Candida vulvovaginitis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{ | {{Candida vulvovaginitis}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{DN}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{DN}}, {{AKI}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
[[Candida]] [[vulvovaginitis]] is not a reportable disease and epidemiological studies on the prevalence of the disease are hard to perform. | [[Candida]] [[vulvovaginitis]] is not a reportable disease and epidemiological studies on the prevalence of the disease are hard to perform. | ||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
Epidemiological studies on [[Candida]] [[vulvovaginitis]] are hard to perform, because of several factors:<ref name="pmid9500475">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sobel JD, Faro S, Force RW, Foxman B, Ledger WJ, Nyirjesy PR, Reed BD, Summers PR |title=Vulvovaginal candidiasis: epidemiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations |journal=Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=178 |issue=2 |pages=203–11 |year=1998 |pmid=9500475 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17560449">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sobel JD |title=Vulvovaginal candidosis |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9577 |pages=1961–71 |year=2007 |pmid=17560449 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60917-9 |url=}}</ref> | *Epidemiological studies on [[Candida]] [[vulvovaginitis]] are hard to perform, because of several factors:<ref name="pmid9500475">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sobel JD, Faro S, Force RW, Foxman B, Ledger WJ, Nyirjesy PR, Reed BD, Summers PR |title=Vulvovaginal candidiasis: epidemiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations |journal=Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=178 |issue=2 |pages=203–11 |year=1998 |pmid=9500475 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17560449">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sobel JD |title=Vulvovaginal candidosis |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9577 |pages=1961–71 |year=2007 |pmid=17560449 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60917-9 |url=}}</ref> | ||
**[[Candida]] [[vulvovaginitis]] is not a reportable disease. | |||
**The diagnosis of [[Candida]] [[vulvovaginitis]] is based on clinical presentation and positive laboratory findings. Relying on a positive [[culture]] alone would likely overestimate the prevalence of [[Candida]] [[vulvovaginitis]]. | |||
**The use of over-the-counter (OTC) topical anti-fungals makes it difficult to conduct epidemiological studies. | |||
*[[Candida]] is the second most common cause of [[vaginal]] infection in young women following [[Bacterial vaginosis|bacterial Vaginosis]].<ref name="pmid17197596">{{cite journal| author=Allsworth JE, Peipert JF| title=Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis: 2001-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. | journal=Obstet Gynecol | year= 2007 | volume= 109 | issue= 1 | pages= 114-20 | pmid=17197596 | doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000247627.84791.91 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17197596 }} </ref> | |||
=== Age === | |||
*[[Incidence]] of [[Candida]] vulvovaginitis is higher in [[pregnant]] women.<ref name="pmid523355">{{cite journal| author=Hurley R, De Louvois J| title=Candida vaginitis. | journal=Postgrad Med J | year= 1979 | volume= 55 | issue= 647 | pages= 645-7 | pmid=523355 | doi= | pmc=2425644 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=523355 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16784126">{{cite journal| author=García Heredia M, García SD, Copolillo EF, Cora Eliseth M, Barata AD, Vay CA et al.| title=[Prevalence of vaginal candidiasis in pregnant women. Identification of yeasts and susceptibility to antifungal agents]. | journal=Rev Argent Microbiol | year= 2006 | volume= 38 | issue= 1 | pages= 9-12 | pmid=16784126 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16784126 }} </ref> | |||
*Women in reproductive age group are prone for [[Candida]] vulvovaginits and at least one episode is reported in 70 to 75% in this population group.<ref name="ZuckermanRomano2016">{{cite journal|last1=Zuckerman|first1=Andrea|last2=Romano|first2=Mary|title=Clinical Recommendation: Vulvovaginitis|journal=Journal of Pediatric and AdolescentGynecology|volume=29|issue=6|year=2016|pages=673–679|issn=10833188|doi=10.1016/j.jpag.2016.08.002}}</ref> | |||
*40 to 50% of patients with a prior [[yeast]] infection have multiple episodes of [[yeast]] infection.<ref name="pmid523355">{{cite journal| author=Hurley R, De Louvois J| title=Candida vaginitis. | journal=Postgrad Med J | year= 1979 | volume= 55 | issue= 647 | pages= 645-7 | pmid=523355 | doi= | pmc=2425644 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=523355 }} </ref> | |||
*Among the adult population 5 to 8% women have more than four episodes of infection.<ref name="pmid9861594">{{cite journal| author=Foxman B, Marsh JV, Gillespie B, Sobel JD| title=Frequency and response to vaginal symptoms among white and African American women: results of a random digit dialing survey. | journal=J Womens Health | year= 1998 | volume= 7 | issue= 9 | pages= 1167-74 | pmid=9861594 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9861594 }} </ref> | |||
*In 20% asymptomatic healthy [[adolescent]] women, [[Candida]] [[species]] can be isolated from the [[vagina]].<ref name="Barousse2004">{{cite journal|last1=Barousse|first1=M M|title=Vaginal yeast colonisation, prevalence of vaginitis, and associated local immunity in adolescents|journal=Sexually Transmitted Infections|volume=80|issue=1|year=2004|pages=48–53|issn=1368-4973|doi=10.1136/sti.2002.003855}}</ref> | |||
===Race=== | |||
[[Candida]] vulvovaginitis is more prevalent among African American women than white American women.<ref name="pmid9861594">{{cite journal| author=Foxman B, Marsh JV, Gillespie B, Sobel JD| title=Frequency and response to vaginal symptoms among white and African American women: results of a random digit dialing survey. | journal=J Womens Health | year= 1998 | volume= 7 | issue= 9 | pages= 1167-74 | pmid=9861594 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9861594 }} </ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
[[Category:Disease]] | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Gynecology]] | |||
[[Category:Obstetrics]] | |||
Latest revision as of 20:47, 29 July 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dima Nimri, M.D. [2], Aravind Kuchkuntla, M.B.B.S[3]
Overview
Candida vulvovaginitis is not a reportable disease and epidemiological studies on the prevalence of the disease are hard to perform.
Epidemiology and Demographics
- Epidemiological studies on Candida vulvovaginitis are hard to perform, because of several factors:[1][2]
- Candida vulvovaginitis is not a reportable disease.
- The diagnosis of Candida vulvovaginitis is based on clinical presentation and positive laboratory findings. Relying on a positive culture alone would likely overestimate the prevalence of Candida vulvovaginitis.
- The use of over-the-counter (OTC) topical anti-fungals makes it difficult to conduct epidemiological studies.
- Candida is the second most common cause of vaginal infection in young women following bacterial Vaginosis.[3]
Age
- Incidence of Candida vulvovaginitis is higher in pregnant women.[4][5]
- Women in reproductive age group are prone for Candida vulvovaginits and at least one episode is reported in 70 to 75% in this population group.[6]
- 40 to 50% of patients with a prior yeast infection have multiple episodes of yeast infection.[4]
- Among the adult population 5 to 8% women have more than four episodes of infection.[7]
- In 20% asymptomatic healthy adolescent women, Candida species can be isolated from the vagina.[8]
Race
Candida vulvovaginitis is more prevalent among African American women than white American women.[7]
References
- ↑ Sobel JD, Faro S, Force RW, Foxman B, Ledger WJ, Nyirjesy PR, Reed BD, Summers PR (1998). "Vulvovaginal candidiasis: epidemiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 178 (2): 203–11. PMID 9500475.
- ↑ Sobel JD (2007). "Vulvovaginal candidosis". Lancet. 369 (9577): 1961–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60917-9. PMID 17560449.
- ↑ Allsworth JE, Peipert JF (2007). "Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis: 2001-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data". Obstet Gynecol. 109 (1): 114–20. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000247627.84791.91. PMID 17197596.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hurley R, De Louvois J (1979). "Candida vaginitis". Postgrad Med J. 55 (647): 645–7. PMC 2425644. PMID 523355.
- ↑ García Heredia M, García SD, Copolillo EF, Cora Eliseth M, Barata AD, Vay CA; et al. (2006). "[Prevalence of vaginal candidiasis in pregnant women. Identification of yeasts and susceptibility to antifungal agents]". Rev Argent Microbiol. 38 (1): 9–12. PMID 16784126.
- ↑ Zuckerman, Andrea; Romano, Mary (2016). "Clinical Recommendation: Vulvovaginitis". Journal of Pediatric and AdolescentGynecology. 29 (6): 673–679. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2016.08.002. ISSN 1083-3188.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Foxman B, Marsh JV, Gillespie B, Sobel JD (1998). "Frequency and response to vaginal symptoms among white and African American women: results of a random digit dialing survey". J Womens Health. 7 (9): 1167–74. PMID 9861594.
- ↑ Barousse, M M (2004). "Vaginal yeast colonisation, prevalence of vaginitis, and associated local immunity in adolescents". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 80 (1): 48–53. doi:10.1136/sti.2002.003855. ISSN 1368-4973.