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==Overview==
==Overview==
Patients with [[DIC]] may have a history of [[abruptio placentae]], [[amniotic fluid embolism]], [[aortic aneurysm]], [[blood transfusion]] reaction, [[drug]] exposure (e.g. [[amphetamines]]), [[eclampsia]], giant [[hemangioma]], [[graft-versus-host disease]], [[HELLP syndrome]], hemolytic transfusion reaction, [[liver disease]], [[malignancy]] (especially [[acute promyelocytic leukemia]]), [[sepsis]] (esp. [[gram-negative bacteria]]), severe [[allergic reaction]], [[transplant rejection]], [[trauma]] (e.g. [[fat embolism]], [[head injury]]), [[Venomous snake bites|venomous snake]] and [[viral hemorrhagic fever]].


==History==
==History==
Patients with DIC may have a history of one of the following:<ref name="pmid19222477">{{cite journal |vauthors=Levi M, Toh CH, Thachil J, Watson HG |title=Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation. British Committee for Standards in Haematology |journal=Br. J. Haematol. |volume=145 |issue=1 |pages=24–33 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19222477 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07600.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18066597">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ghosh K, Shetty S |title=Blood coagulation in falciparum malaria--a review |journal=Parasitol. Res. |volume=102 |issue=4 |pages=571–6 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18066597 |doi=10.1007/s00436-007-0832-0 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid580488">{{cite journal |vauthors=Siegal T, Seligsohn U, Aghai E, Modan M |title=Clinical and laboratory aspects of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC): a study of 118 cases |journal=Thromb. Haemost. |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=122–34 |date=February 1978 |pmid=580488 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Abruptio placentae]]
* [[Amniotic fluid embolism]]
* [[Aortic aneurysm]]
* [[Transfusion reaction|Blood transfusion reaction]]
* [[Drugs]] (e.g. [[amphetamines]])
* [[Eclampsia]]
* [[Hemangioma|Giant hemangioma]]
* [[Graft-versus-host disease]]
* [[HELLP syndrome]]
* [[Transfusion reaction|Hemolytic transfusion reaction]]
* [[Liver disease]]
* [[Malignancy]] (especially [[acute promyelocytic leukemia]])
* [[Sepsis]] (esp. [[gram-negative bacteria]])
* [[Allergy|Severe allergic reaction]]
* [[Transplant rejection]]
* [[Trauma]] (e.g. [[fat embolism]], [[head injury]])
* Venomous snake
* [[Viral hemorrhagic fever]]


==Symptoms==
==Symptoms==
Symptoms of DIC vary depending on the magnitude of the imbalance of hemostasis, type of the disease, and the underlying cause. Common manifestations of DIC include bleeding and/or thrombosis with the resulting end organ damage. Patients with acute DIC typically present with bleeding symptoms ranging from oozing from venipuncture sites, petechiae, and ecchymoses; whereas chronic DIC is often associated with hypercoagulable states and thromboembolic complications.
Symptoms of [[DIC]] vary depending on the magnitude of the imbalance of [[hemostasis]], type of the disease, and the underlying cause. Common manifestations of [[DIC]] include [[bleeding]] and/or [[thrombosis]] with the resulting [[end organ damage]]. Patients with acute [[DIC]] typically present with bleeding symptoms ranging from oozing from [[venipuncture]] sites, [[petechiae]], and [[ecchymoses]]; whereas chronic [[DIC]] is often associated with [[hypercoagulable states]] and [[thromboembolic]] complications.


===Bleeding Symptoms===
=== Bleeding Symptoms <ref name="pmid580488">{{cite journal |vauthors=Siegal T, Seligsohn U, Aghai E, Modan M |title=Clinical and laboratory aspects of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC): a study of 118 cases |journal=Thromb. Haemost. |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=122–34 |date=February 1978 |pmid=580488 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1531791">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fourrier F, Chopin C, Goudemand J, Hendrycx S, Caron C, Rime A, Marey A, Lestavel P |title=Septic shock, multiple organ failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Compared patterns of antithrombin III, protein C, and protein S deficiencies |journal=Chest |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=816–23 |date=March 1992 |pmid=1531791 |doi= |url=}}</ref> ===
* Petechiae
* [[Petechiae]]
* Ecchymoses
* [[Ecchymoses]]
* Blood oozing from wound sites, intravenous lines, catheters, mucosal surfaces
* [[Blood]] oozing from wound sites, intravenous lines, catheters, [[mucosal]] surfaces
* Hemorrhage involving gastrointestinal tract, lungs, or central nervous system
* [[Hemorrhage]] involving [[gastrointestinal tract]], [[lungs]], or [[central nervous system]]


===Thrombosis Symptoms===
===Thrombosis Symptoms===
* Venous thromboembolism
* [[Venous]] [[thromboembolism]]
* Arterial thrombosis with tissue or organ ischemia
* [[Arterial thrombosis]] with tissue or organ [[ischemia]]
* Cerebral embolism
* [[Cerebral embolism]]


===Organ Dysfunction===
===Organ Dysfunction===
* Symptoms of acute kidney injury
 
:* Decreased urinary output
===== Symptoms of acute kidney injury =====
:* Edema
* Decreased [[urinary]] output
:* Nausea
* [[Edema]]
:* Fatigue
* [[Nausea]]
* Symptoms of hepatic dysfunction
* [[Fatigue]]
:* Jaundice
 
:* Nausea
===== Symptoms of hepatic dysfunction =====
:* Abdominal pain and swelling
* [[Jaundice]]
* Symptoms of acute lung injury
* [[Nausea]]
:* Hemoptysis
* [[Abdominal pain]] and [[swelling]]
:* Dyspnea
 
* Symptoms of neurologic dysfunction
===== Symptoms of acute lung injury =====
:* Coma
* [[Hemoptysis]]
:* Delirium
* [[Dyspnea]]
:* Focal neurologic deficits
 
* Symptoms of adrenal insufficiency
===== Symptoms of neurologic dysfunction =====
:* Fatigue
* [[Coma]]
:* Nausea
* [[Delirium]]
:* Low blood pressure
* Focal [[Neurological|neurologic]] deficits
:* Altered mental status
 
===== Symptoms of adrenal insufficiency =====
* [[Fatigue]]
* [[Nausea]]
* [[Low blood pressure]]
* [[Altered mental status]]


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 02:40, 24 December 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Shyam Patel [2]

Overview

Patients with DIC may have a history of abruptio placentae, amniotic fluid embolism, aortic aneurysm, blood transfusion reaction, drug exposure (e.g. amphetamines), eclampsia, giant hemangioma, graft-versus-host disease, HELLP syndrome, hemolytic transfusion reaction, liver disease, malignancy (especially acute promyelocytic leukemia), sepsis (esp. gram-negative bacteria), severe allergic reaction, transplant rejection, trauma (e.g. fat embolism, head injury), venomous snake and viral hemorrhagic fever.

History

Patients with DIC may have a history of one of the following:[1][2][3]

Symptoms

Symptoms of DIC vary depending on the magnitude of the imbalance of hemostasis, type of the disease, and the underlying cause. Common manifestations of DIC include bleeding and/or thrombosis with the resulting end organ damage. Patients with acute DIC typically present with bleeding symptoms ranging from oozing from venipuncture sites, petechiae, and ecchymoses; whereas chronic DIC is often associated with hypercoagulable states and thromboembolic complications.

Bleeding Symptoms [3][4]

Thrombosis Symptoms

Organ Dysfunction

Symptoms of acute kidney injury
Symptoms of hepatic dysfunction
Symptoms of acute lung injury
Symptoms of neurologic dysfunction
Symptoms of adrenal insufficiency

References

  1. ↑ Levi M, Toh CH, Thachil J, Watson HG (April 2009). "Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation. British Committee for Standards in Haematology". Br. J. Haematol. 145 (1): 24–33. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07600.x. PMID 19222477.
  2. ↑ Ghosh K, Shetty S (March 2008). "Blood coagulation in falciparum malaria--a review". Parasitol. Res. 102 (4): 571–6. doi:10.1007/s00436-007-0832-0. PMID 18066597.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Siegal T, Seligsohn U, Aghai E, Modan M (February 1978). "Clinical and laboratory aspects of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC): a study of 118 cases". Thromb. Haemost. 39 (1): 122–34. PMID 580488.
  4. ↑ Fourrier F, Chopin C, Goudemand J, Hendrycx S, Caron C, Rime A, Marey A, Lestavel P (March 1992). "Septic shock, multiple organ failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Compared patterns of antithrombin III, protein C, and protein S deficiencies". Chest. 101 (3): 816–23. PMID 1531791.


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