Goiter causes: Difference between revisions
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{{Goiter}} | {{Goiter}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{ARK}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Various factors have been associated with the cause of goiter such as [[hereditary]], [[hormonal]], [[dietary]], [[pharmacological]], [[physiological]], environmental and [[pathological]] factors. The most common causes being, [[iodine deficiency]], [[Graves' disease|Grave's disease]] and [[hashimoto's disease]]. Goiter may be caused by a [[mutation]] in the [[genes]] such as the [[thyroglobulin]] (Tg) gene, [[thyroid-stimulating hormone]] receptor (TSHR) gene and the [[Sodium-iodide symporter|sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) gene]]. | |||
==Causes== | |||
Factors associated with goiter can be classified as follows: | |||
'''[[Hereditary]] factors''' | |||
*Inherited defect(Familial goiter) of [[thyroid hormone]] [[synthesis]] such as: | |||
**Enzymatic defect deficiency | |||
**[[Dyshormonogenesis]] | |||
'''[[Hormonal]] factors''' | |||
[[Thyroid hormone]] dysfunction: | |||
*[[Hyperthyroidism]] (overproduction of [[thyroid hormones]]) | |||
*[[Hypothyroidism]] (underproduction of [[thyroid hormones]]) | |||
'''[[Dietary]] factors''' | |||
* | *Dietary [[iodine deficiency]] | ||
*[ | *[[Goitrogen|Goitrogens]] (play a major role in endemic goitre) | ||
'''[[Pharmacological]] factors''' | |||
* Use of [[goitrogen|goitrogenic]] drugs like para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), [[thiocyanate]] and antithyroid drugs [e.g. [[thiouracil]], [[carbimazole]]] results in [[hypothyroidism]] | |||
'''[[Physiological]] factors''' | |||
* Increased metabolic demand of [[thyroid hormones]] e.g. during [[pregnancy]] or [[puberty]] results in physiological goiter. | |||
'''[[Environmental Health Perspectives|Environmental]] factors''' | |||
* Exposure to radiations leading to: | |||
** [[Thyroid cancer]] | |||
** [[Hypothyroidism]] | |||
'''[[Pathological]] factors''' | |||
Intrinsic [[thyroid gland]] diseases: | |||
*Inflammatory goitres | |||
*[[Neoplastic goitres]] | |||
**Benign adenoma (follicular adenoma) | |||
**[[Malignant]] | |||
***Primary: Well differentiated, poorly differentiated, arising from parafollicular cells | |||
***Secondary | |||
===Common Causes=== | ===Common Causes=== | ||
Goiter may be caused by: | Goiter may be caused by: | ||
*Iodine deficiency | *[[Iodine deficiency]] | ||
*Grave's disease | *[[Grave's disease]] | ||
*Hashimoto's disease | *[[Hashimoto's disease]] | ||
===Less Common Causes=== | ===Less Common Causes=== | ||
Less common causes of | Less common causes of Goiter include: | ||
*Pregnancy | *[[Pregnancy]] | ||
*Radiation exposure | *[[Radiation exposure]] | ||
*Thyroid cancer | *[[Thyroid cancer]] | ||
*Multinodular goiter | *[[Multinodular goiter]] | ||
*Solitary thyroid nodules | *Solitary [[Thyroid nodule|thyroid nodules]] | ||
===Genetic Causes=== | ===Genetic Causes=== | ||
* | *Goiter may be caused by a [[mutation]] in the following [[genes]] which vary from one [[family]] to the other: <ref name="pmid10821321">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brix TH, Hegedüs L |title=Genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of simple goitre |journal=Ann. Med. |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=153–6 |year=2000 |pmid=10821321 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
:*[[Thyroglobulin]] ([[Thyroglobulin|Tg]]) gene | |||
:*[[Thyroid-stimulating hormone|Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor]] ([[TSHR]]) gene | |||
:*[[Sodium-iodide symporter|Sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) gene]] | |||
*[[Multinodular goiter]] marker 1 (MNG1) on [[chromosome 14]] <ref name="pmid10821321">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brix TH, Hegedüs L |title=Genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of simple goitre |journal=Ann. Med. |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=153–6 |year=2000 |pmid=10821321 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 11:17, 20 November 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Reddy Kothagadi M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
Various factors have been associated with the cause of goiter such as hereditary, hormonal, dietary, pharmacological, physiological, environmental and pathological factors. The most common causes being, iodine deficiency, Grave's disease and hashimoto's disease. Goiter may be caused by a mutation in the genes such as the thyroglobulin (Tg) gene, thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene and the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) gene.
Causes
Factors associated with goiter can be classified as follows:
Hereditary factors
- Inherited defect(Familial goiter) of thyroid hormone synthesis such as:
- Enzymatic defect deficiency
- Dyshormonogenesis
Hormonal factors
Thyroid hormone dysfunction:
- Hyperthyroidism (overproduction of thyroid hormones)
- Hypothyroidism (underproduction of thyroid hormones)
Dietary factors
- Dietary iodine deficiency
- Goitrogens (play a major role in endemic goitre)
Pharmacological factors
- Use of goitrogenic drugs like para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), thiocyanate and antithyroid drugs [e.g. thiouracil, carbimazole] results in hypothyroidism
Physiological factors
- Increased metabolic demand of thyroid hormones e.g. during pregnancy or puberty results in physiological goiter.
Environmental factors
- Exposure to radiations leading to:
Pathological factors
Intrinsic thyroid gland diseases:
- Inflammatory goitres
- Neoplastic goitres
- Benign adenoma (follicular adenoma)
- Malignant
- Primary: Well differentiated, poorly differentiated, arising from parafollicular cells
- Secondary
Common Causes
Goiter may be caused by:
Less Common Causes
Less common causes of Goiter include:
Genetic Causes
- Goiter may be caused by a mutation in the following genes which vary from one family to the other: [1]
- Multinodular goiter marker 1 (MNG1) on chromosome 14 [1]