Loefflers syndrome risk factors: Difference between revisions
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{{Loefflers syndrome}} | {{Loefflers syndrome}} | ||
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Soroush}} | |||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
There are no established risk factors for Loffler syndrome | There are no established risk factors for Loffler syndrome. Nevertheless, it has been shown that Indians, children, people live in tropical areas are at increased risk for developing the loffler syndrome. Common risk factors in the development of helminthic disorders such as ascariasis are often associated with poor sanitary conditions and environmental fecal contamination. Poor socioeconomic conditions, use of human feces as fertilizer, lack of hand washing, eating unwashed fruits and vegetables, environmental contamination with feces are among known conditions which were correlated to ascariasis. Common risk factors in the development of strongyloidiasis include: Occupations that increase contact with contaminated soil such as farming and coal mining, barefoot walking (cultural or low socioeconomic status), [[Human T-lymphotropic virus|Human T-cell lymphotropic virus]]-1 ([[HTLV-1|HTLV]]-1) infection, [[Immunosuppressive therapy]] with [[corticosteroids]] and other medications, [[Immune reconstitution syndrome]], Hematologic malignancies ([[lymphoma]]), [[Tuberculosis]], [[Malnutrition]], [[Diabetes mellitus]], [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], ([[COPD]]), [[renal failure|chronic renal failure]], Living in endemic regions, [[Alcoholism|Alcoholics]], Travelers, and immigrants. | ||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
There are no established risk factors for | There are no established risk factors for Loffler syndrome itself. Nevertheless, it has been shown that Indians, children, people live in tropical areas are at increased risk for developing loffler syndrome.Common risk factors in the development of helminthic disorders such as ascariasis are often associated with poor sanitary conditions and environmental fecal contamination. | ||
Common risk factors in the development of | |||
===Common Risk Factors=== | ===Common Risk Factors=== | ||
The risk factors for '''ascariasis''' are often associated with poor sanitary conditions and environmental fecal contamination. Risk factors for ascariasis include:<ref name="Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics">Kliegman, Robert; Stanton, Bonita; St. Geme, Joseph; Schor, Nina (2016). "Chapter 291:Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides)". Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics Twentieth Edition. Elsevier. pp. 1733–1734. ISBN 978-1-4557-7566-8.</ref><ref name="pmid27515811">{{cite journal| author=Al-Mekhlafi AM, Abdul-Ghani R, Al-Eryani SM, Saif-Ali R, Mahdy MA| title=School-based prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors in rural communities of Sana'a, Yemen. | journal=Acta Trop | year= 2016 | volume= 163 | issue= | pages= 135-41 | pmid=27515811 | doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.08.009 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27515811 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27487594">{{cite journal| author=Nwalorzie C, Onyenakazi SC, Ogwu SO, Okafor AN| title=PREDICTORS OF INTESTINAL HELMINTHIC INFECTIONS AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN IN GWAGWALADA, ABUJA, NIGERIA. | journal=Niger J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 24 | issue= 3 | pages= 233-41 | pmid=27487594 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27487594 }} </ref> | |||
The risk factors for ascariasis are often associated with poor sanitary conditions and environmental fecal contamination. Risk factors for ascariasis include:<ref name="Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics">Kliegman, Robert; Stanton, Bonita; St. Geme, Joseph; Schor, Nina (2016). "Chapter 291:Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides)". Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics Twentieth Edition. Elsevier. pp. 1733–1734. ISBN 978-1-4557-7566-8.</ref><ref name="pmid27515811">{{cite journal| author=Al-Mekhlafi AM, Abdul-Ghani R, Al-Eryani SM, Saif-Ali R, Mahdy MA| title=School-based prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors in rural communities of Sana'a, Yemen. | journal=Acta Trop | year= 2016 | volume= 163 | issue= | pages= 135-41 | pmid=27515811 | doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.08.009 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27515811 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27487594">{{cite journal| author=Nwalorzie C, Onyenakazi SC, Ogwu SO, Okafor AN| title=PREDICTORS OF INTESTINAL HELMINTHIC INFECTIONS AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN IN GWAGWALADA, ABUJA, NIGERIA. | journal=Niger J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 24 | issue= 3 | pages= 233-41 | pmid=27487594 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27487594 }} </ref> | |||
* Poor socioeconomic conditions | * Poor socioeconomic conditions | ||
* Use of human feces as fertilizer | * Use of human feces as fertilizer | ||
| Line 45: | Line 16: | ||
* Eating unwashed fruits and vegetables | * Eating unwashed fruits and vegetables | ||
* Environmental contamination with feces | * Environmental contamination with feces | ||
Common risk factors in the development of '''strongyloidiasis''' include:<ref name="pmid17042927">{{cite journal |vauthors=Evering T, Weiss LM |title=The immunology of parasite infections in immunocompromised hosts |journal=Parasite Immunol. |volume=28 |issue=11 |pages=549–65 |year=2006 |pmid=17042927 |pmc=3109637 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00886.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26925367">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ostera G, Blum J |title=Strongyloidiasis: Risk and Healthcare Access for Latin American Immigrants Living in the United States |journal=Curr Trop Med Rep |volume=3 |issue= |pages=1–3 |year=2016 |pmid=26925367 |pmc=4757600 |doi=10.1007/s40475-016-0065-3 |url=}}</ref> | |||
*Occupations that increase contact with contaminated soil such as farming and coal mining | |||
*[[Human T-lymphotropic virus|Human T-cell lymphotropic virus]]-1 ([[HTLV-1|HTLV]]-1) infection | |||
*[[Immunosuppressive therapy]] with [[corticosteroids]] and other medications, | |||
*[[Immune reconstitution syndrome]] | |||
*Hematologic malignancies ([[lymphoma]]) | |||
*[[Tuberculosis]] | |||
*[[Malnutrition]] | |||
*[[Diabetes mellitus]], [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] ([[COPD]]), [[renal failure|chronic renal failure]]. | |||
*Living in endemic regions. | |||
*[[Alcoholism|Alcoholics]] | |||
*Travelers, immigrants | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
Latest revision as of 14:53, 16 May 2019
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Soroush Seifirad, M.D.[2]
Overview
There are no established risk factors for Loffler syndrome. Nevertheless, it has been shown that Indians, children, people live in tropical areas are at increased risk for developing the loffler syndrome. Common risk factors in the development of helminthic disorders such as ascariasis are often associated with poor sanitary conditions and environmental fecal contamination. Poor socioeconomic conditions, use of human feces as fertilizer, lack of hand washing, eating unwashed fruits and vegetables, environmental contamination with feces are among known conditions which were correlated to ascariasis. Common risk factors in the development of strongyloidiasis include: Occupations that increase contact with contaminated soil such as farming and coal mining, barefoot walking (cultural or low socioeconomic status), Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) infection, Immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids and other medications, Immune reconstitution syndrome, Hematologic malignancies (lymphoma), Tuberculosis, Malnutrition, Diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, (COPD), chronic renal failure, Living in endemic regions, Alcoholics, Travelers, and immigrants.
Risk Factors
There are no established risk factors for Loffler syndrome itself. Nevertheless, it has been shown that Indians, children, people live in tropical areas are at increased risk for developing loffler syndrome.Common risk factors in the development of helminthic disorders such as ascariasis are often associated with poor sanitary conditions and environmental fecal contamination.
Common Risk Factors
The risk factors for ascariasis are often associated with poor sanitary conditions and environmental fecal contamination. Risk factors for ascariasis include:[1][2][3]
- Poor socioeconomic conditions
- Use of human feces as fertilizer
- Lack of hand washing
- Eating unwashed fruits and vegetables
- Environmental contamination with feces
Common risk factors in the development of strongyloidiasis include:[4][5]
- Occupations that increase contact with contaminated soil such as farming and coal mining
- Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) infection
- Immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids and other medications,
- Immune reconstitution syndrome
- Hematologic malignancies (lymphoma)
- Tuberculosis
- Malnutrition
- Diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic renal failure.
- Living in endemic regions.
- Alcoholics
- Travelers, immigrants
References
- ↑ Kliegman, Robert; Stanton, Bonita; St. Geme, Joseph; Schor, Nina (2016). "Chapter 291:Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides)". Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics Twentieth Edition. Elsevier. pp. 1733–1734. ISBN 978-1-4557-7566-8.
- ↑ Al-Mekhlafi AM, Abdul-Ghani R, Al-Eryani SM, Saif-Ali R, Mahdy MA (2016). "School-based prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors in rural communities of Sana'a, Yemen". Acta Trop. 163: 135–41. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.08.009. PMID 27515811.
- ↑ Nwalorzie C, Onyenakazi SC, Ogwu SO, Okafor AN (2015). "PREDICTORS OF INTESTINAL HELMINTHIC INFECTIONS AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN IN GWAGWALADA, ABUJA, NIGERIA". Niger J Med. 24 (3): 233–41. PMID 27487594.
- ↑ Evering T, Weiss LM (2006). "The immunology of parasite infections in immunocompromised hosts". Parasite Immunol. 28 (11): 549–65. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00886.x. PMC 3109637. PMID 17042927.
- ↑ Ostera G, Blum J (2016). "Strongyloidiasis: Risk and Healthcare Access for Latin American Immigrants Living in the United States". Curr Trop Med Rep. 3: 1–3. doi:10.1007/s40475-016-0065-3. PMC 4757600. PMID 26925367.