{LRO}}; {{Faizan}} |
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| One study indicated an incidence of 1 per 1.6 to 2.0 million.<ref name="pmid17504853">{{cite journal |author=Muthiah MN, Michaelides M, Child CS, Mitchell SM |title=Acute retinal necrosis: a national population‐based study to assess the incidence, methods of diagnosis, treatment strategies and outcomes in the UK |journal=Br J Ophthalmol |volume=91 |issue=11 |pages=1452–5 |year=2007 |pmid=17504853 |doi=10.1136/bjo.2007.114884 |url=http://bjo.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17504853 |pmc=2095441}}</ref>
| | {{SK}} Retinal necrosis syndrome; Acute retinal necrosis syndrome; Necrotizing herpetic retinitis; Bilateral acute retinal necrosis |
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| ==Historical Perspective== | | ==[[Acute retinal necrosis overview|Overview]]== |
| *Acute [[retinal]] [[necrosis]] was first officially classified as bilateral acute [[retinal]] [[necrosis]] in 1978 by N.J. Young and A.C. Bird.<ref name="pmid708676">{{cite journal |vauthors=Young NJ, Bird AC |title=Bilateral acute retinal necrosis |journal=Br J Ophthalmol |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=581–90 |year=1978 |pmid=708676 |pmc=1043304 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| **The classification was applied to 4 cases of bilateral necrotizing [[retinitis]], of which the patients developed bilateral confluent [[retinitis]] progressing to [[retinal detachment]] and [[phthisis]] despite [[corticosteroid]] and [[antibiotic]] therapy.<ref name="pmid24385671">{{cite journal |vauthors=Flaxel CJ, Yeh S, Lauer AK |title=Combination systemic and intravitreal antiviral therapy in the management of acute retinal necrosis syndrome (an American Ophthalmological Society thesis) |journal=Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc |volume=111 |issue= |pages=133–44 |year=2013 |pmid=24385671 |pmc=3868412 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| *The first extension of the classification of acute [[retinal]] [[necrosis]] to unilateral cases was given in 1983 by Hayasaka S. et al.<ref name="pmid6860612">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hayasaka S, Asano T, Yabata K, Ide A |title=Acute retinal necrosis |journal=Br J Ophthalmol |volume=67 |issue=7 |pages=455–60 |year=1983 |pmid=6860612 |pmc=1040094 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| **They identified that cases of bilateral acute [[retinal]] [[necrosis]] and cases of Kirisawa-type [[uveitis]] presented nearly identical characteristics:<ref name ="Urayama">Urayama A, Yamada N, Sasaki T: Unilateral acute uveitis with retinal periarteritis and detachment. Jpn J Clin Ophthalmol 1971; 25: 607.</ref><ref name="pmid708676">{{cite journal |vauthors=Young NJ, Bird AC |title=Bilateral acute retinal necrosis |journal=Br J Ophthalmol |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=581–90 |year=1978 |pmid=708676 |pmc=1043304 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| ***[[Periarteritis]]
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| ***Opaque, dense [[vitreous]]
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| ***Peripheral [[retinal]] [[exudates]]
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| ***[[Retinal detachment]]
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| ***[[Vision loss]]
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| ***Resistance to [[antibiotic]] therapy
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| ***Negative test results for [[bacterial]] infection
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| *In the 1980s, emergence of [[pathological]] and [[electron]] findings from analysis of [[vitrectomy]] and [[enucleation]] specimens led to the discovery of acute [[retinal]] [[necrosis]]' cause as members of the herpes virus family.
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| *The official diagnostic criteria for acute [[retinal]] [[necrosis]] was proposed by the American [[Uveitis]] Society in 1994.
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| ==Classification== | | ==[[Acute retinal necrosis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
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| ==Pathophysiology== | | ==[[Acute retinal necrosis classification|Classification]]== |
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| ==Causes== | | ==[[Acute retinal necrosis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
| The exact causes are not known, but [[varicella zoster virus]] is frequently implicated,<ref name="pmid17184841">{{cite journal |author=Lau CH, Missotten T, Salzmann J, Lightman SL |title=Acute retinal necrosis features, management, and outcomes |journal=Ophthalmology |volume=114 |issue=4 |pages=756–62 |year=2007 |pmid=17184841 |doi=10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.08.037 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0161-6420(06)01207-3}}</ref> and other [[herpesviridae|herpesviruses]] can be involved.<ref name="pmid17264500">{{cite journal |author=Kezuka T, Atherton SS |title=Acute retinal necrosis |journal=Chem Immunol Allergy |volume=92 |issue= |pages=244–53 |year=2007 |pmid=17264500 |doi=10.1159/000099275 |url=http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?doi=10.1159/000099275&typ=pdf |series=Chemical Immunology and Allergy |isbn=3-8055-8187-4}}</ref>
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| ==Differentiating {{PAGENAME}} from Other Diseases== | | ==[[Acute retinal necrosis causes|Causes]]== |
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| ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | | ==[[Differentiating Acute retinal necrosis from other diseases|Differentiating Acute retinal necrosis from other Diseases]]== |
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| ==Risk Factors== | | ==[[Acute retinal necrosis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
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| ==Screening== | | ==[[Acute retinal necrosis risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
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| ==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== | | ==[[Acute retinal necrosis screening|Screening]]== |
| ===Natural History===
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| ===Complications=== | | ==[[Acute retinal necrosis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
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| ===Prognosis===
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| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| ===Diagnostic Criteria===
| | [[Acute retinal necrosis diagnostic criteria|Diagnostic Criteria]] | [[Acute retinal necrosis history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Acute retinal necrosis physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Acute retinal necrosis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Acute retinal necrosis electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Acute retinal necrosis chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Acute retinal necrosis CT|CT]] | [[Acute retinal necrosis MRI|MRI]] | [[Acute retinal necrosis echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Acute retinal necrosis other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Acute retinal necrosis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
| The diagnosis of acute [[retinal]] [[necrosis]] is made when the following criteria are met:<ref name="pmid8172275">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holland GN |title=Standard diagnostic criteria for the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Executive Committee of the American Uveitis Society |journal=Am. J. Ophthalmol. |volume=117 |issue=5 |pages=663–7 |year=1994 |pmid=8172275 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| *One or more discrete foci of peripheral [[retinal]] [[necrosis]], located outside of the major [[temporal]] [[vascular]] [[Arterial arcades|arcades]]
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| *Circumferential spread if [[Antiviral drug|antiviral therapy]] has not been administered
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| *[[Occlusion|Occlusive]] [[retinal]] vasculopathy
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| *A prominent [[vitreous]] or [[anterior chamber]] [[inflammation]]
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| *Rapid disease progression in the absence of therapy
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| ===Symptoms===
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| *Symptoms of Acute retinal necrosis include the following:<ref name="pmid17504853">{{cite journal |vauthors=Muthiah MN, Michaelides M, Child CS, Mitchell SM |title=Acute retinal necrosis: a national population-based study to assess the incidence, methods of diagnosis, treatment strategies and outcomes in the UK |journal=Br J Ophthalmol |volume=91 |issue=11 |pages=1452–5 |year=2007 |pmid=17504853 |pmc=2095441 |doi=10.1136/bjo.2007.114884 |url=}}</ref>
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| **[[Vision loss]]
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| ***[[Blindness]] may be present in more severe cases
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| **[[Photophobia|Excessive sensitivity to light]]
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| **[[Ocular]] pain
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| **[[Flu]] symptoms
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| **[[Erythema|Redness]] of the affected eye
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| **[[Floaters]]<ref name="pmid24336545">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ford JR, Tsui E, Lahey T, Zegans ME |title=Question: Can you identify this condition? Acute retinal necrosis |journal=Can Fam Physician |volume=59 |issue=12 |pages=1307; 1308–10 |year=2013 |pmid=24336545 |pmc=3860929 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| **[[Flashes]]<ref name="urlAmerican Academy of Ophthalmology">{{cite web |url=http://www.aao.org/ |title=American Academy of Ophthalmology |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
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| ===Physical Examination===
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| Physical examination for acute retinal necrosis is remarkable for the following:<ref name="pmid25356955">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brydak-Godowska J, Borkowski P, Szczepanik S, Moneta-Wielgoś J, Kęcik D |title=Clinical manifestation of self-limiting acute retinal necrosis |journal=Med. Sci. Monit. |volume=20 |issue= |pages=2088–96 |year=2014 |pmid=25356955 |pmc=4226315 |doi=10.12659/MSM.890469 |url=}}</ref>
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| *[[Erythema]] and [[hyperaemia]] of the [[retina]]<ref name="pmid17504853">{{cite journal |vauthors=Muthiah MN, Michaelides M, Child CS, Mitchell SM |title=Acute retinal necrosis: a national population-based study to assess the incidence, methods of diagnosis, treatment strategies and outcomes in the UK |journal=Br J Ophthalmol |volume=91 |issue=11 |pages=1452–5 |year=2007 |pmid=17504853 |pmc=2095441 |doi=10.1136/bjo.2007.114884 |url=}}</ref>
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| *White and yellow [[necrosis|necrotic]] [[lesions]] in the [[retina]]
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| **[[Pus|Purulent]] [[exudate]] can also be found in the periphery of the [[retina]]<ref name="pmid24385671">{{cite journal |vauthors=Flaxel CJ, Yeh S, Lauer AK |title=Combination systemic and intravitreal antiviral therapy in the management of acute retinal necrosis syndrome (an American Ophthalmological Society thesis) |journal=Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc |volume=111 |issue= |pages=133–44 |year=2013 |pmid=24385671 |pmc=3868412 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| **Opaque [[vitreous]] from the coalescence of [[necrotic]] [[tissue]]
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| ===Laboratory Findings===
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| ===Imaging Findings===
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| ===Other Diagnostic Studies===
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| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| ===Medical Therapy===
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| :*''' Empiric antimicrobial therapy'''
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| ::*Preferred regimen: [[Acyclovir]] 10 mg/kg IV q8h for 1-2 weeks followed by [[Acyclovir]] 400 mg PO bid for chronic maintenance
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| ::*Alternative regimen (1): [[Acyclovir]] 10 mg/kg IV q8h for 1-2 weeks followed by [[Valacyclovir]] 1 g IV q8h for 6 weeks to several months followed by [[Acyclovir]] 400 mg PO bid for chronic maintenance
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| ::*Alternative regimen (2), unresponsive: [[Foscarnet]] 1.2-2.4 mg/0.1 mL intravitreal injection 1-3 times per week {{and}} ([[Ganciclovir]] 5 mg/kg IV q12 for 2 weeks followed by 5 mg/kg q24h for 5-7 weeks {{or}} [[Foscarnet]] 60 mg/kg IV q8h for 2 weeks followed by 90-120 mg/kg IV q24h {{or}} [[Cidofovir]] 5 mg/kg IV for 2 weeks followed by 5 mg/kg IV q2weeks) followed by ([[Acyclovir]] 400 mg PO bid for chronic maintenance {{or}} [[Valganciclovir]] 900 mg PO qd for chronic maintenance)
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| ::*Note: [[Ganciclovir]] is administered for patients with suspected CMV acute retinal necrosis. Whereas [[Foscarnet]] is administered for patients who are not immunocompromised
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| :*''' Pathogen-directed antimicrobial therapy'''
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| ::*'''HSV or VZV'''
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| :::*Preferred regimen: [[Acyclovir]] 10 mg/kg IV q8h for 1-2 weeks followed by [[Acyclovir]] 400 mg PO bid for chronic maintenance
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| :::*Alternative regimen: [[Acyclovir]] 10 mg/kg IV q8h for 1-2 weeks followed by [[Valacyclovir]] 1 g IV q8h for 6 weeks to several months followed by [[Acyclovir]] 400 mg PO bid for chronic maintenance
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| ::*''' Cytomegalovirus'''
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| :::*Preferred regimen: [[Foscarnet]] 1.2-2.4 mg/0.1 mL intravitreal injection 1-3 times per week {{and}} [[Ganciclovir]] 5 mg/kg IV q12 for 2 weeks followed by 5 mg/kg q24h for 5-7 weeks followed by [[Valganciclovir]] 900 mg PO qd for chronic maintenance
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| ===Surgery===
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| ===Prevention===
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| ==See also==
| | [[Acute retinal necrosis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Acute retinal necrosis surgery|Surgery]] | [[Acute retinal necrosis primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Acute retinal necrosis secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Acute retinal necrosis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Acute retinal necrosis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
| * [[Cytomegalovirus retinitis]]
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| * [[Progressive outer retinal necrosis]]
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| ==External links== | | ==Case Studies== |
| * http://www.iceh.org.uk/files/tsno8/text/18.htm
| | [[Acute retinal necrosis case study one|Case #1]] |
| * http://www.eyepathologist.org/disease.asp?IDNUM=301330
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| ==References== | | ==Source== |
| {{reflist|2}} | | [http://eyewiki.aao.org/Acute_retinal_necrosis American Academy of Ophthalmology] |
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