Endocarditis risk factors: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
The following are risk factors for the development of endocarditis:
Common risk factors for [[endocarditis]] include [[prosthetic heart valves]], [[valvular heart disease]], [[congenital heart disease]], [[intravenous]] drug use, age-related degenerative [[Valvular Diseases|valvular]] lesions, [[immunosuppression]], and [[colon cancer]].
*Prosthetic (artificial) heart valves
 
*[[Congenital heart disease]] ([[atrial septal defect]], [[patent ductus arteriosus]], and others)
==Risk Factors==
*Heart valve problems (such as [[mitral insufficiency]])
Common risk factors in the development of [[infective endocarditis]] are:
*History of [[rheumatic heart disease]]
 
*[[Intravenous drug users]] are also at risk for this condition, because unsterile needles can cause bacteria to enter the bloodstream.
*[[Prosthetic heart valve]]s<ref name="pmid3272238">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arvay A, Lengyel M |title=Incidence and risk factors of prosthetic valve endocarditis |journal=Eur J Cardiothorac Surg |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=340–6 |date=1988 |pmid=3272238 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Valvular heart disease|Valvular]] heart disease ([[mitral valve prolapse]] is the most common [[Valvular Diseases|valvular]] lesion that predisposes to [[endocarditis]])<ref name="pmid11794152">{{cite journal| author=Mylonakis E, Calderwood SB| title=Infective endocarditis in adults. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2001 | volume= 345 | issue= 18 | pages= 1318-30 | pmid=11794152 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra010082 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11794152  }} </ref><ref name="CorrigallBolen1977">{{cite journal|last1=Corrigall|first1=Denton|last2=Bolen|first2=James|last3=Hancock|first3=E.William|last4=Popp|first4=Richard L.|title=Mitral valve prolapse and infective endocarditis|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=63|issue=2|year=1977|pages=215–222|issn=00029343|doi=10.1016/0002-9343(77)90235-2}}</ref>
*[[Intravenous]] drug abuse<ref name="SousaBotelho2012">{{cite journal|last1=Sousa|first1=C.|last2=Botelho|first2=C.|last3=Rodrigues|first3=D.|last4=Azeredo|first4=J.|last5=Oliveira|first5=R.|title=Infective endocarditis in intravenous drug abusers: an update|journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases|volume=31|issue=11|year=2012|pages=2905–2910|issn=0934-9723|doi=10.1007/s10096-012-1675-x}}</ref>
*[[Intracardiac]] devices, such as [[implantable cardioverter-defibrillators]]<ref name="SohailUslan2008">{{cite journal|last1=Sohail|first1=Muhammad R.|last2=Uslan|first2=Daniel Z.|last3=Khan|first3=Akbar H.|last4=Friedman|first4=Paul A.|last5=Hayes|first5=David L.|last6=Wilson|first6=Walter R.|last7=Steckelberg|first7=James M.|last8=Jenkins|first8=Sarah M.|last9=Baddour|first9=Larry M.|title=Infective Endocarditis Complicating Permanent Pacemaker and Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Infection|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=83|issue=1|year=2008|pages=46–53|issn=00256196|doi=10.4065/83.1.46}}</ref>
*Age-related degenerative [[Valvular Diseases|valvular]] lesions
*[[Hemodialysis]]<ref name="MccarthySteckelberg2000">{{cite journal|last1=Mccarthy|first1=James T.|last2=Steckelberg|first2=James M.|title=Infective Endocarditis in Patients Receiving Long-term Hemodialysis|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=75|issue=10|year=2000|pages=1008–1014|issn=00256196|doi=10.4065/75.10.1008}}</ref>
*[[Congenital heart disease]]<ref name="KnirschNadal2011">{{cite journal|last1=Knirsch|first1=Walter|last2=Nadal|first2=David|title=Infective endocarditis in congenital heart disease|journal=European Journal of Pediatrics|volume=170|issue=9|year=2011|pages=1111–1127|issn=0340-6199|doi=10.1007/s00431-011-1520-8}}</ref>
*History of [[rheumatic heart disease]]<ref name="pmid9841581">{{cite journal |vauthors=Strom BL, Abrutyn E, Berlin JA, Kinman JL, Feldman RS, Stolley PD, Levison ME, Korzeniowski OM, Kaye D |title=Dental and cardiac risk factors for infective endocarditis. A population-based, case-control study |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=129 |issue=10 |pages=761–9 |date=November 1998 |pmid=9841581 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-129-10-199811150-00002 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]<ref name="pmid31242695">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin CJ, Chua S, Chung SY, Hang CL, Tsai TH |title=Diabetes Mellitus: An Independent Risk Factor of In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with Infective Endocarditis in a New Era of Clinical Practice |journal=Int J Environ Res Public Health |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages= |date=June 2019 |pmid=31242695 |pmc=6617149 |doi=10.3390/ijerph16122248 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20583393">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chirillo F, Bacchion F, Pedrocco A, Scotton P, De Leo A, Rocco F, Valfrè C, Olivari Z |title=Infective endocarditis in patients with diabetes mellitus |journal=J. Heart Valve Dis. |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=312–20 |date=May 2010 |pmid=20583393 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Colon cancer]]<ref name="LazarovitchShango2012">{{cite journal|last1=Lazarovitch|first1=T.|last2=Shango|first2=M.|last3=Levine|first3=M.|last4=Brusovansky|first4=R.|last5=Akins|first5=R.|last6=Hayakawa|first6=K.|last7=Lephart|first7=P. R.|last8=Sobel|first8=J. D.|last9=Kaye|first9=K. S.|last10=Marchaim|first10=D.|title=The relationship between the new taxonomy of Streptococcus bovis and its clonality to colon cancer, endocarditis, and biliary disease|journal=Infection|volume=41|issue=2|year=2012|pages=329–337|issn=0300-8126|doi=10.1007/s15010-012-0314-x}}</ref>
 
Common risk factors in the development of [[Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis|nonbacterial]] thrombotic endocarditis include:
 
*[[Hypercoagulable state]] such as [[pregnancy]] and systemic [[bacterial infection]] <ref>{{cite journal|title=THE SIGNIFICANCE OF NONBACTERIAL THROMBOTIC ENDOCARDITIS: AN AUTOPSY AND CLINICAL STUDY OF 78 CASES|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=46|issue=2|year=1957|pages=255|issn=0003-4819|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-46-2-255}}</ref><ref name="HorwitzWard1971">{{cite journal|last1=Horwitz|first1=Charles A.|last2=Ward|first2=Patrick C.J.|title=Disseminated intravascular coagulation, nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis and adult pulmonary hyaline membranes-an interrelated triad?|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=51|issue=2|year=1971|pages=272–280|issn=00029343|doi=10.1016/0002-9343(71)90245-2}}</ref>
*[[Malignancy]] especially mucin-producing [[adenocarcinoma]]s (most commonly associated with [[pancreatic]] [[adenocarcinomas]])<ref name="MinGyorkey1980">{{cite journal|last1=Min|first1=Kyung-Whan|last2=Gyorkey|first2=Ferene|last3=Sato|first3=Clifford|title=Mucin-producing adenocarcinomas and nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis. Pathogenetic role of tumor mucin|journal=Cancer|volume=45|issue=9|year=1980|pages=2374–2382|issn=0008-543X|doi=10.1002/1097-0142(19800501)45:9<2374::AID-CNCR2820450923>3.0.CO;2-J}}</ref>
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]<ref name="MoyssakisTektonidou2007">{{cite journal|last1=Moyssakis|first1=Ioannis|last2=Tektonidou|first2=Maria G.|last3=Vasilliou|first3=Vassilios A.|last4=Samarkos|first4=Michael|last5=Votteas|first5=Vassilios|last6=Moutsopoulos|first6=Haralampos M.|title=Libman-Sacks Endocarditis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Prevalence, Associations, and Evolution|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=120|issue=7|year=2007|pages=636–642|issn=00029343|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.01.024}}</ref>
 
==Epidemiological Clues in Etiological Diagnosis of Culture-Negative Endocarditis<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Baddour | first1 = LM. | last2 = Wilson | first2 = WR. | last3 = Bayer | first3 = AS. | last4 = Fowler | first4 = VG. | last5 = Bolger | first5 = AF. | last6 = Levison | first6 = ME. | last7 = Ferrieri | first7 = P. | last8 = Gerber | first8 = MA. | last9 = Tani | first9 = LY. | title = Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. | journal = Circulation | volume = 111 | issue = 23 | pages = e394-434 | month = Jun | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.165564 | PMID = 15956145 }}</ref>==
 
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|+
! Epidemiological features || Common Microorganism(s)
|-
| <center>'''Injection drug use'''</center>||
*[[Staphylococcus aureus|S. aureus]]
*Oxacillin-resistant strains
*Coagulase-negative [[staphylococci]]
*[[Streptococcus|β-Hemolytic streptococci]]
*[[Fungi]]
*Aerobic Gram-negative bacilli, including
:*[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
|-
| <center>'''Indwelling cardiovascular medical devices'''</center> ||
*[[Staphylococcus aureus|S. aureus]]
*Coagulase-negative staphylococci
*[[Fungi]]
*Aerobic Gram-negative bacilli
*[[Corynebacterium]] sp
|-
| <center>'''Genitourinary disorders'''</center>
 
<center>'''Genitourinary infection'''</center>
 
<center>'''Genitourinary manipulation'''</center>
 
<center>'''Pregnancy'''</center>
 
<center>'''Delivery'''</center>
 
<center>'''Abortion'''</center>
||
*Enterococcus sp
*Group B [[streptococci]] (S agalactiae)
*[[Listeria]] monocytogenes
*Aerobic Gram-negative bacilli
*[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]
|-
| <center>'''Chronic skin disorders''' </center>||
*[[Staphylococcus aureus|S. aureus]]
*[[Streptococcus|β-Hemolytic streptococci]]
|-
| <center>'''Poor dental health, dental procedures''' </center>||
*Viridans group streptococci
*“Nutritionally variant streptococci”
*Abiotrophia defectiva
*Granulicatella sp
*[[Gemella morbillorum|Gemella sp]]
*[[HACEK organism]]s
|-
|  <center>'''Alcoholism, cirrhosis''' </center>||
*[[Streptococcus pneumoniae|S pneumoniae]]
*[[Streptococcus|β-Hemolytic streptococci]]
 
*[[Bartonellosis|Bartonella sp]]
*[[Listeria]] sp
 
*[[Aeromonas hydrophila|Aeromonas sp]]
|-
|  <center>'''Burn patients''' </center>||
*[[Staphylococcus aureus|S. aureus]]
*Aerobic Gram-negative bacilli, including
:*[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
*[[Fungi]]
|-
|  <center>'''Diabetes mellitus''' </center>||
*[[Staphylococcus aureus|S. aureus]]
*[[Streptococcus|β-Hemolytic streptococci]]
*[[Streptococcus pneumoniae|S pneumoniae]]
|-
| <center>'''Early ( < 1 y) prosthetic valve placement''' </center>||
*Coagulase-negative staphylococci
*[[Staphylococcus aureus|S. aureus]]
*Aerobic Gram-negative bacilli
*[[Fungi]]
*[[Corynebacterium]] sp
*[[Legionella|Legionella sp]]
|-
|  <center>'''Late ( > 1 y) prosthetic valve placement''' </center>||
*Coagulase-negative staphylococci
*[[Staphylococcus aureus|S. aureus]]
*Viridans group [[streptococci]]
*[[Enterococcus]] species
*[[Fungi]]
*[[Corynebacterium]] sp
|-
| <center>'''Dog–cat exposure''' </center>||
*[[Bartonellosis|Bartonella sp]]
*[[Pasteurella multocida|Pasteurella sp]]
*[[Capnocytophaga|Capnocytophaga sp]]
|-
| <center>'''Contact with contaminated milk'''</center>
<center>'''Contact with infected farm animals'''</center>
||
*[[Brucella|Brucella sp]]
*[[Q fever|Coxiella burnetii]]
*[[Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae|Erysipelothrix sp]]
|-
| <center>'''Homeless, body lice'''</center>||
*[[Bartonellosis|Bartonella sp]]
|-
| <center>'''AIDS'''</center> ||
*[[Salmonella|Salmonella sp]]
*[[Streptococcus pneumoniae|S pneumoniae]]
*[[Staphylococcus aureus|S. aureus]]
|-
| <center>'''Pneumonia, meningitis'''</center>||
*[[Streptococcus pneumoniae|S pneumoniae]]
|-
| <center>'''Solid organ transplant'''</center>||
*[[Staphylococcus aureus|S. aureus]]
*[[Aspergillus|Aspergillus fumigatus]]
*[[Enterococcus|Enterococcus sp]]
*[[Candida albicans|Candida sp]]
|-
| <center>'''Gastrointestinal lesions'''</center>||
*[[Streptococcus bovis|S bovis]]
*[[Enterococcus|Enterococcus sp]]
*[[Clostridium|Clostridium septicum]]
|-
|}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
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{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 02:00, 6 March 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maliha Shakil, M.D. [2]

Overview

Common risk factors for endocarditis include prosthetic heart valves, valvular heart disease, congenital heart disease, intravenous drug use, age-related degenerative valvular lesions, immunosuppression, and colon cancer.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development of infective endocarditis are:

Common risk factors in the development of nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis include:

Epidemiological Clues in Etiological Diagnosis of Culture-Negative Endocarditis[16]

Epidemiological features Common Microorganism(s)
Injection drug use
Indwelling cardiovascular medical devices
Genitourinary disorders
Genitourinary infection
Genitourinary manipulation
Pregnancy
Delivery
Abortion
Chronic skin disorders
Poor dental health, dental procedures
  • Viridans group streptococci
  • “Nutritionally variant streptococci”
  • Abiotrophia defectiva
  • Granulicatella sp
  • Gemella sp
  • HACEK organisms
Alcoholism, cirrhosis
Burn patients
  • S. aureus
  • Aerobic Gram-negative bacilli, including
Diabetes mellitus
Early ( < 1 y) prosthetic valve placement
Late ( > 1 y) prosthetic valve placement
Dog–cat exposure
Contact with contaminated milk
Contact with infected farm animals
Homeless, body lice
AIDS
Pneumonia, meningitis
Solid organ transplant
Gastrointestinal lesions

References

  1. ↑ Arvay A, Lengyel M (1988). "Incidence and risk factors of prosthetic valve endocarditis". Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2 (5): 340–6. PMID 3272238.
  2. ↑ Mylonakis E, Calderwood SB (2001). "Infective endocarditis in adults". N Engl J Med. 345 (18): 1318–30. doi:10.1056/NEJMra010082. PMID 11794152.
  3. ↑ Corrigall, Denton; Bolen, James; Hancock, E.William; Popp, Richard L. (1977). "Mitral valve prolapse and infective endocarditis". The American Journal of Medicine. 63 (2): 215–222. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(77)90235-2. ISSN 0002-9343.
  4. ↑ Sousa, C.; Botelho, C.; Rodrigues, D.; Azeredo, J.; Oliveira, R. (2012). "Infective endocarditis in intravenous drug abusers: an update". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 31 (11): 2905–2910. doi:10.1007/s10096-012-1675-x. ISSN 0934-9723.
  5. ↑ Sohail, Muhammad R.; Uslan, Daniel Z.; Khan, Akbar H.; Friedman, Paul A.; Hayes, David L.; Wilson, Walter R.; Steckelberg, James M.; Jenkins, Sarah M.; Baddour, Larry M. (2008). "Infective Endocarditis Complicating Permanent Pacemaker and Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Infection". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 83 (1): 46–53. doi:10.4065/83.1.46. ISSN 0025-6196.
  6. ↑ Mccarthy, James T.; Steckelberg, James M. (2000). "Infective Endocarditis in Patients Receiving Long-term Hemodialysis". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 75 (10): 1008–1014. doi:10.4065/75.10.1008. ISSN 0025-6196.
  7. ↑ Knirsch, Walter; Nadal, David (2011). "Infective endocarditis in congenital heart disease". European Journal of Pediatrics. 170 (9): 1111–1127. doi:10.1007/s00431-011-1520-8. ISSN 0340-6199.
  8. ↑ Strom BL, Abrutyn E, Berlin JA, Kinman JL, Feldman RS, Stolley PD, Levison ME, Korzeniowski OM, Kaye D (November 1998). "Dental and cardiac risk factors for infective endocarditis. A population-based, case-control study". Ann. Intern. Med. 129 (10): 761–9. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-129-10-199811150-00002. PMID 9841581.
  9. ↑ Lin CJ, Chua S, Chung SY, Hang CL, Tsai TH (June 2019). "Diabetes Mellitus: An Independent Risk Factor of In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with Infective Endocarditis in a New Era of Clinical Practice". Int J Environ Res Public Health. 16 (12). doi:10.3390/ijerph16122248. PMC 6617149 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31242695.
  10. ↑ Chirillo F, Bacchion F, Pedrocco A, Scotton P, De Leo A, Rocco F, Valfrè C, Olivari Z (May 2010). "Infective endocarditis in patients with diabetes mellitus". J. Heart Valve Dis. 19 (3): 312–20. PMID 20583393.
  11. ↑ Lazarovitch, T.; Shango, M.; Levine, M.; Brusovansky, R.; Akins, R.; Hayakawa, K.; Lephart, P. R.; Sobel, J. D.; Kaye, K. S.; Marchaim, D. (2012). "The relationship between the new taxonomy of Streptococcus bovis and its clonality to colon cancer, endocarditis, and biliary disease". Infection. 41 (2): 329–337. doi:10.1007/s15010-012-0314-x. ISSN 0300-8126.
  12. ↑ "THE SIGNIFICANCE OF NONBACTERIAL THROMBOTIC ENDOCARDITIS: AN AUTOPSY AND CLINICAL STUDY OF 78 CASES". Annals of Internal Medicine. 46 (2): 255. 1957. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-46-2-255. ISSN 0003-4819.
  13. ↑ Horwitz, Charles A.; Ward, Patrick C.J. (1971). "Disseminated intravascular coagulation, nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis and adult pulmonary hyaline membranes-an interrelated triad?". The American Journal of Medicine. 51 (2): 272–280. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(71)90245-2. ISSN 0002-9343.
  14. ↑ Min, Kyung-Whan; Gyorkey, Ferene; Sato, Clifford (1980). "Mucin-producing adenocarcinomas and nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis. Pathogenetic role of tumor mucin". Cancer. 45 (9): 2374–2382. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19800501)45:9<2374::AID-CNCR2820450923>3.0.CO;2-J. ISSN 0008-543X.
  15. ↑ Moyssakis, Ioannis; Tektonidou, Maria G.; Vasilliou, Vassilios A.; Samarkos, Michael; Votteas, Vassilios; Moutsopoulos, Haralampos M. (2007). "Libman-Sacks Endocarditis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Prevalence, Associations, and Evolution". The American Journal of Medicine. 120 (7): 636–642. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.01.024. ISSN 0002-9343.
  16. ↑ Baddour, LM.; Wilson, WR.; Bayer, AS.; Fowler, VG.; Bolger, AF.; Levison, ME.; Ferrieri, P.; Gerber, MA.; Tani, LY. (2005). "Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Circulation. 111 (23): e394–434. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.165564. PMID 15956145. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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