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{{Adrenal insufficiency}}
{{Adrenal insufficiency}}


{{CMG}}; {{AE}}  
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Ayeesha}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
 
[[Adrenal insufficiency]] is a rare disorder. It may present in patients of all age groups. The incidence of [[autoimmune adrenalitis]] is more common in females in the age groups of 30 to 50 compared to males. Whereas, [[adrenal crisis]] does not show any female to male predilection. The most common cause of [[primary adrenal insufficiency]] in the developed world is [[autoimmune adrenalitis]]. Whereas, in the developing world it is [[Tuberculosis]]. The most common cause of central adrenal insufficiency is chronic [[glucocorticoid]] use.
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Incidence===
===Incidence===
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*[[Primary adrenal insufficiency]] commonly affects individuals between 30 to 50 years of age.  
*[[Primary adrenal insufficiency]] commonly affects individuals between 30 to 50 years of age.  
*[[Secondary adrenal insufficiency]] commonly affects individuals in the 60s. <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, de Herder WW, Dungan K, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Hofland HJ, Kaltsas G, Koch C, Kopp P, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, Morley JE, New M, Purnell J, Singer F, Stratakis CA, Trence DL, Wilson DP, Nicolaides NC, Chrousos GP, Charmandari E |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=25905309 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Secondary adrenal insufficiency]] commonly affects individuals in the 60s. <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, de Herder WW, Dungan K, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Hofland HJ, Kaltsas G, Koch C, Kopp P, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, Morley JE, New M, Purnell J, Singer F, Stratakis CA, Trence DL, Wilson DP, Nicolaides NC, Chrousos GP, Charmandari E |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=25905309 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*The incidence of [[adrenal crisis]] increase with age greater than 60 years. <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Elshimy G, Alghoula F, Jeong JM |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=29763143 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


===Race===
===Race===
Line 26: Line 27:


===Gender===
===Gender===
*[Disease name] affects men and women equally.
*Females are more commonly affected by [[adrenal insufficiency]] than males. The female to male ratio is approximately 2 to 1 for primary adrenal insufficiency. <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, de Herder WW, Dungan K, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Hofland HJ, Kaltsas G, Koch C, Kopp P, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, Morley JE, New M, Purnell J, Singer F, Stratakis CA, Trence DL, Wilson DP, Nicolaides NC, Chrousos GP, Charmandari E |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=25905309 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.
*Acute [[adrenal crisis]] affects males and females equally. <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Elshimy G, Alghoula F, Jeong JM |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=29763143 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


===Region===
===Region===
*The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].
*The highest incidence of [[adrenal insufficiency]] has been reported in [[Iceland]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Elshimy G, Alghoula F, Jeong JM |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=29763143 |doi= |url=}}</ref>.
 
*[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].


===Developed Countries===
===Developed Countries===
Worldwide, the most common cause of [[primary adrenal insufficiency]] was [[Tuberculosis]]. However, since the 1950s the incidence of [[autoimmune adrenalitis]] has been rising. Now, the most common cause of [[primary adrenal insufficiency]] in the developed world is [[autoimmune adrenalitis]]. <ref>{{cite book | last = Gardner | first = David | title = Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology | publisher = McGraw-Hill Education LLC | location = New York, N.Y | year = 2018 | isbn = 9781259589287 }}</ref>


===Developing Countries===
===Developing Countries===
The most common cause of [[primary adrenal insufficiency]] in the developing world is [[Tuberculosis]]. <ref>{{cite book | last = Gardner | first = David | title = Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology | publisher = McGraw-Hill Education LLC | location = New York, N.Y | year = 2018 | isbn = 9781259589287 }}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 23:47, 22 October 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ayeesha Kattubadi, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

Adrenal insufficiency is a rare disorder. It may present in patients of all age groups. The incidence of autoimmune adrenalitis is more common in females in the age groups of 30 to 50 compared to males. Whereas, adrenal crisis does not show any female to male predilection. The most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency in the developed world is autoimmune adrenalitis. Whereas, in the developing world it is Tuberculosis. The most common cause of central adrenal insufficiency is chronic glucocorticoid use.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

  • The incidence of adrenal insufficiency is approximately 0.8 new cases per 100,000 individuals per year individuals in the developed world. [1]
  • The incidence of adrenal insufficiency in Europe is approximately 4.4 to 6.2 new cases per 100,000 individuals per year. [2]

Prevalence

  • The prevalence of adrenal insufficiency is approximately 4-11 cases per 100,000 individuals in the developed world. [3]
  • In 2016, Iceland reported the highest prevalence of 221 cases per 100,000 individuals. [4]

Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate

Age

Race

Gender

  • Females are more commonly affected by adrenal insufficiency than males. The female to male ratio is approximately 2 to 1 for primary adrenal insufficiency. [9]
  • Acute adrenal crisis affects males and females equally. [10]

Region

Developed Countries

Worldwide, the most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency was Tuberculosis. However, since the 1950s the incidence of autoimmune adrenalitis has been rising. Now, the most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency in the developed world is autoimmune adrenalitis. [12]

Developing Countries

The most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency in the developing world is Tuberculosis. [13]

References

  1. ↑ Melmed, Shlomo (2020). Williams textbook of endocrinology. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. ISBN 9780323555968.
  2. ↑ Elshimy G, Alghoula F, Jeong JM. PMID 29763143. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. ↑ Melmed, Shlomo (2020). Williams textbook of endocrinology. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. ISBN 9780323555968.
  4. ↑ Elshimy G, Alghoula F, Jeong JM. PMID 29763143. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ↑ Elshimy G, Alghoula F, Jeong JM. PMID 29763143. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  6. ↑ Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, de Herder WW, Dungan K, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Hofland HJ, Kaltsas G, Koch C, Kopp P, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, Morley JE, New M, Purnell J, Singer F, Stratakis CA, Trence DL, Wilson DP, Nicolaides NC, Chrousos GP, Charmandari E. PMID 25905309. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ↑ Elshimy G, Alghoula F, Jeong JM. PMID 29763143. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  8. ↑ Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, de Herder WW, Dungan K, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Hofland HJ, Kaltsas G, Koch C, Kopp P, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, Morley JE, New M, Purnell J, Singer F, Stratakis CA, Trence DL, Wilson DP, Nicolaides NC, Chrousos GP, Charmandari E. PMID 25905309. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. ↑ Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, de Herder WW, Dungan K, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Hofland HJ, Kaltsas G, Koch C, Kopp P, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, Morley JE, New M, Purnell J, Singer F, Stratakis CA, Trence DL, Wilson DP, Nicolaides NC, Chrousos GP, Charmandari E. PMID 25905309. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  10. ↑ Elshimy G, Alghoula F, Jeong JM. PMID 29763143. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ↑ Elshimy G, Alghoula F, Jeong JM. PMID 29763143. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. ↑ Gardner, David (2018). Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology. New York, N.Y: McGraw-Hill Education LLC. ISBN 9781259589287.
  13. ↑ Gardner, David (2018). Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology. New York, N.Y: McGraw-Hill Education LLC. ISBN 9781259589287.

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