Chorioamnionitis causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Chorioamnionitis}}
{{Chorioamnionitis}}
 
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Adnan Ezici}} ; {{LRO}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{LRO}}
==Overview==
==Causes==
==Causes==
Chorioamnionitis may be caused by either [[bacterial]], [[fungal]], or [[viral]] microorganisms.<ref name="pmid30335284">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fowler JR, Simon LV |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=30335284 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
===Common Causes===
Common bacterial causes of chorioamnionitis include:<ref name="pmid30335284">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fowler JR, Simon LV |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=30335284 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26428501">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim CJ, Romero R, Chaemsaithong P, Chaiyasit N, Yoon BH, Kim YM |title=Acute chorioamnionitis and funisitis: definition, pathologic features, and clinical significance |journal=Am J Obstet Gynecol |volume=213 |issue=4 Suppl |pages=S29–52 |date=October 2015 |pmid=26428501 |pmc=4774647 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2015.08.040 |url=}}</ref>


===Common Causes===
*[[Bacteroides]] sp., especially Prevotella bivius
It is polymicrobial infection with two or more organisms involved:
*[[Streptococcus agalactiae]]
* [[Bacteroides]] sp., especially Prevotella bivius
*[[Enterobacteriaceae]]
* [[Streptococcus]] sp. (Groups A, B)
*[[Gardnerella vaginalis]]
* [[Enterobacteriaceae]]
*[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]]
* [[Chlamydia trachomatis]]
*[[Chlamydia trachomatis]]
* [[Ureaplasma urealyticum]].
*[[Ureaplasma urealyticum]]
*Viruses ([[adenoviruse]] has be associated with hisological inflammation.
*[[Fusobacterium|Fusobacteria sp.]]
*Fungi especially [[candidia]] in certain cases like ''in vitro'' fertilizationn, intrautrine devices and amniocentesis.
*[[Escherichia coli]]
*Viruses ([[adenoviruses]] might be associated with histological inflammation.
*Fungi, especially [[candida]], might be the causative agent of chorioamnionitis especially in women who become pregnant while using [[intrauterine devices]].<ref name="pmid26428501">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim CJ, Romero R, Chaemsaithong P, Chaiyasit N, Yoon BH, Kim YM |title=Acute chorioamnionitis and funisitis: definition, pathologic features, and clinical significance |journal=Am J Obstet Gynecol |volume=213 |issue=4 Suppl |pages=S29–52 |date=October 2015 |pmid=26428501 |pmc=4774647 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2015.08.040 |url=}}</ref>
**Chorioamnionitis due to candida infection is associated by [[preterm birth]] and adverse fetal outcomes.<ref name="pmid30335284">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fowler JR, Simon LV |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=30335284 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Trichomonas vaginalis might be the causative microorganism in chorioamnionitis, particularly in young and sexually active patients.


The frequency of the causative pathogens varies based on the place of culture isolates:
Common causative pathogens could be further divided based on the clinical outcome
*Placenta of preterm infants:
**[[Ureaplasma urealyticum]] 47%
**[[Gardnerella vaginalis]] 26%


*Amniotic fluid isolates:
*Certain microorganisms which might be seen in patients with spontaneous preterm labor (intact membranes):
**[[Ureaplasma urealyticum]] 47%
**Fusobacterium nucleatum
**Gram-negative anaerobes 38.4%
**Sneathia sanguinegens
**[[Mycoplasma hominis]] 30.4%
**[[Ureaplasma urealyticum]]
**[[Bacteroides]] 29.5%
**[[Streptococcus mitis]]
**[[Gardnerella vaginalis]] 24.5%
**[[Gardnerella vaginalis]]
**[[Peptostreptococcus]]
**Leptotrichia amnionii
**Mycoplasma hominis
**[[Streptococcus agalactiae]]
**Lactobacillus species
**Bacillus species
**Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species
**Prevotella species
**Delftia acidovorans
**Neisseria cinerea
*Certain microorganisms which might be seen in patients with clinical chorioamnionitis at term:
**[[Ureaplasma urealyticum]]
**[[Gardnerella vaginalis]]
**Mycoplasma hominis
**[[Streptococcus agalactiae]]
**Lactobacillus species
**Bacteroides species
**Acinetobacter species
**Sneathia
**[[Streptococcus viridans]]
**Porphyromonas species
**Veillonella species
**Peptostreptococcus species
**[[Escherichia coli]]
**[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
**[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
**Eubacterium species
**Gram negative bacilli
**Enterococcus species
**Fusobacterium species
**[[Candida|Candida species]]
**Micrococcus luteus
**Firmicute
**[[Propionibacterium acnes]]
**Abiotrophia defective
**[[Staphylococcus epidermidis]]


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|'''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|'''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|'''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|'''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|'''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|'''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|'''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Escherichia coli]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Escherichia coli]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|'''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|'''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Mycoplasma hominis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Mycoplasma hominis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|'''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|'''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adenovirus]],  [[Bacteroides ]],  [[Candida albicans]],  [[Chlamydia trachomatis]],  [[Endometritis]],  [[Enterobacteriaceae]],  [[Escherichia coli]], [[Gardnerella vaginalis ]],  [[Gram-negative anaerobes ]],  [[Listeria monocytogenes]],  [[Mycoplasma hominis ]],  [[Prevotella bivius]],  [[Streptococcus group b]],  [[Streptococcus group a]],  [[Ureaplasma urealyticum]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Adenovirus]],  [[Bacteroides ]] ,  [[Candida albicans]],  [[Chlamydia trachomatis]],  [[Endometritis]],  [[Enterobacteriaceae]],  [[Escherichia coli]], [[Fusobacterium|Fusobacteria sp.]], [[Gardnerella vaginalis ]] ,  [[Gram-negative anaerobes ]] ,  [[Listeria monocytogenes]],  [[Mycoplasma hominis ]] ,  [[Prevotella bivius]],  [[Streptococcus group b]],  [[Streptococcus group a]],  [[Ureaplasma urealyticum]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|'''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|'''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Mycoplasma hominis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Mycoplasma hominis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|'''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|'''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chlamydia trachomatis]],  [[Endometritis]],  [[Prolonged labor]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Chlamydia trachomatis]],  [[Endometritis]],  [[Prolonged labor]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|'''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|'''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|'''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|'''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|'''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|'''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|'''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|'''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Gardnerella vaginalis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Gardnerella vaginalis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|'''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|'''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Urinary tract infection]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Urinary tract infection]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|'''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Common Causes in Alphabetical Order===
 
*[[Adenovirus]]
*[[Adenovirus]]
*[[Bacteroides ]]
*[[Bacteroides]]
*[[Candida albicans]]
*[[Candida albicans]]
*[[Chlamydia trachomatis]]
*[[Chlamydia trachomatis]]
*[[Endometritis]]
*[[Enterobacteriaceae]]
*[[Enterobacteriaceae]]
*[[Escherichia coli]]
*[[Escherichia coli]]
*[[Gardnerella vaginalis ]]
**[[Fusobacterium|Fusobacteria sp.]]
*[[Gram-negative anaerobes ]]
*[[Gardnerella vaginalis]]
*[[Gram-negative anaerobes]]
*[[Group B Streptococcus]]
*[[Listeria monocytogenes]]
*[[Listeria monocytogenes]]
*[[Mycoplasma hominis ]]
*[[Mycoplasma hominis]]
*[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]]
*[[Prevotella bivius]]
*[[Prevotella bivius]]
*[[Prolonged labor]]
*[[Streptococcus group b]]
*[[Streptococcus group a]]
*[[Ureaplasma urealyticum]]
*[[Ureaplasma urealyticum]]
*[[Urinary tract infection]]


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Bacterial diseases]]
[[Category:Bacterial diseases]]
[[Category:NeedsEnglishReview]]

Latest revision as of 16:01, 6 July 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Adnan Ezici, M.D[2] ; Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.

Overview

Causes

Chorioamnionitis may be caused by either bacterial, fungal, or viral microorganisms.[1]

Common Causes

Common bacterial causes of chorioamnionitis include:[1][2]

Common causative pathogens could be further divided based on the clinical outcome


Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Escherichia coli
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic Mycoplasma hominis
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Adenovirus, Bacteroides  , Candida albicans, Chlamydia trachomatis, Endometritis, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, Fusobacteria sp., Gardnerella vaginalis  , Gram-negative anaerobes , Listeria monocytogenes, Mycoplasma hominis  , Prevotella bivius, Streptococcus group b, Streptococcus group a, Ureaplasma urealyticum
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic Mycoplasma hominis
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic Chlamydia trachomatis, Endometritis, Prolonged labor
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual Gardnerella vaginalis
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic Urinary tract infection
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Common Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Fowler JR, Simon LV. PMID 30335284. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kim CJ, Romero R, Chaemsaithong P, Chaiyasit N, Yoon BH, Kim YM (October 2015). "Acute chorioamnionitis and funisitis: definition, pathologic features, and clinical significance". Am J Obstet Gynecol. 213 (4 Suppl): S29–52. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.08.040. PMC 4774647. PMID 26428501.

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