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Risk factors for Ureaplasma colonization/infection in adult men and women:<ref name="pmid25717022" /><ref name="pmid11939406" /><ref name="pmid15379939" /><ref name="pmid20498103" /><ref name="pmid15590426">{{cite journal| author=Benedetto C, Tibaldi C, Marozio L, Marini S, Masuelli G, Pelissetto S et al.| title=Cervicovaginal infections during pregnancy: epidemiological and microbiological aspects. | journal=J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med | year= 2004 | volume= 16 Suppl 2 | issue= | pages= 9-12 | pmid=15590426 | doi=10.1080/14767050410001727107 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15590426 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26010188">{{cite journal| author=George MD, Cardenas AM, Birnbaum BK, Gluckman SJ| title=Ureaplasma septic arthritis in an immunosuppressed patient with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. | journal=J Clin Rheumatol | year= 2015 | volume= 21 | issue= 4 | pages= 221-4 | pmid=26010188 | doi=10.1097/RHU.0000000000000248 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26010188 }} </ref> | Risk factors for Ureaplasma colonization/infection in adult men and women:<ref name="pmid25717022">{{cite journal| author=Marovt M, Keše D, Kotar T, Kmet N, Miljković J, Šoba B et al.| title=Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum detected with the same frequency among women with and without symptoms of urogenital tract infection. | journal=Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis | year= 2015 | volume= 34 | issue= 6 | pages= 1237-45 | pmid=25717022 | doi=10.1007/s10096-015-2351-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25717022 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11939406">{{cite journal| author=Povlsen K, Bjørnelius E, Lidbrink P, Lind I| title=Relationship of Ureaplasma urealyticum biovar 2 to nongonococcal urethritis. | journal=Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis | year= 2002 | volume= 21 | issue= 2 | pages= 97-101 | pmid=11939406 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11939406 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15379939">{{cite journal| author=Maeda S, Deguchi T, Ishiko H, Matsumoto T, Naito S, Kumon H et al.| title=Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum (biovar 1) and Ureaplasma urealyticum (biovar 2) in patients with non-gonococcal urethritis using polymerase chain reaction-microtiter plate hybridization. | journal=Int J Urol | year= 2004 | volume= 11 | issue= 9 | pages= 750-4 | pmid=15379939 | doi=10.1111/j.1442-2042.2004.00887.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15379939 }} </ref><ref name="pmid20498103">{{cite journal| author=Couldwell DL, Gidding HF, Freedman EV, McKechnie ML, Biggs K, Sintchenko V et al.| title=Ureaplasma urealyticum is significantly associated with non-gonococcal urethritis in heterosexual Sydney men. | journal=Int J STD AIDS | year= 2010 | volume= 21 | issue= 5 | pages= 337-41 | pmid=20498103 | doi=10.1258/ijsa.2009.009499 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20498103 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15590426">{{cite journal| author=Benedetto C, Tibaldi C, Marozio L, Marini S, Masuelli G, Pelissetto S et al.| title=Cervicovaginal infections during pregnancy: epidemiological and microbiological aspects. | journal=J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med | year= 2004 | volume= 16 Suppl 2 | issue= | pages= 9-12 | pmid=15590426 | doi=10.1080/14767050410001727107 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15590426 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26010188">{{cite journal| author=George MD, Cardenas AM, Birnbaum BK, Gluckman SJ| title=Ureaplasma septic arthritis in an immunosuppressed patient with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. | journal=J Clin Rheumatol | year= 2015 | volume= 21 | issue= 4 | pages= 221-4 | pmid=26010188 | doi=10.1097/RHU.0000000000000248 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26010188 }} </ref> | ||
* Multiple sexual partners | * Multiple sexual partners | ||
* Younger age | * Younger age | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fatimo Biobaku M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
Risk factors that have been identified for Ureaplasma colonization/infection include factors such as heavy urogenital colonization in adults, multiple sexual partners, immunosuppression, and prematurity in neonates.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Risk factors
Risk factors for Ureaplasma infection in infants include the following:[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Neonatal factors
- Prematurity
- Low birth weight
- Perinatal asphyxia (Apgar score less than 6 at 5min)
- Mechanical ventilation of the infant
- Tracheal colonization of the infant by Ureaplasma species: The risk of developing moderate-severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia is increased by 7-9 folds in mechanically ventilated infants with Ureaplasma positive tracheal aspirate compared to mechanically ventilated infants with Ureaplasma positive nasopharyngeal sample.
- Congenital anomalies such as meningomyelocele
Maternal factors
- Prolonged or preterm rupture of membranes
- Chorioamnionitis
- Heavy vaginal colonization by Ureaplasma species
- Low socioeconomic status
Risk factors for Ureaplasma colonization/infection in adult men and women:[7][8][9][10][11][12]
- Multiple sexual partners
- Younger age
- Urogenital colonization/infection with other microorganisms
- Low socioeconomic status
- Immunosuppresion such as congenital immunodeficiency disorders like hypogammaglobulinemia.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Waites KB, Crouse DT, Cassell GH (1993). "Systemic neonatal infection due to Ureaplasma urealyticum". Clin Infect Dis. 17 Suppl 1: S131–5. PMID 8399903.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Resch B, Gutmann C, Reiterer F, Luxner J, Urlesberger B (2016). "Neonatal Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization increases pulmonary and cerebral morbidity despite treatment with macrolide antibiotics". Infection. 44 (3): 323–7. doi:10.1007/s15010-015-0858-7. PMID 26518581.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Viscardi RM, Hashmi N, Gross GW, Sun CC, Rodriguez A, Fairchild KD (2008). "Incidence of invasive ureaplasma in VLBW infants: relationship to severe intraventricular hemorrhage". J Perinatol. 28 (11): 759–65. doi:10.1038/jp.2008.98. PMC 5334544. PMID 18596706.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Harada K, Tanaka H, Komori S, Tsuji Y, Nagata K, Tsutsui H; et al. (2008). "Vaginal infection with Ureaplasma urealyticum accounts for preterm delivery via induction of inflammatory responses". Microbiol Immunol. 52 (6): 297–304. doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00039.x. PMID 18577163.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kikhney J, von Schöning D, Steding I, Schulze J, Petrich A, Hiergeist A; et al. (2017). "Is Ureaplasma spp. the leading causative agent of acute chorioamnionitis in women with preterm birth?". Clin Microbiol Infect. 23 (2): 119.e1–119.e7. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2016.10.010. PMID 27756710.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Koucký M, Malíčková K, Cindrová-Davies T, Smíšek J, Vráblíková H, Černý A; et al. (2016). "Prolonged progesterone administration is associated with less frequent cervicovaginal colonization by Ureaplasma urealyticum during pregnancy - Results of a pilot study". J Reprod Immunol. 116: 35–41. doi:10.1016/j.jri.2016.04.285. PMID 27172838.
- ↑ Marovt M, Keše D, Kotar T, Kmet N, Miljković J, Šoba B; et al. (2015). "Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum detected with the same frequency among women with and without symptoms of urogenital tract infection". Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 34 (6): 1237–45. doi:10.1007/s10096-015-2351-8. PMID 25717022.
- ↑ Povlsen K, Bjørnelius E, Lidbrink P, Lind I (2002). "Relationship of Ureaplasma urealyticum biovar 2 to nongonococcal urethritis". Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 21 (2): 97–101. PMID 11939406.
- ↑ Maeda S, Deguchi T, Ishiko H, Matsumoto T, Naito S, Kumon H; et al. (2004). "Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum (biovar 1) and Ureaplasma urealyticum (biovar 2) in patients with non-gonococcal urethritis using polymerase chain reaction-microtiter plate hybridization". Int J Urol. 11 (9): 750–4. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2042.2004.00887.x. PMID 15379939.
- ↑ Couldwell DL, Gidding HF, Freedman EV, McKechnie ML, Biggs K, Sintchenko V; et al. (2010). "Ureaplasma urealyticum is significantly associated with non-gonococcal urethritis in heterosexual Sydney men". Int J STD AIDS. 21 (5): 337–41. doi:10.1258/ijsa.2009.009499. PMID 20498103.
- ↑ Benedetto C, Tibaldi C, Marozio L, Marini S, Masuelli G, Pelissetto S; et al. (2004). "Cervicovaginal infections during pregnancy: epidemiological and microbiological aspects". J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 16 Suppl 2: 9–12. doi:10.1080/14767050410001727107. PMID 15590426.
- ↑ George MD, Cardenas AM, Birnbaum BK, Gluckman SJ (2015). "Ureaplasma septic arthritis in an immunosuppressed patient with juvenile idiopathic arthritis". J Clin Rheumatol. 21 (4): 221–4. doi:10.1097/RHU.0000000000000248. PMID 26010188.