Scoliosis causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
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{{Scoliosis}}
{{Scoliosis}}


{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Rohan}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Rohan}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==


The most common cause of scoliosis is idiopathic. Less common causes of scoliosis include congenital and neuromuscular.
The most common cause of [[scoliosis]] is [[idiopathic]]. Less common causes of scoliosis include [[congenital]] and [[neuromuscular]].
==Causes==
==Causes==


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* Congenital (present at birth) scoliosis is due to failure of vertebral formation or segmentation of affected vertebrae in utero.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Winter |first1=RB |last2=Moe |first2=JH |date=1960,Jan 01 |title=Congenital Scoliosis A Study of 234 Patients Treated and Untreated Part I: Natural History |url= |journal=J Bone Joint Surg Am. |volume=50 |issue=1 |page=1-15 |doi= |pmc= |pmid= |access-date= | name-list-format=vanc }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Imagama |first1=S |last2=Kawakami |first2=N |date=2005 |title=Spatial relationships between a deformed vertebra and an adjacent vertebra in congenial scoliosis-failure of formation. |url= |journal=J Jpn Scoliosis Soc. |volume=20 |issue= |pages=20-25 |doi= |pmc= |pmid= |access-date= | name-list-format=vanc }}</ref>
* Congenital (present at birth) scoliosis is due to failure of vertebral formation or segmentation of affected vertebrae in utero.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Winter |first1=RB |last2=Moe |first2=JH |date=1960,Jan 01 |title=Congenital Scoliosis A Study of 234 Patients Treated and Untreated Part I: Natural History |url= |journal=J Bone Joint Surg Am. |volume=50 |issue=1 |page=1-15 |doi= |pmc= |pmid= |access-date= | name-list-format=vanc }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Imagama |first1=S |last2=Kawakami |first2=N |date=2005 |title=Spatial relationships between a deformed vertebra and an adjacent vertebra in congenial scoliosis-failure of formation. |url= |journal=J Jpn Scoliosis Soc. |volume=20 |issue= |pages=20-25 |doi= |pmc= |pmid= |access-date= | name-list-format=vanc }}</ref>
* Neuromuscular scoliosis is caused by problems such as poor muscle control or muscle weakness, or paralysis due to diseases such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, spina bifida, and polio.<ref name="McCarthy1999">{{cite journal|last1=McCarthy|first1=Richard E.|title=MANAGEMENT OF NEUROMUSCULAR SCOLIOSIS|journal=Orthopedic Clinics of North America|volume=30|issue=3|year=1999|pages=435–449|issn=00305898|doi=10.1016/S0030-5898(05)70096-1}}</ref>
* [[Scoliosis|Neuromuscular scoliosis]] is caused by problems such as poor [[muscle]] control or [[muscle weakness]], or [[paralysis]] due to diseases such as [[cerebral palsy]], [[muscular dystrophy]], [[spina bifida]], and [[polio]].<ref name="McCarthy1999">{{cite journal|last1=McCarthy|first1=Richard E.|title=MANAGEMENT OF NEUROMUSCULAR SCOLIOSIS|journal=Orthopedic Clinics of North America|volume=30|issue=3|year=1999|pages=435–449|issn=00305898|doi=10.1016/S0030-5898(05)70096-1}}</ref>
* Idiopathic scoliosis is scoliosis of unknown cause. Idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents is the most common type.<ref name=":0">Azar, F., Canale, S., Beaty, J. & Campbell, W. (2017). Campbell's operative orthopaedics. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. Page: 1898-2028.</ref>
* [[Idiopathic scoliosis]] is scoliosis of unknown cause. [[Idiopathic scoliosis]] in adolescents is the most common type.<ref name=":0">Azar, F., Canale, S., Beaty, J. & Campbell, W. (2017). Campbell's operative orthopaedics. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. Page: 1898-2028.</ref>
===Life-threatening Causes===
===Life-threatening Causes===
*Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of [[disease name]], however complications resulting from untreated [[disease name]] is common.
*There are no life-threatening causes of [[scoliosis]], however complications resulting from untreated [[scoliosis]] is common.


=== Common causes ===
=== Common causes ===
Common causes of scoliosis include:<ref name=":0" />
Common causes of [[scoliosis]] include:<ref name=":0" />
* Idiopathic
* [[Idiopathic]]


=== Less Common Causes ===
=== Less Common Causes ===
Less Common causes of scoliosis can be divided into:<ref name="McCarthy1999" />
Less Common causes of [[scoliosis]] can be divided into:<ref name="McCarthy1999" /><ref name=":0" />


'''Nonstructural scoliosis'''
'''Nonstructural scoliosis'''
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*[[Tuberculosis]] of the spine
*[[Tuberculosis]] of the spine
*Unilateral bar
*Unilateral bar
*[[VonRecklinghausen's Disease]]<br />
*[[VonRecklinghausen's Disease]]


=== Genetic Causes ===
=== Genetic Causes ===
*Scoliosis may be caused by a mutations in the Mendelian gene, including:
*[[Scoliosis]] may be caused by a mutations in the [[Mendelian genetics|Mendelian gene]], including:
**CHD7 gene
**[[CHD7]] gene
**PAX1 gene
**[[PAX1]] gene


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===


{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Dwarfism]].
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Appendicitis]].
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Chondrodysplasia]], [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]], [[Fredrick's Ataxia]], [[Marfan's Syndrome]], [[Osteogenesis imperfecta]], [[Rheumatoid Arthritis]], Unilateral bar and [[VonRecklinghausen's Disease]]. 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | Postoperative.
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Brucella]] infection of the spine, [[Polyomyelitis]], [[Salmonella infection]] of the spine and [[Tuberculosis]] of the spine.
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | Local [[inflammation]], Leg length discrepancy, [[Muscle spasm]], Amyoplasia congenita, [[Arthrogryposis]], [[Bechterew's Disease]], [[Benign tumors]], [[Brucella]] infection of the spine, [[Cerebral Palsy]], [[Chondrodysplasia]], [[Dislocation]], [[Dwarfism]], [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]], Hemivertebra, [[Malignant tumors]], [[Muscular Dystrophy]], [[Osteogenesis imperfecta]], [[Osteomalacia]], [[Osteoporosis]], [[Rheumatic disease]] of the spine, [[Rheumatoid Arthritis]], [[Rickets]], [[Salmonella infection]] of the spine, [[Scheuermann's disease]], [[Spinal cord trauma]], [[Spinal muscular atrophy]], [[Still's Disease]], [[Tuberculosis]] of the spine and Unilateral bar.
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cerebral Palsy]], [[Fredrick's Ataxia]], [[Muscular Dystrophy]], [[Polyomyelitis]], [[Scheuermann's disease]], [[Spinal cord trauma]], [[Spinal muscular atrophy]] and [[Syringomyelia]].
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Homocystinuria]], [[Morquio's Disease]], [[Osteomalacia]], [[Osteoporosis]] and [[Rickets]].
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Benign tumors]], [[Irradiation]] and [[Malignant tumors]].
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Bechterew's Disease]], [[Rheumatoid Arthritis]], [[Rheumatic disease]] of the spine and [[Still's Disease]].
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Spinal cord trauma]].
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Irradiation]] and Postoperative.
|-
|-
|}
|}
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List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order:
List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order:
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
* Cause 1
* [[Appendicitis]]
* Cause 2
* Amyoplasia congenita
* Cause 3
*[[Arthrogryposis]]
* Cause 4
*[[Bechterew's Disease]]
* Cause 5
*[[Benign tumors]]
* Cause 6
*[[Brucella]] infection of the spine
* Cause 7
*[[Cerebral Palsy]]
* Cause 8
*[[Chondrodysplasia]]
* Cause 9
*[[Dislocation]]
* Cause 10
*[[Dwarfism]]
*[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]]
*[[Fredrick's Ataxia]]
*Hemivertebra
*[[Homocystinuria]]
*Idiopathic
*[[Irradiation]]
*Leg length discrepancy
*Local [[inflammation]]
*[[Malignant tumors]]
*[[Marfan's Syndrome]]
*[[Morquio's Disease]]
*[[Muscle spasms]]
*[[Muscular Dystrophy]]
*[[Osteogenesis imperfecta]]
*[[Osteomalacia]]
*[[Osteoporosis]]
*[[Polyomyelitis]]
*Postoperative
*[[Rheumatic disease]] of the spine
*[[Rheumatoid Arthritis]]
*[[Rickets]]
*[[Salmonella infection]] of the spine
*[[Scheuermann's disease]]
*[[Spinal cord trauma]]
*[[Spinal muscular atrophy]]
*[[Still's Disease]]
*[[Syringomyelia]]
*[[Tuberculosis]] of the spine
*Unilateral bar
*[[VonRecklinghausen's Disease]]
</div>
</div>


Latest revision as of 15:18, 10 December 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rohan A. Bhimani, M.B.B.S., D.N.B., M.Ch.[2]

Overview

The most common cause of scoliosis is idiopathic. Less common causes of scoliosis include congenital and neuromuscular.

Causes

There are three general causes of scoliosis:

Life-threatening Causes

  • There are no life-threatening causes of scoliosis, however complications resulting from untreated scoliosis is common.

Common causes

Common causes of scoliosis include:[4]

Less Common Causes

Less Common causes of scoliosis can be divided into:[3][4]

Nonstructural scoliosis

Structural scoliosis

Genetic Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Dwarfism.
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Appendicitis.
Genetic Chondrodysplasia, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Fredrick's Ataxia, Marfan's Syndrome, Osteogenesis imperfecta, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Unilateral bar and VonRecklinghausen's Disease.
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic Postoperative.
Infectious Disease Brucella infection of the spine, Polyomyelitis, Salmonella infection of the spine and Tuberculosis of the spine.
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Local inflammation, Leg length discrepancy, Muscle spasm, Amyoplasia congenita, Arthrogryposis, Bechterew's Disease, Benign tumors, Brucella infection of the spine, Cerebral Palsy, Chondrodysplasia, Dislocation, Dwarfism, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Hemivertebra, Malignant tumors, Muscular Dystrophy, Osteogenesis imperfecta, Osteomalacia, Osteoporosis, Rheumatic disease of the spine, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Rickets, Salmonella infection of the spine, Scheuermann's disease, Spinal cord trauma, Spinal muscular atrophy, Still's Disease, Tuberculosis of the spine and Unilateral bar.
Neurologic Cerebral Palsy, Fredrick's Ataxia, Muscular Dystrophy, Polyomyelitis, Scheuermann's disease, Spinal cord trauma, Spinal muscular atrophy and Syringomyelia.
Nutritional/Metabolic Homocystinuria, Morquio's Disease, Osteomalacia, Osteoporosis and Rickets.
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Benign tumors, Irradiation and Malignant tumors.
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Bechterew's Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Rheumatic disease of the spine and Still's Disease.
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Spinal cord trauma.
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Irradiation and Postoperative.

Causes in Alphabetical Order

List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order:


References

  1. ↑ Winter RB, Moe JH (1960,Jan 01). "Congenital Scoliosis A Study of 234 Patients Treated and Untreated Part I: Natural History". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 50 (1): 1-15. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ↑ Imagama S, Kawakami N (2005). "Spatial relationships between a deformed vertebra and an adjacent vertebra in congenial scoliosis-failure of formation". J Jpn Scoliosis Soc. 20: 20–25.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 McCarthy, Richard E. (1999). "MANAGEMENT OF NEUROMUSCULAR SCOLIOSIS". Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 30 (3): 435–449. doi:10.1016/S0030-5898(05)70096-1. ISSN 0030-5898.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Azar, F., Canale, S., Beaty, J. & Campbell, W. (2017). Campbell's operative orthopaedics. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. Page: 1898-2028.

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