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{{Personality disorder}}
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==Overview==
Worldwide pooled [[prevalence]] of [[personality disorder]] as found by [[meta-analysis]] of studies conducted from 21 countries is 7.8%. Global rates of cluster-A PD is 3.8%, [[Cluster B|cluster-B]] is 2.8% and cluster-C PD is 5% <ref name="pmid31298170">{{cite journal| author=Winsper C, Bilgin A, Thompson A, Marwaha S, Chanen AM, Singh SP | display-authors=etal| title=The prevalence of personality disorders in the community: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=Br J Psychiatry | year= 2020 | volume= 216 | issue= 2 | pages= 69-78 | pmid=31298170 | doi=10.1192/bjp.2019.166 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31298170  }} </ref>. In United States (US), it is around 10%, with major disease burden contributed by [[obsessive-compulsive]] PD followed by [[narcissist]] and [[borderline PD]]. In the rest of countries, it varies <ref name="pmid21637629">{{cite journal| author=Sansone RA, Sansone LA| title=Personality disorders: a nation-based perspective on prevalence. | journal=Innov Clin Neurosci | year= 2011 | volume= 8 | issue= 4 | pages= 13-8 | pmid=21637629 | doi= | pmc=3105841 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21637629  }} </ref>. OCD is twice common in females than males and 75% of individuals diagnosed with BPD are females. No sex predilection is found with rest. [[Narcissist PD]] is found in 20% of military personals, 17% first-year medical students and 6% [[forensic]] population.


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Prevalence===
===Prevalence===


The [[prevalence]] of personality disorder in the general community was largely unknown until surveys starting from the 1990s. In 2008 the [[median]] rate of diagnosable PD was estimated at 10.6%, based on six major studies across three nations. This rate of around one in ten, especially as associated with high use of services, is described as a major [[public health]] concern requiring attention by researchers and clinicians.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lenzenweger|first=Mark F.|title=Epidemiology of Personality Disorders|journal=Psychiatric Clinics of North America|year=2008|volume=31|issue=3|pages=395–403|doi=10.1016/j.psc.2008.03.003|pmid=18638642}}</ref>
The [[prevalence]] of personality disorder in the general community was largely unknown until surveys starting from the 1990s. In 2008 the [[median]] rate of diagnosable PD was estimated at 10.6%, based on six major studies across three nations. This rate of around one in ten, especially as associated with high use of services, is described as a major [[public health]] concern requiring attention by researchers and [[clinicians]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lenzenweger|first=Mark F.|title=Epidemiology of Personality Disorders|journal=Psychiatric Clinics of North America|year=2008|volume=31|issue=3|pages=395–403|doi=10.1016/j.psc.2008.03.003|pmid=18638642}}</ref>. According to the [[National Co-morbidity Study Replication]] (NCS-R), the [[prevalence]] of personality disorders in 18 years and older in the last year was 9.1%. It was a nationally conducted household survey between 2001-2003. <ref name="urlNIMH » Personality Disorders">{{cite web |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/personality-disorders |title=NIMH » Personality Disorders |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>.
 
The [[prevalence]] of individual [[personality disorders]] ranges from about 2% to 3% for the more common varieties, such as [[Schizotypal personality disorder|schizotypal]], [[Antisocial personality disorder|antisocial]], [[Borderline personality disorder|borderline]], and [[Histrionic personality disorder|histrionic]], to 0.5–1% for the least common, such as [[Narcissistic personality disorder|narcissistic]] and [[Avoidant personality disorder|avoidant]].


The prevalence of individual personality disorders ranges from about 2% to 3% for the more common varieties, such as schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, and histrionic, to 0.5–1% for the least common, such as narcissistic and avoidant.
A screening survey across 13 countries by the [[World Health Organization]] using [[DSM-IV]] criteria, reported in 2009 a prevalence estimate of around 6% for [[personality disorders]]. The rate sometimes varied with [[demographic]] and [[socioeconomic]] factors, and functional impairment was partly explained by co-occurring [[mental disorders]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Huang|first=Y.|coauthors=Kotov, R., de Girolamo, G., Preti, A., Angermeyer, M., Benjet, C., Demyttenaere, K., de Graaf, R., Gureje, O., Karam, A. N., Lee, S., Lepine, J. P., Matschinger, H., Posada-Villa, J., Suliman, S., Vilagut, G., Kessler, R. C.|title=DSM-IV personality disorders in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys|journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry|date=30 June 2009|volume=195|issue=1|pages=46–53|doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.108.058552|pmid=19567896|pmc=2705873}}</ref> In the US, screening data from the [[National Comorbidity Survey|National Comorbidity Survey Replication]] between 2001 and 2003, combined with interviews of a subset of respondents, indicated a population prevalence of around 9% for personality disorders in total. Functional disability associated with the diagnoses appeared to be largely due to co-occurring mental disorders ([[Axis I]] in the [[Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders|DSM]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lenzenweger|first=Mark F.|coauthors=Lane, Michael C., Loranger, Armand W., Kessler, Ronald C.|title=DSM-IV Personality Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication|journal=Biological Psychiatry|year=2006|volume=62|issue=6|pages=553–564|doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.09.019|pmid=17217923|pmc=2044500}}</ref>. According to the [[National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions]] (NESARC), the most common PD in US is [[Obsessive-compulsive disorder|Obsessive-compulsive]] PD which is 7.9% followed by [[Narcissistic personality disorder|narcissistic]] 6.2% and boderline PD 5.9%. <ref name="pmid21637629">{{cite journal| author=Sansone RA, Sansone LA| title=Personality disorders: a nation-based perspective on prevalence. | journal=Innov Clin Neurosci | year= 2011 | volume= 8 | issue= 4 | pages= 13-8 | pmid=21637629 | doi= | pmc=3105841 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21637629  }} </ref>


A screening survey across 13 countries by the [[World Health Organization]] using [[DSM-IV]] criteria, reported in 2009 a prevalence estimate of around 6% for personality disorders. The rate sometimes varied with [[demographic]] and [[socioeconomic]] factors, and functional impairment was partly explained by co-occurring mental disorders.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Huang|first=Y.|coauthors=Kotov, R., de Girolamo, G., Preti, A., Angermeyer, M., Benjet, C., Demyttenaere, K., de Graaf, R., Gureje, O., Karam, A. N., Lee, S., Lepine, J. P., Matschinger, H., Posada-Villa, J., Suliman, S., Vilagut, G., Kessler, R. C.|title=DSM-IV personality disorders in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys|journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry|date=30 June 2009|volume=195|issue=1|pages=46–53|doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.108.058552|pmid=19567896|pmc=2705873}}</ref> In the US, screening data from the [[National Comorbidity Survey|National Comorbidity Survey Replication]] between 2001 and 2003, combined with interviews of a subset of respondents, indicated a population prevalence of around 9% for personality disorders in total. Functional disability associated with the diagnoses appeared to be largely due to co-occurring mental disorders (Axis I in the DSM).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lenzenweger|first=Mark F.|coauthors=Lane, Michael C., Loranger, Armand W., Kessler, Ronald C.|title=DSM-IV Personality Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication|journal=Biological Psychiatry|year=2006|volume=62|issue=6|pages=553–564|doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.09.019|pmid=17217923|pmc=2044500}}</ref>
A [[meta-analysis]] conducted to calculate global [[prevalence]] of personality disorders in 2020 by Winsper et al. revealed the worldwide pooled prevalence to be around 7.8%. <ref name="pmid31298170">{{cite journal| author=Winsper C, Bilgin A, Thompson A, Marwaha S, Chanen AM, Singh SP | display-authors=etal| title=The prevalence of personality disorders in the community: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=Br J Psychiatry | year= 2020 | volume= 216 | issue= 2 | pages= 69-78 | pmid=31298170 | doi=10.1192/bjp.2019.166 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31298170  }} </ref>.


A UK national [[epidemiological]] study (based on DSM-IV screening criteria), reclassified into levels of severity rather than just diagnosis, reported in 2010 that the majority of people show some personality difficulties in one way or another (short of threshold for diagnosis), while the prevalence of the most complex and severe cases (including meeting criteria for multiple diagnoses in different clusters) was estimated at 1.3%. Even low levels of personality symptoms were associated with functional problems, but the most severely in need of services was a much smaller group.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Yang|first=M.|coauthors=Coid, J., Tyrer, P.|title=Personality pathology recorded by severity: national survey|journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry|date=31 August 2010|volume=197|issue=3|pages=193–199|doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.110.078956|pmid=20807963}}</ref>
The studies regarding [[epidemiology]] of individual types of PDs are lacking. According to [[National Institute of Health]] (NIH), the [[point prevalence]] of BPD is 1.6% and lifetime [[prevalence]] is 5.9%. <ref name="pmid17217923">{{cite journal| author=Lenzenweger MF, Lane MC, Loranger AW, Kessler RC| title=DSM-IV personality disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. | journal=Biol Psychiatry | year= 2007 | volume= 62 | issue= 6 | pages= 553-64 | pmid=17217923 | doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.09.019 | pmc=2044500 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17217923  }} </ref> The data by NESARC revealed no difference in gender for prevalence of BPD. The prevalence of [[Paranoid personality disorder|paranoid]] in US ranges between 2.3-4.4% and more common in males. <ref name="urltule.pw">{{cite web |url=https://tule.pw/hihy.pdf |title=tule.pw |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> The 2004-2005 Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions demonstrated that the prevalence of [[Schizotypal personality disorder|schizotypal]] PD to be around 3.9% with greater rate in [[males]] as compared to [[females]]. <ref name="pmid19617934">{{cite journal| author=Pulay AJ, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Goldstein RB, Chou SP, Huang B | display-authors=etal| title=Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV schizotypal personality disorder: results from the wave 2 national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. | journal=Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry | year= 2009 | volume= 11 | issue= 2 | pages= 53-67 | pmid=19617934 | doi=10.4088/pcc.08m00679 | pmc=2707116 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19617934  }} </ref>. For [[Narcissistic Personality Disorder|Narcissistic]] PD, the prevalence was found to be 6.2% in US people aged 18 years and above with higher rates for [[male]] population. <ref name="pmid18557663">{{cite journal| author=Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Goldstein RB, Chou SP, Huang B, Smith SM | display-authors=etal| title=Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV narcissistic personality disorder: results from the wave 2 national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. | journal=J Clin Psychiatry | year= 2008 | volume= 69 | issue= 7 | pages= 1033-45 | pmid=18557663 | doi=10.4088/jcp.v69n0701 | pmc=2669224 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18557663  }} </ref>.


There are also some [[gender]] differences in the frequency of personality disorders. They are shown in the table below.
The prevalence of PDs according to NCS and NESARC are summarised as follows: <ref name="pmid20695803">{{cite journal| author=Trull TJ, Jahng S, Tomko RL, Wood PK, Sher KJ| title=Revised NESARC personality disorder diagnoses: gender, prevalence, and comorbidity with substance dependence disorders. | journal=J Pers Disord | year= 2010 | volume= 24 | issue= 4 | pages= 412-26 | pmid=20695803 | doi=10.1521/pedi.2010.24.4.412 | pmc=3771514 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20695803  }} </ref>


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center" colspan="2" | '''Gender differences in the frequency of personality disorders
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center" |'''Prevalence of personality disorders'''
|-
!Type of personality disorder
!NCS
!NESARC
|-
|-
! Type of personality disorder
! Sex
|-
|-
| Paranoid personality disorder
|Paranoid personality disorder
| '''Male'''
|'''-'''
|'''1.9'''
|-
|-
| Schizoid personality disorder
|Schizoid personality disorder
| '''Male'''
|'''-'''
|'''0.6'''
|-
|-
| Schizotypal personality disorder
|Schizotypal personality disorder
| '''Male'''
|'''-'''
|'''0.6'''
|-
|-
| Antisocial personality disorder
|Antisocial personality disorder
| '''Male'''
|'''0.6'''
|'''3.8'''
|-
|-
| Borderline personality disorder
|Borderline personality disorder
| '''Female'''
|'''1.4'''
|'''2.7'''
|-
|-
| Histrionic personality disorder
|Histrionic personality disorder
| '''Female'''
|'''-'''
|'''0.3'''
|-
|-
| Narcissistic personality disorder
|Narcissistic personality disorder
| '''Male'''
|'''-'''
|'''1.0'''
|-
|-
| Avoidant personality disorder
|Avoidant personality disorder
| '''Equal'''
|'''-'''
|'''1.2'''
|-
|-
| Dependent personality disorder
|Dependent personality disorder
| '''Female'''
|'''-'''
|'''0.3'''
|-
|-
| Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder
|Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder
| '''Male'''
|'''-'''
|'''1.9'''
|}
|}
==Overview==
Worldwide pooled prevalence of [[personality disorder]] as found by meta-analysis of studies conducted from 21 countries is 7.8%. Global rates of cluster-A PD is 3.8%, cluster-B is 2.8% and cluster-C PD is 5% <ref name="pmid31298170">{{cite journal| author=Winsper C, Bilgin A, Thompson A, Marwaha S, Chanen AM, Singh SP | display-authors=etal| title=The prevalence of personality disorders in the community: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=Br J Psychiatry | year= 2020 | volume= 216 | issue= 2 | pages= 69-78 | pmid=31298170 | doi=10.1192/bjp.2019.166 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31298170  }} </ref>. In United States (US), it is around 10%, with major disease burden contributed by [[obsessive-compulsive]] PD followed by [[narcissist]] and [[borderline PD]]. In the rest of countries, it varies <ref name="pmid21637629">{{cite journal| author=Sansone RA, Sansone LA| title=Personality disorders: a nation-based perspective on prevalence. | journal=Innov Clin Neurosci | year= 2011 | volume= 8 | issue= 4 | pages= 13-8 | pmid=21637629 | doi= | pmc=3105841 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21637629  }} </ref>. OCD is twice common in females than males and 75% of individuals diagnosed with BPD are females. No sex predilection is found with rest. [[Narcissist PD]] is found in 20% of military personals, 17% first-year medical students and 6% forensic population.


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Incidence===
*The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
*In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.


===Prevalence===
There are also some [[gender]] differences in the frequency of personality disorders. They are shown in the table below.
*The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
*In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
*The prevalence of [disease/malignancy] is estimated to be [number] cases annually.


===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate===
{| class="wikitable"
*In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [number range]%.
|-
*The case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [disease name] is approximately [number range].
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center" |'''Gender differences in the frequency of personality disorders'''
 
|-
===Age===
!Type of personality disorder
*Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
!Sex
*The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
|-
*[Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.
|Paranoid personality disorder
*[Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].
|'''Male'''
*[Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].
|-
 
|Schizoid personality disorder
===Race===
|'''Male'''
*There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
|-
*[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
|Schizotypal personality disorder
===Gender===
|'''Male'''
*[Disease name] affects men and women equally.
|-
*[Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.
|Antisocial personality disorder
 
|'''Male'''
===Region===
|-
*The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].
|Borderline personality disorder
 
|'''Female''' or '''No difference'''
*[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].
|-
 
|Histrionic personality disorder
===Developed Countries===
|'''Female'''
 
|-
===Developing Countries===
|Narcissistic personality disorder
|'''Male'''
|-
|Avoidant personality disorder
|'''Equal'''
|-
|Dependent personality disorder
|'''Female'''
|-
|Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder
|'''Male'''
|}


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 13:59, 13 September 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

Worldwide pooled prevalence of personality disorder as found by meta-analysis of studies conducted from 21 countries is 7.8%. Global rates of cluster-A PD is 3.8%, cluster-B is 2.8% and cluster-C PD is 5% [1]. In United States (US), it is around 10%, with major disease burden contributed by obsessive-compulsive PD followed by narcissist and borderline PD. In the rest of countries, it varies [2]. OCD is twice common in females than males and 75% of individuals diagnosed with BPD are females. No sex predilection is found with rest. Narcissist PD is found in 20% of military personals, 17% first-year medical students and 6% forensic population.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Prevalence

The prevalence of personality disorder in the general community was largely unknown until surveys starting from the 1990s. In 2008 the median rate of diagnosable PD was estimated at 10.6%, based on six major studies across three nations. This rate of around one in ten, especially as associated with high use of services, is described as a major public health concern requiring attention by researchers and clinicians.[3]. According to the National Co-morbidity Study Replication (NCS-R), the prevalence of personality disorders in 18 years and older in the last year was 9.1%. It was a nationally conducted household survey between 2001-2003. [4].

The prevalence of individual personality disorders ranges from about 2% to 3% for the more common varieties, such as schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, and histrionic, to 0.5–1% for the least common, such as narcissistic and avoidant.

A screening survey across 13 countries by the World Health Organization using DSM-IV criteria, reported in 2009 a prevalence estimate of around 6% for personality disorders. The rate sometimes varied with demographic and socioeconomic factors, and functional impairment was partly explained by co-occurring mental disorders.[5] In the US, screening data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication between 2001 and 2003, combined with interviews of a subset of respondents, indicated a population prevalence of around 9% for personality disorders in total. Functional disability associated with the diagnoses appeared to be largely due to co-occurring mental disorders (Axis I in the DSM).[6]. According to the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), the most common PD in US is Obsessive-compulsive PD which is 7.9% followed by narcissistic 6.2% and boderline PD 5.9%. [2]

A meta-analysis conducted to calculate global prevalence of personality disorders in 2020 by Winsper et al. revealed the worldwide pooled prevalence to be around 7.8%. [1].

The studies regarding epidemiology of individual types of PDs are lacking. According to National Institute of Health (NIH), the point prevalence of BPD is 1.6% and lifetime prevalence is 5.9%. [7] The data by NESARC revealed no difference in gender for prevalence of BPD. The prevalence of paranoid in US ranges between 2.3-4.4% and more common in males. [8] The 2004-2005 Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions demonstrated that the prevalence of schizotypal PD to be around 3.9% with greater rate in males as compared to females. [9]. For Narcissistic PD, the prevalence was found to be 6.2% in US people aged 18 years and above with higher rates for male population. [10].

The prevalence of PDs according to NCS and NESARC are summarised as follows: [11]

Prevalence of personality disorders
Type of personality disorder NCS NESARC
Paranoid personality disorder - 1.9
Schizoid personality disorder - 0.6
Schizotypal personality disorder - 0.6
Antisocial personality disorder 0.6 3.8
Borderline personality disorder 1.4 2.7
Histrionic personality disorder - 0.3
Narcissistic personality disorder - 1.0
Avoidant personality disorder - 1.2
Dependent personality disorder - 0.3
Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder - 1.9


There are also some gender differences in the frequency of personality disorders. They are shown in the table below.

Gender differences in the frequency of personality disorders
Type of personality disorder Sex
Paranoid personality disorder Male
Schizoid personality disorder Male
Schizotypal personality disorder Male
Antisocial personality disorder Male
Borderline personality disorder Female or No difference
Histrionic personality disorder Female
Narcissistic personality disorder Male
Avoidant personality disorder Equal
Dependent personality disorder Female
Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder Male

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Winsper C, Bilgin A, Thompson A, Marwaha S, Chanen AM, Singh SP; et al. (2020). "The prevalence of personality disorders in the community: a global systematic review and meta-analysis". Br J Psychiatry. 216 (2): 69–78. doi:10.1192/bjp.2019.166. PMID 31298170.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Sansone RA, Sansone LA (2011). "Personality disorders: a nation-based perspective on prevalence". Innov Clin Neurosci. 8 (4): 13–8. PMC 3105841. PMID 21637629.
  3. ↑ Lenzenweger, Mark F. (2008). "Epidemiology of Personality Disorders". Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 31 (3): 395–403. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2008.03.003. PMID 18638642.
  4. ↑ "NIMH » Personality Disorders".
  5. ↑ Huang, Y. (30 June 2009). "DSM-IV personality disorders in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 195 (1): 46–53. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.058552. PMC 2705873. PMID 19567896. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ Lenzenweger, Mark F. (2006). "DSM-IV Personality Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication". Biological Psychiatry. 62 (6): 553–564. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.09.019. PMC 2044500. PMID 17217923. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ Lenzenweger MF, Lane MC, Loranger AW, Kessler RC (2007). "DSM-IV personality disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication". Biol Psychiatry. 62 (6): 553–64. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.09.019. PMC 2044500. PMID 17217923.
  8. ↑ "tule.pw" (PDF).
  9. ↑ Pulay AJ, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Goldstein RB, Chou SP, Huang B; et al. (2009). "Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV schizotypal personality disorder: results from the wave 2 national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions". Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 11 (2): 53–67. doi:10.4088/pcc.08m00679. PMC 2707116. PMID 19617934.
  10. ↑ Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Goldstein RB, Chou SP, Huang B, Smith SM; et al. (2008). "Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV narcissistic personality disorder: results from the wave 2 national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions". J Clin Psychiatry. 69 (7): 1033–45. doi:10.4088/jcp.v69n0701. PMC 2669224. PMID 18557663.
  11. ↑ Trull TJ, Jahng S, Tomko RL, Wood PK, Sher KJ (2010). "Revised NESARC personality disorder diagnoses: gender, prevalence, and comorbidity with substance dependence disorders". J Pers Disord. 24 (4): 412–26. doi:10.1521/pedi.2010.24.4.412. PMC 3771514. PMID 20695803.

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