Endocarditis surgery: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Early valve surgery should be scheduled when there is [[heart failure]] due to the valve dysfunction, left-sided infective endocarditis due to ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'', fungal or highly resistant organisms, or a [[heart block]], annular or aortic [[abscess]] or destructive lesions. | Early valve [[surgery]] should be scheduled when there is [[heart failure]] due to the [[valve]] dysfunction, left-sided [[infective endocarditis]] due to ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'', [[fungal]] or highly resistant [[Organism|organisms]], or a [[heart block]], annular or aortic [[abscess]] or destructive lesions. Other indications include persistent [[bacteremia]] or [[fever]] 5 to 7 following the initiation of the [[antibiotic]]s, relapse of the infection despite a complete course of [[antibiotics]] in [[prosthetic valve]] [[endocarditis]] when no portal of infection can be identified, recurrent [[emboli]] and persistent [[Vegetation (pathology)|vegetations]] despite [[antibiotic therapy]], and mobile [[Vegetation (pathology)|vegetations]] with a length more than 10 mm in native valve [[endocarditis]]. Surgical removal of the [[valve]] is necessary for patients who fail to clear [[micro-organisms]] from their blood in response to [[antibiotic]] therapy, or in patients who develop [[cardiac failure]] resulting from destruction of a [[valve]] by [[infection]]. A removed valve is usually replaced with an artificial [[valve]] which may either be mechanical (metallic) or obtained from an animal such as a pig; the latter are termed [[Bioprosthetic valves|bioprosthetic]] valves. Surgical treatment of [[endocarditis]] involves excision of all infected [[valve]] tissue, drainage and [[debridement]] of [[abscess]] cavities, repair or replacement of damaged [[valves]], and repair of any associated pathology such as [[fistula]]s or [[septal]] defects. | ||
==Surgery== | ==Surgery== | ||
===Indications=== | ===Indications=== | ||
Indications for surgical debridement of vegetations and infected perivalvular tissue, with valve replacement or repair as needed are listed below:<ref name= Baddour>{{cite journal | author = Baddour Larry M., Wilson Walter R., Bayer Arnold S., Fowler Vance G. Jr, Bolger Ann F., Levison Matthew E., Ferrieri Patricia, Gerber Michael A., Tani Lloyd Y., Gewitz Michael H., Tong David C., Steckelberg James M., Baltimore Robert S., Shulman Stanford T., Burns Jane C., Falace Donald A., Newburger Jane W., Pallasch Thomas J., Takahashi Masato, Taubert Kathryn A.| title = Infective Endocarditis: Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Therapy, and Management of Complications: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association-Executive Summary: Endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. | journal = Circulation | volume = 111 | issue = 23 | pages = 3167-84 | year = 2005 | id = PMID 15956145 }}</ref> | Indications for surgical [[debridement]] of [[Vegetation (pathology)|vegetations]] and infected perivalvular tissue, with [[valve]] replacement or repair as needed, are listed below:<ref name="Baddour">{{cite journal | author = Baddour Larry M., Wilson Walter R., Bayer Arnold S., Fowler Vance G. Jr, Bolger Ann F., Levison Matthew E., Ferrieri Patricia, Gerber Michael A., Tani Lloyd Y., Gewitz Michael H., Tong David C., Steckelberg James M., Baltimore Robert S., Shulman Stanford T., Burns Jane C., Falace Donald A., Newburger Jane W., Pallasch Thomas J., Takahashi Masato, Taubert Kathryn A.| title = Infective Endocarditis: Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Therapy, and Management of Complications: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association-Executive Summary: Endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. | journal = Circulation | volume = 111 | issue = 23 | pages = 3167-84 | year = 2005 | id = PMID 15956145 }}</ref> | ||
# Moderate to severe [[congestive heart failure]] due to valve dysfunction | # Moderate to severe [[congestive heart failure]] due to valve dysfunction | ||
# Unstable valve prosthesis | # Unstable valve [[prosthesis]] | ||
# Uncontrolled infection for > 1–3 week despite maximal antimicrobial therapy | # Uncontrolled infection for > 1–3 week despite maximal [[antimicrobial]] therapy | ||
# Persistent [[bacteremia]] | # Persistent [[bacteremia]] | ||
#[[endocarditis|Fungal endocarditis]] | #[[endocarditis|Fungal endocarditis]] | ||
# Relapse after optimal therapy in a prosthetic valve | # Relapse after optimal therapy in a [[Prosthetic valves|prosthetic valve]] | ||
# Vegetation in Situ | #[[Vegetation (pathology)|Vegetation]] in Situ | ||
# Prosthetic valve [[endocarditis]] with perivalvular invasion | #[[Prosthetic valves|Prosthetic valve]] [[endocarditis]] with a perivalvular invasion | ||
# [[Endocarditis]] caused by [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]] or other gram-negative bacilli that | # [[Endocarditis]] caused by [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]] or other gram-negative bacilli that have not responded after 7–10 days of maximal [[antimicrobial]] therapy | ||
# Perivalvular extension of infection and abscess formation | # Perivalvular extension of [[infection]] and [[abscess]] formation | ||
# [[Staphylococcal]] infection of prosthesis | # [[Staphylococcal]] infection of prosthesis | ||
# Persistent [[fever]] (culture negative) | # Persistent [[fever]] (culture negative) | ||
# Large vegetation (>10 mm is associated with an increased risk of embolism) | # Large [[Vegetation (pathology)|vegetation]] (>10 mm is associated with an increased risk of [[embolism]]) | ||
# Relapse after optimal therapy in a native valve | # Relapse after optimal therapy in a native valve | ||
# Vegetations that obstruct the valve orifice | #[[Vegetation (pathology)|Vegetations]] that obstruct the valve orifice | ||
# Onset of [[AV block]] | # Onset of [[AV block]] | ||
==Principles of Surgical Treatment of Endocarditis== | ==Principles of Surgical Treatment of Endocarditis== | ||
Surgical treatment of endocarditis includes:<ref name= Baddour>{{cite journal | author = Baddour Larry M., Wilson Walter R., Bayer Arnold S., Fowler Vance G. Jr, Bolger Ann F., Levison Matthew E., Ferrieri Patricia, Gerber Michael A., Tani Lloyd Y., Gewitz Michael H., Tong David C., Steckelberg James M., Baltimore Robert S., Shulman Stanford T., Burns Jane C., Falace Donald A., Newburger Jane W., Pallasch Thomas J., Takahashi Masato, Taubert Kathryn A.| title = Infective Endocarditis: Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Therapy, and Management of Complications: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association-Executive Summary: Endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. | journal = Circulation | volume = 111 | issue = 23 | pages = 3167-84 | year = 2005 | id = PMID 15956145 }}</ref> | Surgical treatment of endocarditis includes:<ref name="Baddour">{{cite journal | author = Baddour Larry M., Wilson Walter R., Bayer Arnold S., Fowler Vance G. Jr, Bolger Ann F., Levison Matthew E., Ferrieri Patricia, Gerber Michael A., Tani Lloyd Y., Gewitz Michael H., Tong David C., Steckelberg James M., Baltimore Robert S., Shulman Stanford T., Burns Jane C., Falace Donald A., Newburger Jane W., Pallasch Thomas J., Takahashi Masato, Taubert Kathryn A.| title = Infective Endocarditis: Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Therapy, and Management of Complications: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association-Executive Summary: Endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. | journal = Circulation | volume = 111 | issue = 23 | pages = 3167-84 | year = 2005 | id = PMID 15956145 }}</ref> | ||
*Excision of all infected [[valve]] tissue | *Excision of all infected [[valve]] tissue | ||
*Drainage and debridement of [[abscess]] cavities | *Drainage and debridement of [[abscess]] cavities | ||
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==Aortic Valve - Surgical Options== | ==Aortic Valve - Surgical Options== | ||
If the [[infection]] is limited to the leaflets, then the [[aortic valve]] should be replaced. If the infection extends to the | If the [[infection]] is limited to the leaflets, then the [[aortic valve]] should be replaced. If the infection extends to the annulus or beyond, then the infected tissues should be debrided. Any abscesses should be drained and the aortic root should be replaced. | ||
==Atrioventricular Valve - Surgical Options== | ==Atrioventricular Valve - Surgical Options== | ||
If the infection is limited to the leaflets, then the vegetations should be excised, perforations should be repaired, and a reduction annuloplasty should be performed. If the infection extends to the | If the infection is limited to the leaflets, then the vegetations should be excised, perforations should be repaired, and a reduction annuloplasty should be performed. If the infection extends to the annulus or beyond, then a valve replacement should be performed, and abscesses should be debrided and obliterated. In some cases the tricuspid valve may be excised. | ||
==Surgical Outcomes== | ==Surgical Outcomes== | ||
Operative mortality is 15 - 20%. The development of an infection of a prosthetic valve during operation for [[endocarditis|native valve endocarditis]] is 4%, it is higher (12 - 16%) if active [[endocarditis]] is present at the time of the surgery. Late survival at 5 years for [[endocarditis|native valve endocarditis]] is 70 - 80% and for [[endocarditis|prosthetic valve endocarditis]] is 50 - 80%.<ref name= Baddour>{{cite journal | author = Baddour Larry M., Wilson Walter R., Bayer Arnold S., Fowler Vance G. Jr, Bolger Ann F., Levison Matthew E., Ferrieri Patricia, Gerber Michael A., Tani Lloyd Y., Gewitz Michael H., Tong David C., Steckelberg James M., Baltimore Robert S., Shulman Stanford T., Burns Jane C., Falace Donald A., Newburger Jane W., Pallasch Thomas J., Takahashi Masato, Taubert Kathryn A.| title = Infective Endocarditis: Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Therapy, and Management of Complications: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association-Executive Summary: Endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. | journal = Circulation | volume = 111 | issue = 23 | pages = 3167-84 | year = 2005 | id = PMID 15956145 }}</ref> | Operative mortality is 15 - 20%. The development of an infection of a prosthetic valve during operation for [[endocarditis|native valve endocarditis]] is 4%, it is higher (12 - 16%) if active [[endocarditis]] is present at the time of the surgery. Late survival at 5 years for [[endocarditis|native valve endocarditis]] is 70 - 80% and for [[endocarditis|prosthetic valve endocarditis]] is 50 - 80%.<ref name="Baddour">{{cite journal | author = Baddour Larry M., Wilson Walter R., Bayer Arnold S., Fowler Vance G. Jr, Bolger Ann F., Levison Matthew E., Ferrieri Patricia, Gerber Michael A., Tani Lloyd Y., Gewitz Michael H., Tong David C., Steckelberg James M., Baltimore Robert S., Shulman Stanford T., Burns Jane C., Falace Donald A., Newburger Jane W., Pallasch Thomas J., Takahashi Masato, Taubert Kathryn A.| title = Infective Endocarditis: Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Therapy, and Management of Complications: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association-Executive Summary: Endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. | journal = Circulation | volume = 111 | issue = 23 | pages = 3167-84 | year = 2005 | id = PMID 15956145 }}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 22:58, 5 March 2020
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Endocarditis Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease |
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Case Studies |
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Endocarditis surgery On the Web |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editors-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2] Maliha Shakil, M.D. [3]
Overview
Early valve surgery should be scheduled when there is heart failure due to the valve dysfunction, left-sided infective endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus, fungal or highly resistant organisms, or a heart block, annular or aortic abscess or destructive lesions. Other indications include persistent bacteremia or fever 5 to 7 following the initiation of the antibiotics, relapse of the infection despite a complete course of antibiotics in prosthetic valve endocarditis when no portal of infection can be identified, recurrent emboli and persistent vegetations despite antibiotic therapy, and mobile vegetations with a length more than 10 mm in native valve endocarditis. Surgical removal of the valve is necessary for patients who fail to clear micro-organisms from their blood in response to antibiotic therapy, or in patients who develop cardiac failure resulting from destruction of a valve by infection. A removed valve is usually replaced with an artificial valve which may either be mechanical (metallic) or obtained from an animal such as a pig; the latter are termed bioprosthetic valves. Surgical treatment of endocarditis involves excision of all infected valve tissue, drainage and debridement of abscess cavities, repair or replacement of damaged valves, and repair of any associated pathology such as fistulas or septal defects.
Surgery
Indications
Indications for surgical debridement of vegetations and infected perivalvular tissue, with valve replacement or repair as needed, are listed below:[1]
- Moderate to severe congestive heart failure due to valve dysfunction
- Unstable valve prosthesis
- Uncontrolled infection for > 1–3 week despite maximal antimicrobial therapy
- Persistent bacteremia
- Fungal endocarditis
- Relapse after optimal therapy in a prosthetic valve
- Vegetation in Situ
- Prosthetic valve endocarditis with a perivalvular invasion
- Endocarditis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa or other gram-negative bacilli that have not responded after 7–10 days of maximal antimicrobial therapy
- Perivalvular extension of infection and abscess formation
- Staphylococcal infection of prosthesis
- Persistent fever (culture negative)
- Large vegetation (>10 mm is associated with an increased risk of embolism)
- Relapse after optimal therapy in a native valve
- Vegetations that obstruct the valve orifice
- Onset of AV block
Principles of Surgical Treatment of Endocarditis
Surgical treatment of endocarditis includes:[1]
- Excision of all infected valve tissue
- Drainage and debridement of abscess cavities
- Repair or replacement of damaged valves
- Repair of any associated pathology such as septal defect, fistulas
Aortic Valve - Surgical Options
If the infection is limited to the leaflets, then the aortic valve should be replaced. If the infection extends to the annulus or beyond, then the infected tissues should be debrided. Any abscesses should be drained and the aortic root should be replaced.
Atrioventricular Valve - Surgical Options
If the infection is limited to the leaflets, then the vegetations should be excised, perforations should be repaired, and a reduction annuloplasty should be performed. If the infection extends to the annulus or beyond, then a valve replacement should be performed, and abscesses should be debrided and obliterated. In some cases the tricuspid valve may be excised.
Surgical Outcomes
Operative mortality is 15 - 20%. The development of an infection of a prosthetic valve during operation for native valve endocarditis is 4%, it is higher (12 - 16%) if active endocarditis is present at the time of the surgery. Late survival at 5 years for native valve endocarditis is 70 - 80% and for prosthetic valve endocarditis is 50 - 80%.[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Baddour Larry M., Wilson Walter R., Bayer Arnold S., Fowler Vance G. Jr, Bolger Ann F., Levison Matthew E., Ferrieri Patricia, Gerber Michael A., Tani Lloyd Y., Gewitz Michael H., Tong David C., Steckelberg James M., Baltimore Robert S., Shulman Stanford T., Burns Jane C., Falace Donald A., Newburger Jane W., Pallasch Thomas J., Takahashi Masato, Taubert Kathryn A. (2005). "Infective Endocarditis: Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Therapy, and Management of Complications: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association-Executive Summary: Endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Circulation. 111 (23): 3167–84. PMID 15956145.