Mental retardation physical examination: Difference between revisions
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{{Mental retardation}} | {{Mental retardation}} | ||
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}} | |||
==Overview== | |||
Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3]. | |||
== References == | OR | ||
{{ | |||
Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3]. | |||
OR | |||
The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name]. | |||
OR | |||
The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name]. | |||
==Physical Examination== | |||
A detailed physical examination has three parts: <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kishore MT, Udipi GA, Seshadri SP |title=Clinical Practice Guidelines for Assessment and Management of intellectual disability |journal=Indian J Psychiatry |volume=61 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=194–210 |date=January 2019 |pmid=30745696 |pmc=6345136 |doi=10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_507_18 |url=}}</ref> | |||
# [[Anthropometry]] – provides an estimate of the [[nutrition]], any underlying [[medical]] or [[genetic]] condition. Assessment includes: [[height]], [[arm span]], sitting [[height]], [[weight]], [[head circumference]], [[chest]] circumference, [[abdominal]] circumference, [[intercanthal]] and [[interpupillary]] distances, and [[palm]] and [[foot]] lengths. | |||
# [[Dysmorphology]] [[examination]] – this documents [[birth defects]] by conducting a [[head-to-toe]] examination to look for minor physical anomalies that could shed light on the [[etiology]] of ID. | |||
# Examination of major [[organ systems]]- this could provide clues toward a [[disorder]] involving [[inborn error of metabolism]]. [[Assessment]] should include [[vision]], [[hearing]], and [[gait]]. Patients are referred to [[geneticists]] for further evaluation in case of a [[minor physical anomaly]]. | |||
#[[Behavioral]] observation – this is to correlate the [[clinical history]] and [[intellectual]] and [[behavioral]] [[abilities]]. It starts with observing [[general appearance]], any oddities in [[behavior]], [[attention span]], [[receptive]] and [[expressive]] [[speech]], [[social skills]]. | |||
*'''[[HEENT]]''' | |||
**[[Scalp]] [[hair]]: sparse, light-colored, double [[whorl]] on the [[scalp]], easily breakable | |||
**[[Skull]] shape: [[brachycephaly]], [[scaphocephaly]], [[trigonocephaly]], [[oxycephaly]], [[plagiocephaly]] | |||
**[[Facial]] appearance: [[coarse facies]], elongated, triangular, small | |||
**[[Eyes]]: deeply set, prominent, [[microphthalmia]], [[upslanting]]/[[downslanting]] [[palpebral]] [[fissures]], [[hypertelorism]], [[strabismus]], [[ptosis]], bushy [[eyebrows]], [[synopharys]], [[microcornea]], [[corneal]] [[clouding]], [[cataracts]], [[coloboma]] of the [[iris]], [[blue sclera]], [[telangiectasia]] | |||
**[[Ears]]: low set, small, large, [[malformed]], posteriorly rotated, [[anteverted]], [[periauricular tags]], [[pits]], cup shape | |||
**[[Nose]]: depressed [[nasal bridge]], short and stubby, beak-shaped, bulbous tip, flaring, hypoplastic [[nostrils]] | |||
**[[Palate]]: [[high-arched]], ridged, [[cleft]], [[bifid]] [[uvula]] | |||
**[[Chin]]: prominent, [[retrognathia]], [[micrognathia]] | |||
*'''[[Chest]]:''' [[pectus excavatum]], [[pectus carinatum]], [[nipple]] [[anomalies]], [[gynecomastia]] | |||
*'''[[Abdomen]]:''' [[Protuberant]], [[scaphoid]], [[umbilical]] [[hernia]], [[hepatosplenomegaly]], [[inguinal]] [[hernia]] | |||
*''' [[Genitourinary]]:''' [[micropenis]], [[micro-orchidism]] or [[macro-orchidism]], undescended [[testis]], [[ambiguous genitalia]], [[hypospadias]], absent [[secondary sexual characteristics]], [[shawl]] [[scrotum]] | |||
*'''[[Neuromuscular]]:''' [[kyphosis]], [[scoliosis]], [[spina bifida]] | |||
*'''[[Extremities]]''' | |||
**[[Hands]]: broad, shorthands, [[simian crease]], [[Sidney line]], spade-shaped | |||
**[[Fingers]]: [[clinodactyly]], [[brachydactyly]], [[syndactyly]], [[camptodactyly]], [[arachnodactyly]], [[polydactyly]] | |||
**[[Feet]]: [[Pes planus]], [[pes cavus]], [[valgus]]/[[varus]], broad [[hallux]], increased distance between 1st and 2nd [[toes]] | |||
*'''[[Skeletal]]''': [[exostoses]], increase carrying angles, [[joint hypermobility]] | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist|2}} | |||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
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{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
[[Category:Psychiatry]] | [[Category:Psychiatry]] | ||
[[Category:Disability]] | [[Category:Disability]] | ||
Latest revision as of 04:46, 22 July 2021
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Mental retardation physical examination |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chelsea Mae Nobleza, M.D.[2]
Overview
Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].
OR
The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].
Physical Examination
A detailed physical examination has three parts: [1]
- Anthropometry – provides an estimate of the nutrition, any underlying medical or genetic condition. Assessment includes: height, arm span, sitting height, weight, head circumference, chest circumference, abdominal circumference, intercanthal and interpupillary distances, and palm and foot lengths.
- Dysmorphology examination – this documents birth defects by conducting a head-to-toe examination to look for minor physical anomalies that could shed light on the etiology of ID.
- Examination of major organ systems- this could provide clues toward a disorder involving inborn error of metabolism. Assessment should include vision, hearing, and gait. Patients are referred to geneticists for further evaluation in case of a minor physical anomaly.
- Behavioral observation – this is to correlate the clinical history and intellectual and behavioral abilities. It starts with observing general appearance, any oddities in behavior, attention span, receptive and expressive speech, social skills.
- HEENT
- Scalp hair: sparse, light-colored, double whorl on the scalp, easily breakable
- Skull shape: brachycephaly, scaphocephaly, trigonocephaly, oxycephaly, plagiocephaly
- Facial appearance: coarse facies, elongated, triangular, small
- Eyes: deeply set, prominent, microphthalmia, upslanting/downslanting palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, strabismus, ptosis, bushy eyebrows, synopharys, microcornea, corneal clouding, cataracts, coloboma of the iris, blue sclera, telangiectasia
- Ears: low set, small, large, malformed, posteriorly rotated, anteverted, periauricular tags, pits, cup shape
- Nose: depressed nasal bridge, short and stubby, beak-shaped, bulbous tip, flaring, hypoplastic nostrils
- Palate: high-arched, ridged, cleft, bifid uvula
- Chin: prominent, retrognathia, micrognathia
- Chest: pectus excavatum, pectus carinatum, nipple anomalies, gynecomastia
- Abdomen: Protuberant, scaphoid, umbilical hernia, hepatosplenomegaly, inguinal hernia
- Genitourinary: micropenis, micro-orchidism or macro-orchidism, undescended testis, ambiguous genitalia, hypospadias, absent secondary sexual characteristics, shawl scrotum
- Neuromuscular: kyphosis, scoliosis, spina bifida
- Extremities
- Hands: broad, shorthands, simian crease, Sidney line, spade-shaped
- Fingers: clinodactyly, brachydactyly, syndactyly, camptodactyly, arachnodactyly, polydactyly
- Feet: Pes planus, pes cavus, valgus/varus, broad hallux, increased distance between 1st and 2nd toes
- Skeletal: exostoses, increase carrying angles, joint hypermobility
References
- ↑ Kishore MT, Udipi GA, Seshadri SP (January 2019). "Clinical Practice Guidelines for Assessment and Management of intellectual disability". Indian J Psychiatry. 61 (Suppl 2): 194–210. doi:10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_507_18. PMC 6345136. PMID 30745696.