Back pain causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
|-
|[[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Back pain resident survival guide]]||<br>||<br>
|[[Back pain resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']]
|}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
|-
|[[File:Critical_Pathways.gif|88px|link=Back pain critical pathways]]||<br>||<br>
|}
{{Back pain}}
{{Back pain}}
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:'''{{Hilda}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Hilda}} {{ZMalik}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
There are several common causes of back pain: for adults under age 50, these include [[ligament]] strain, nerve root irritation, [[spinal disc herniation]] and [[degenerative disc disease]] or isthmic spondylolisthesis; in adults over age 50, common causes also include [[Osteoarthritis|osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease)]] and [[spinal stenosis]],<ref name="urlLower Back Pain Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment">{{cite web |url=http://www.spine-health.com/topics/cd/tlbp/type01.html |title=Lower Back Pain Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |format= |work= |accessdate=2013-03-05}}</ref> trauma, cancer, infection, fractures, and inflammatory disease.<ref name="urlBack Pain Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)">{{cite web |url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/backpain/backpain.htm |title=Back Pain Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) |format= |work= |accessdate=2013-03-05}}</ref> Non-anatomical factors can also contribute to or cause back pain, such as [[Stress (medicine)|stress]], repressed anger, or [[depression (mood)|depression]]. Even if there is an anatomical cause for the pain, if depression is present it should also be treated concurrently. When back pain lasts more than three months, or if there is more radicular pain ([[sciatica]]) than back pain, a more specific [[diagnosis]] can usually be made.
The [[causes]] of [[back]] [[pain]] can be stratified according to [[age]]. Common [[causes]] of [[back]] [[pain]] in [[adults]] under the [[age]] of 50 years include, [[ligament]] [[strain]], [[nerve root]] irritation, [[spinal disc herniation]], [[degenerative disc disease]] and isthmic [[spondylolisthesis]]. Common causes in adults over the age of 50 years include [[Osteoarthritis|osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease)]], [[spinal stenosis]], [[trauma]], [[cancer]], [[infection]], [[fractures]], and [[inflammatory]] [[disease]].  Non-[[anatomical]] factors can also lead to [[back]] [[pain]], such as [[Stress (medicine)|stress]], repressed anger, or [[depression (mood)|depression]]. Even if an [[anatomical]] cause for the [[pain]] is present, a coexisting [[depression]] should be treated concurrently.


==Causes==
==Causes==
=== Common Causes ===
===Common Causes===
Common [[causes]] of [[back]] [[pain]] include:<ref name="pmid17345822">{{cite journal| author=Jandrić S, Antić B| title=[Low back pain and degenerative disc disease]. | journal=Med Pregl | year= 2006 | volume= 59 | issue= 9-10 | pages= 456-61 | pmid=17345822 | doi=10.2298/mpns0610456j | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17345822  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21393649">{{cite journal| author=Nowotny J, Nowotny-Czupryna O, Brzęk A, Kowalczyk A, Czupryna K| title=Body posture and syndromes of back pain. | journal=Ortop Traumatol Rehabil | year= 2011 | volume= 13 | issue= 1 | pages= 59-71 | pmid=21393649 | doi=10.5604/15093492.933788 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21393649  }} </ref><ref name="pmid30010966">{{cite journal| author=Oliveira DS, Vélia Ferreira Mendonça L, Sofia Monteiro Sampaio R, Manuel Pereira Dias de Castro-Lopes J, Ribeiro de Azevedo LF| title=The Impact of Anxiety and Depression on the Outcomes of Chronic Low Back Pain Multidisciplinary Pain Management-A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study in Pain Clinics with One-Year Follow-up. | journal=Pain Med | year= 2019 | volume= 20 | issue= 4 | pages= 736-746 | pmid=30010966 | doi=10.1093/pm/pny128 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30010966  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22435016">{{cite journal| author=Katonis P, Kampouroglou A, Aggelopoulos A, Kakavelakis K, Lykoudis S, Makrigiannakis A | display-authors=etal| title=Pregnancy-related low back pain. | journal=Hippokratia | year= 2011 | volume= 15 | issue= 3 | pages= 205-10 | pmid=22435016 | doi= | pmc=3306025 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22435016  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25396073">{{cite journal| author=Idris Z, Ghazali FH, Abdullah JM| title=Fibromyalgia and arachnoiditis presented as an acute spinal disorder. | journal=Surg Neurol Int | year= 2014 | volume= 5 | issue=  | pages= 151 | pmid=25396073 | doi=10.4103/2152-7806.143364 | pmc=4228496 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25396073  }} </ref>
*[[Abnormal posturing]]
*[[Degenerative disc disease]]
*[[Depression]]
*[[Discopathy]]
*[[Osteoarthritis]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Premenstrual syndrome]]
*[[Fibromyalgia]]
*[[Sciatica]]
*[[Spinal disc herniation]]
*[[Spinal stenosis]]
*[[Trauma]]
 
===Less Common Causes===
Less common [[causes]] of [[back]] [[pain]] include:<ref name="pmid25396073">{{cite journal| author=Idris Z, Ghazali FH, Abdullah JM| title=Fibromyalgia and arachnoiditis presented as an acute spinal disorder. | journal=Surg Neurol Int | year= 2014 | volume= 5 | issue=  | pages= 151 | pmid=25396073 | doi=10.4103/2152-7806.143364 | pmc=4228496 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25396073  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21193933">{{cite journal| author=Gardner A, Gardner E, Morley T| title=Cauda equina syndrome: a review of the current clinical and medico-legal position. | journal=Eur Spine J | year= 2011 | volume= 20 | issue= 5 | pages= 690-7 | pmid=21193933 | doi=10.1007/s00586-010-1668-3 | pmc=3082683 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21193933  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9196476">{{cite journal| author=Kiser TS, Mauldin CC, Grant R| title=Acute low back pain secondary to retroperitoneal hemorrhage in an elderly man. | journal=Arch Phys Med Rehabil | year= 1997 | volume= 78 | issue= 6 | pages= 664-5 | pmid=9196476 | doi=10.1016/s0003-9993(97)90434-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9196476  }} </ref>
*[[Arachnoiditis]]
 
*[[Cauda equina syndrome]]
 
*[[Retroperitoneal]] [[Bleeding]]/[[Hematoma]]
 
===Life Threatening Causes===
Urgent [[intervention]] is required in the following [[causes]] of [[back]] [[pain]] as they may be [[life-threatening]]:<ref name="pmid24766359">{{cite journal| author=Van Wyngaarden JJ, Ross MD, Hando BR| title=Abdominal aortic aneurysm in a patient with low back pain. | journal=J Orthop Sports Phys Ther | year= 2014 | volume= 44 | issue= 7 | pages= 500-7 | pmid=24766359 | doi=10.2519/jospt.2014.4935 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24766359  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9196476">{{cite journal| author=Kiser TS, Mauldin CC, Grant R| title=Acute low back pain secondary to retroperitoneal hemorrhage in an elderly man. | journal=Arch Phys Med Rehabil | year= 1997 | volume= 78 | issue= 6 | pages= 664-5 | pmid=9196476 | doi=10.1016/s0003-9993(97)90434-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9196476  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24270959">{{cite journal| author=Marcon RM, Cristante AF, Teixeira WJ, Narasaki DK, Oliveira RP, de Barros Filho TE| title=Fractures of the cervical spine. | journal=Clinics (Sao Paulo) | year= 2013 | volume= 68 | issue= 11 | pages= 1455-61 | pmid=24270959 | doi=10.6061/clinics/2013(11)12 | pmc=3812556 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24270959  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25396073">{{cite journal| author=Idris Z, Ghazali FH, Abdullah JM| title=Fibromyalgia and arachnoiditis presented as an acute spinal disorder. | journal=Surg Neurol Int | year= 2014 | volume= 5 | issue=  | pages= 151 | pmid=25396073 | doi=10.4103/2152-7806.143364 | pmc=4228496 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25396073  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28044125">{{cite journal| author=Bond A, Manian FA| title=Spinal Epidural Abscess: A Review with Special Emphasis on Earlier Diagnosis. | journal=Biomed Res Int | year= 2016 | volume= 2016 | issue=  | pages= 1614328 | pmid=28044125 | doi=10.1155/2016/1614328 | pmc=5156786 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28044125  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23636041">{{cite journal| author=Perrin A, Bergman C, Hart L| title=A 30-year-old industrial worker with upper back pain. | journal=Adv Emerg Nurs J | year= 2013 | volume= 35 | issue= 2 | pages= 103-9 | pmid=23636041 | doi=10.1097/TME.0b013e3182948e73 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23636041  }} </ref>
*[[Abdominal aortic aneurysm]]
 
*[[Adrenal hemorrhage]]
 
*[[Aortic dissection]]
 
*[[Arachnoiditis]]
 
*[[Cauda equina syndrome]]
 
*[[Cervical fracture]]
 
*[[Chronic stable angina]]
 
*[[Epidural abscess]]
 
*[[Pulmonary embolism]]


* [[Abnormal posturing]]
*[[Retroperitoneal hematoma]]
* [[Degenerative disc disease]]
 
* [[Depression]]
*[[Traumatic aortic rupture]]
* [[Discopathy]]
 
* [[osteoarthritis]]
*[[Vertebral fractures]]
* [[Pregnancy]]
* [[Premenstrual syndrome]]
* [[Sciatica]]
* [[Spinal disc herniation]]
* [[Spinal stenosis]]
* [[Trauma]]


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===


{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige"|  
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" |
[[Abdominal aortic aneurysm]],  
[[Abdominal aortic aneurysm]],  
[[Angina pectoris]],  
[[angina pectoris]],  
[[Aortic dissection]],  
[[aortic dissection]],  
[[Bacterial endocarditis]],  
[[bacterial endocarditis]],  
[[Leriche's syndrome]],  
[[Leriche's syndrome]],  
[[Myocardial infarction]],  
[[myocardial infarction]],  
[[traumatic aortic rupture]]
[[traumatic aortic rupture]]


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|'''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|'''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pilonidal cyst]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Pilonidal cyst]]


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|'''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
| bgcolor="Beige" |
[[Abatacept]],
[[Abatacept]],
[[acitretin]],
[[acitretin]],
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[[anagrelide]],
[[anagrelide]],
[[angiotensin II receptor antagonist]],
[[angiotensin II receptor antagonist]],
[[Artemether and lumefantrin]],
[[Bicalutamide]],
[[budesonide inhalation powder]],
[[budesonide inhalation powder]],
[[calcitonin salmon nasal spray]],
[[calcitonin salmon nasal spray]],
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[[carbamazepine]],
[[carbamazepine]],
[[carboplatin]],
[[carboplatin]],
[[caspofungin acetate]],
[[cetuximab injection]],
[[cetuximab injection]],
[[ciclesonide]],
[[clofarabine injection]],
[[clofarabine injection]],
[[cyanocobalamin injection]],
[[cyanocobalamin injection]],
[[darbepoetin alfa injection]],
[[Dalfampridine]],
[[Darbepoetin Alfa Injection|darbepoetin alfa injection]],
[[daunorubicin]],
[[daunorubicin]],
[[desloratadine]],
[[desloratadine]],
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[[donepezil]],
[[donepezil]],
[[drotrecogin alfa]],
[[drotrecogin alfa]],
[[efalizumab injection]],
[[Eculizumab]],
[[epoetin alfa injection]],
[[Eliglustat]],
[[Efalizumab Injection|efalizumab injection]],
[[Epoetin Alfa Injection|epoetin alfa injection]],
[[eszopiclone]],
[[eszopiclone]],
[[etodolac]],
[[etodolac]],
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[[fexofenadine]],
[[fexofenadine]],
[[formoterol]],
[[formoterol]],
[[fulvestrant injection]],
[[fulvestrant]],
[[glatiramer injection]],
[[Glatiramer Injection|glatiramer injection]],
[[ibandronate]],
[[ibandronate]],
[[Imiglucerase]],
[[indinavir]],
[[indinavir]],
[[infliximab injection]],
[[Infliximab Injection|infliximab injection]],
[[leflunomide]],
[[leflunomide]],
[[lenalidomide]], 
[[Lorcaserin]],
[[Losartan and Hydrochlorothiazide]],
[[meclofenamate]],
[[meclofenamate]],
[[medroxyprogesterone injection]],
[[medroxyprogesterone injection]],
[[mefenamic acid]],
[[mefenamic acid]],
[[mesalamine]],
[[mesalamine]],
[[Meropenem]],
[[Mifepristone]],
[[modafinil]],
[[modafinil]],
[[mycophenolate]],
[[mycophenolate]],
[[Nabilone]],
[[nabumetone]],
[[nabumetone]],
[[nateglinide oral]],
[[nateglinide oral]],
[[Niacin/simvastatin]],
[[Olaparib]],
[[olanzapine]],
[[olanzapine]],
[[oxaliplatin injection]],
[[oxaliplatin injection]],
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[[risedronate]],
[[risedronate]],
[[rituximab injection]],
[[rituximab injection]],
[[Ramucirumab]],
[[Roflumilast]],
[[rosiglitazone]],
[[rosiglitazone]],
[[salsalate]],
[[salsalate]],
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[[selegiline]],
[[selegiline]],
[[sibutramine]],
[[sibutramine]],
[[Sipuleucel-T]],
[[sirolimus]],
[[sirolimus]],
[[sodium oxybate]],
[[sodium oxybate]],
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[[temozolomide]],
[[temozolomide]],
[[terazosin]],
[[terazosin]],
[[Travoprost]],
[[Valdecoxib]],
[[valganciclovir]],
[[valganciclovir]],
[[valproic acid]],
[[valproic acid]],
[[valsartan]],
[[valsartan]],
[[vancomycin hydrochloride]],
[[Vancomycin Hydrochloride|vancomycin hydrochloride]],
[[vardenafil]],
[[vardenafil]],
[[zolpidem]],
[[zolpidem]],
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|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|'''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|'''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
| bgcolor="Beige" |
[[Addisons disease]],
[[Addisons disease]],
[[Cushing's Disease]],
[[Cushing's Disease]],
[[hyperparathyroidism (primary/secondary)]]
[[hyperparathyroidism]]


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|'''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cadmium poisoning]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Cadmium poisoning]]


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|'''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
| bgcolor="Beige" |
[[Achalasia]],
[[Achalasia]],
[[cholelithiasis]],
[[cholelithiasis]],
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|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|'''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
| bgcolor="Beige" |
[[Marfan syndrome]],
[[Marfan syndrome]],
[[spina bifida]],
[[spina bifida]],
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|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|'''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|'''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|'''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
| bgcolor="Beige" |
[[Borreliosis]],
[[Borreliosis]],
[[cat scratch fever]],
[[cat scratch fever]],
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|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|'''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
| bgcolor="Beige" |
[[Abnormal posturing]],
[[Abnormal posturing]],
[[ankylosing Spondylitis]],
[[ankylosing spondylitis]],
[[cervical fracture]],
[[cervical fracture]],
[[coxarthrosis]],
[[coxarthrosis]],
[[cramp]],
[[cramp]],
[[degenerative disc disease]],
[[degenerative disc disease]],
Disc space infection,
[[disc space infection]],
[[Dorsopathy]],
[[dorsopathy]],
[[gonarthrosis]],
[[gonarthrosis]],
[[lumbar disc disease]],
[[lumbar disc disease]],
[[muscle strain]],
[[muscle strain]],
[[Myelofibrosis]],
[[myelofibrosis]],
[[myositis]],
[[myositis]],
[[myotendinosis]],
[[myotendinosis]],
[[osteoarthritis]],
[[osteoarthritis]],
[[osteochondroma]],
[[osteochondroma]],
[[Osteochondrosis]],
[[osteochondrosis]],
[[Osteogenesis imperfecta]],
[[osteogenesis imperfecta]],
[[osteogenic Sarcoma]],
[[sarcoma|osteogenic sarcoma]],
[[osteomalacia]],
[[osteomalacia]],
[[osteomyelitis]],
[[osteomyelitis]],
[[osteoporosis]],
[[osteoporosis]],
[[paget's Disease]],
[[paget's disease]],
[[piriformis syndrome]],
[[piriformis syndrome]],
[[poliomyelitis]],
[[poliomyelitis]],
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[[spondylolysis]],
[[spondylolysis]],
[[spondylosis]],
[[spondylosis]],
[[Sacroiliitis]],
[[sacroiliitis]],
[[sciatica]],
[[sciatica]],
[[scoliosis]],
[[scoliosis]],
Line 234: Line 299:


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|'''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
| bgcolor="Beige" |
[[Arachnoiditis]],
[[Arachnoiditis]],
[[cauda equina syndrome]],  
[[cauda equina syndrome]],  
[[Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy]],  
[[chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy]],  
[[Dural ectasia]],
[[dural ectasia]],
[[Epidural abscess]],
[[epidural abscess]],
[[Posterior Rami Syndrome]],
[[Posterior Rami Syndrome|posterior rami syndrome]],
[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]],
[[subarachnoid hemorrhage]],
[[Syringomyelia]],
[[syringomyelia]],
[[Tabes dorsalis]],
[[tabes dorsalis]],
[[Transverse myelitis]]
[[transverse myelitis]]


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|'''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
| bgcolor="Beige" |
[[Osteomalacia]],
[[Osteomalacia]],
[[Osteoporosis]]
[[osteoporosis]]


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|'''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
| bgcolor="Beige" |
[[Cervical cancer]],
[[Cervical cancer]],
[[Childbirth]],
[[childbirth]],
[[Ectopic pregnancy]],
[[ectopic pregnancy]],
[[Endometriosis]],
[[endometriosis]],
[[Menopause]],
[[menopause]],
[[Ovarian cancer]],
[[ovarian cancer]],
[[Pregnancy]],
[[pregnancy]],
[[Salpingitis]]
[[salpingitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|'''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
| bgcolor="Beige" |
[[Cervical cancer]],
[[Cervical cancer]],
[[Desmoplastic small round cell tumor]],
[[desmoplastic small round cell tumor]],
[[Hemangioma]],
[[hemangioma]],
[[Lung cancer]],
[[lung cancer]],
[[Meningioma]],
[[meningioma]],
[[Multiple Myeloma]],
[[multiple myeloma]],
[[Osteogenic Sarcoma]],
[[osteogenic Sarcoma]],
[[Ovarian cancer]]
[[ovarian cancer]]


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|'''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Reiter's Syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Reiter's Syndrome]]


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|'''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bearberry]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Bearberry]]


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|'''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
| bgcolor="Beige" |
[[Alexithymia]],
[[Alexithymia]],
[[Conversion syndrome]],
[[conversion syndrome]],
[[Psychosomatic]],
[[psychosomatic]],
[[Tension myositis syndrome]]
[[tension myositis syndrome]]


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|'''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
| bgcolor="Beige" |
[[Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome]],
[[Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome]],
[[Lung cancer]],
[[lung cancer]],
[[Pleuritis]],
[[pleuritis]],
[[Pneumonia]],
[[pneumonia]],
[[Pulmonary embolism]]
[[pulmonary embolism]]


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|'''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
| bgcolor="Beige" |
Chronic uteral obstruction,
[[Urinary obstruction]],
[[Nephrolithiasis]],
[[nephrolithiasis]],
[[Polycystic kidney disease]],
[[polycystic kidney disease]],
[[Pyelonephritis]],
[[pyelonephritis]],
[[Renal osteodystrophy]],
[[renal osteodystrophy]],
[[Renal vein thrombosis]]
[[renal vein thrombosis]]


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|'''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
| bgcolor="Beige" |
[[Ankylosing Spondylitis]],
[[Ankylosing spondylitis]],
[[Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy]],
[[chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy]],
[[Rheumatoid Arthritis]]
[[rheumatoid Arthritis]]


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|'''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|'''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
| bgcolor="Beige" |
Injury of Disci and ligaments
[[Injury]]


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|'''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute prostatitis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acute prostatitis]]


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|'''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
| bgcolor="Beige" |
[[Fibromyalgia]],
[[Fibromyalgia]],
[[Chronic fatigue syndrome]],
[[chronic fatigue syndrome]],
Dysraphia,
[[dysraphia]],
[[Facet Syndrome]],
[[facet Syndrome]],
[[Mediastinitis]],
[[mediastinitis]],
[[Retroperitoneal fibrosis]],
[[retroperitoneal fibrosis]],
[[Retroperitoneal hematoma]],
[[retroperitoneal hematoma]],
[[Scheuermann's Disease]]
[[Scheuermann's disease]]
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{MultiCol}}
{{MultiCol}}
*[[Abatacept ]]
*[[Abatacept ]]
*[[Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm]]
*[[Abdominal aortic aneurysm]]
*[[Abnormal posturing]]
*[[Abnormal posturing]]
*[[Achalasia]]
*[[Achalasia]]
Line 379: Line 443:
*[[Angiotensin II receptor antagonist]]
*[[Angiotensin II receptor antagonist]]
*[[Ankylosing Spondylitis]]
*[[Ankylosing Spondylitis]]
*Aortic aneurysm(Abdominal)
*[[Aortic Dissection]]
*[[Aortic Dissection]]
*[[Arachnoiditis]]
*[[Arachnoiditis]]
*[[Artemether and lumefantrin]]
*[[Bearberry]]
*[[Bearberry]]
*[[Bechterew's Disease]]
*[[Bechterew's Disease]]
*Bone metastases
*[[Bone metastasis]]
*[[Borreliosis]]
*[[Borreliosis]]
*[[Bortezomib ]]
*[[Bortezomib ]]
*[[Breast cancer]]
*[[Breast cancer]]
*[[Bright's disease]]
*[[Bright's disease]]
*[[Budesonide Inhalation Powder ]]
*[[Budesonide Inhalation Powder|Budesonide inhalation powder ]]
*[[Buprenorphine]]
*[[Cadmium poisoning]]
*[[Cadmium poisoning]]
*[[Calcitonin Salmon Nasal Spray ]]
*[[Calcitonin Salmon Nasal Spray|Calcitonin salmon nasal spray ]]
*[[Candesartan ]]
*[[Candesartan ]]
*[[Carbamazepine ]]
*[[Carbamazepine ]]
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*[[Cervical cancer]]
*[[Cervical cancer]]
*[[Cervical fracture]]
*[[Cervical fracture]]
*[[Cetuximab Injection ]]
*[[Cetuximab Injection|Cetuximab injection]]
*[[Childbirth]]
*[[Childbirth]]
*[[Cholelithiasis]]
*[[Cholelithiasis]]
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*[[Chronic fatigue syndrome]]
*[[Chronic fatigue syndrome]]
*[[Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy]]
*[[Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy]]
*Chronic uteral obstruction
*[[Clofarabine Injection|Clofarabine injection ]]
*[[Clofarabine Injection ]]
*[[Cobb syndrome]]
*Cobb syndrome
*[[Coccydynia]]
*[[Coccydynia]]
*[[Colorectal cancer]]
*[[Colorectal cancer]]
Line 414: Line 478:
*[[Coxarthrosis]]
*[[Coxarthrosis]]
*[[Cramp]]
*[[Cramp]]
*[[Cushing's Disease]]
*[[Cushing's disease]]
*[[Cyanocobalamin Injection ]]
*[[Cyanocobalamin Injection|Cyanocobalamin injection ]]
*[[Darbepoetin Alfa Injection ]]
*[[Darbepoetin Alfa Injection|Darbepoetin alfa injection]]
*[[Daunorubicin ]]
*[[Daunorubicin ]]
*[[Degenerative disc disease]]
*[[Degenerative disc disease]]
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*[[Drotrecogin alfa]]
*[[Drotrecogin alfa]]
*[[Dural ectasia]]
*[[Dural ectasia]]
*Dysraphia
* Dysraphia
*[[Ectopic pregnancy]]
*[[Ectopic pregnancy]]
*[[Eculizumab]]
*[[Efalizumab Injection ]]
*[[Efalizumab Injection ]]
*[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]]
*[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]]
*[[Emtricitabine]]
*[[Endometriosis]]
*[[Endometriosis]]
*[[Epidural abscess]]
*[[Epidural abscess]]
Line 441: Line 507:
*[[Eszopiclone ]]
*[[Eszopiclone ]]
*[[Etodolac ]]
*[[Etodolac ]]
*[[Facet Syndrome]]
*[[Facet syndrome]]
*[[Fenoprofen ]]
*[[Fenoprofen ]]
*[[Fexofenadine ]]
*[[Fexofenadine ]]
*[[Fibromyalgia]]
*[[Fibromyalgia]]
*[[Formoterol ]]
*[[Formoterol ]]
*[[Fulvestrant Injection ]]
*[[Fulvestrant Injection|Fulvestrant injection]]
*[[Gemeprost]]
*[[Gemeprost]]
*[[Glatiramer Injection ]]
*[[Glatiramer Injection|Glatiramer injection]]
*[[Gonarthrosis]]
*[[Gonarthrosis]]
*[[Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome]]
*[[Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]]
*[[Hemangioma]]
*[[Hemangioma]]
*[[Herpes Zoster]]
*[[Herpes Zoster]]
*[[Hyperparathyroidism (primary/secondary)]]
*[[Hyperparathyroidism]]
*[[Ibandronate ]]
*[[Ibandronate ]]
*[[Idiopathic]]
*[[Idiopathic]]
*[[Indinavir ]]
*[[Indinavir ]]
*[[Infliximab Injection ]]
*[[Infliximab Injection|Infliximab injection]]
*Injury of disci and ligaments
*[[Injury]]
*[[Janumet]] ([[sitagliptin]] and [[metformin]])
*Juvenile osteochondrosis of spine
*Juvenile osteochondrosis of spine
*[[Leflunomide ]]
*[[Leflunomide ]]
*[[Leg length discrepancy]]
*[[Leg length discrepancy]]
*[[Leriche's Syndrome]]
*[[Leriche's syndrome]]
*[[Listeria monocytogenes]]
*[[Listeria monocytogenes]]
*[[Lumbago Syndrome]]
*[[Losartan and Hydrochlorothiazide]]
*[[Lumbago syndrome]]
*[[Lumbar disc disease]]
*[[Lumbar disc disease]]
*Lumbar strain
*Lumbar strain
*[[Lung cancer]]
*[[Lung cancer]]
*Malignant processes of vertebral body
*[[Marfan syndrome]]
*[[Marfan syndrome]]
*[[Meclofenamate ]]
*[[Meclofenamate ]]
*[[Mediastinitis]]
*[[Mediastinitis]]
*[[Medroxyprogesterone Injection ]]
*[[Medroxyprogesterone Injection|Medroxyprogesterone injection]]
*[[Mefenamic Acid ]]
*[[Mefenamic acid ]]
*[[Meningioma]]
*[[Meningioma]]
*[[Menopause]]
*[[Menopause]]
*[[Mesalamine ]]
*[[Mesalamine ]]
*[[Metastases]]
*[[Metastases]]
*[[Mifepristone]]
*[[Modafinil ]]
*[[Modafinil ]]
*[[Multiple Myeloma]]
*[[Multiple myeloma]]
*[[Mycophenolate ]]
*[[Mycophenolate ]]
*[[Myelofibrosis]]
*[[Myelofibrosis]]
Line 485: Line 553:
*[[Myositis]]
*[[Myositis]]
*[[Myotendinosis]]
*[[Myotendinosis]]
*[[Nabilone]]
*[[Nabumetone ]]
*[[Nabumetone ]]
*[[Nateglinide oral ]]
*[[Nateglinide oral ]]
Line 493: Line 562:
*[[Osteochondrosis]]
*[[Osteochondrosis]]
*[[Osteogenesis imperfecta]]
*[[Osteogenesis imperfecta]]
*[[Osteogenic Sarcoma]]
*[[Sarcoma|Osteogenic sarcoma]]
*[[Osteomalacia]]
*[[Osteomalacia]]
*[[Osteomyelitis]]
*[[Osteomyelitis]]
Line 501: Line 570:
*[[Oxcarbazepine ]]
*[[Oxcarbazepine ]]
*[[Oxybutynin ]]
*[[Oxybutynin ]]
*[[Paget's Disease]]
*[[Paget's disease]]
*[[Pancreatic cancer]]
*[[Pancreatic cancer]]
*[[Pancreatitis]]
*[[Pancreatitis]]
Line 514: Line 583:
*[[Poliomyelitis]]
*[[Poliomyelitis]]
*[[Polycystic kidney disease]]
*[[Polycystic kidney disease]]
*[[Polymyalgia Rheumatica]]
*[[Polymyalgia rheumatica]]
*[[Posaconazole ]]
*[[Posaconazole ]]
*[[Posterior Rami Syndrome]]
*[[Posterior Rami Syndrome|Posterior rami syndrome]]
*Postlaminectomy
*[[Laminectomy|Postlaminectomy]]
*Posttraumatic spinal stenosis
*[[Spinal stenosis|Posttraumatic spinal stenosis]]
{{ColBreak}}
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Pott's disease]]
*[[Pott's disease]]
Line 528: Line 597:
*[[Prostate cancer]]
*[[Prostate cancer]]
*[[Prostatitis]]
*[[Prostatitis]]
*[[Psoriatic Arthritis]]
*[[Psoriatic arthritis]]
*[[Psychosomatic]]
*[[Psychosomatic]]
*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
*[[Pyelonephritis]]
*[[Pyelonephritis]]
*[[Ramucirumab]]
*[[Ranibizumab injection ]]
*[[Ranibizumab injection ]]
*[[Reiter's Syndrome]]
*[[Reiter's Syndrome]]
Line 539: Line 609:
*[[Retroperitoneal fibrosis]]
*[[Retroperitoneal fibrosis]]
*[[Retroperitoneal hematoma]]
*[[Retroperitoneal hematoma]]
*[[Rheumatoid Arthritis]]
*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
*[[Ribavirin ]]
*[[Ribavirin ]]
*[[Rift Valley fever]]
*[[Rift Valley fever]]
Line 550: Line 620:
*[[Saquinavir ]]
*[[Saquinavir ]]
*[[Sargramostim injection ]]
*[[Sargramostim injection ]]
*[[Scheuermann's Disease]]
*[[Scheuermann's disease]]
*[[Sciatica]]
*[[Sciatica]]
*[[Scoliosis]]
*[[Scoliosis]]
*[[Selegiline ]]
*[[Selegiline ]]
*[[Sibutramine ]]
*[[Sibutramine ]]
*[[Sickle Cell Disease]]
*[[Sickle cell disease]]
*[[Sipuleucel-T]]
*[[Sirolimus ]]
*[[Sirolimus ]]
*[[Sodium oxybate ]]
*[[Sodium oxybate ]]
Line 581: Line 652:
*[[Telmisartan ]]
*[[Telmisartan ]]
*[[Temozolomide ]]
*[[Temozolomide ]]
*[[Tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate
*[[Tension myositis syndrome]]
*[[Tension myositis syndrome]]
*[[Terazosin ]]
*[[Terazosin ]]
Line 587: Line 659:
*[[Traumatic aortic rupture]]
*[[Traumatic aortic rupture]]
*[[Triamterene]]
*[[Triamterene]]
*[[urinary obstruction]]
*[[Urinary tract infection]]
*[[Urinary tract infection]]
*[[Valganciclovir ]]
*[[Valganciclovir ]]
*[[Valproic Acid ]]
*[[Valproic acid ]]
*[[Valsartan ]]
*[[Valsartan ]]
*[[Vancomycin Hydrochloride ]]
*[[Vancomycin hydrochloride ]]
*[[Vardenafil]]
*[[Vardenafil]]
*[[Vertebral fracture]]s
*[[Vertebral fracture]]s
Line 601: Line 674:
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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{{WikiDoc Sources}}


[[Category:Pain]]
[[Category:Pain]]
[[Category:Orthopedics]]
[[Category:Orthopedics]]
[[Category:Rheumatology]]
[[Category:Rheumatology]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Neurosurgery]]
[[Category:Neurosurgery]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
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Latest revision as of 01:12, 7 April 2021
Resident
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Back pain Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hilda Mahmoudi M.D., M.P.H.[2] Zehra Malik, M.B.B.S[3]

Overview

The causes of back pain can be stratified according to age. Common causes of back pain in adults under the age of 50 years include, ligament strain, nerve root irritation, spinal disc herniation, degenerative disc disease and isthmic spondylolisthesis. Common causes in adults over the age of 50 years include osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease), spinal stenosis, trauma, cancer, infection, fractures, and inflammatory disease. Non-anatomical factors can also lead to back pain, such as stress, repressed anger, or depression. Even if an anatomical cause for the pain is present, a coexisting depression should be treated concurrently.

Causes

Common Causes

Common causes of back pain include:[1][2][3][4][5]

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of back pain include:[5][6][7]

Life Threatening Causes

Urgent intervention is required in the following causes of back pain as they may be life-threatening:[8][7][9][5][10][11]

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular

Abdominal aortic aneurysm, angina pectoris, aortic dissection, bacterial endocarditis, Leriche's syndrome, myocardial infarction, traumatic aortic rupture

Chemical / poisoning No underlying causes
Dermatologic Pilonidal cyst
Drug Side Effect

Abatacept, acitretin, albuterol, aldesleukin, alprazolam, amitriptyline, anagrelide, angiotensin II receptor antagonist, Artemether and lumefantrin, Bicalutamide, budesonide inhalation powder, calcitonin salmon nasal spray, candesartan, carbamazepine, carboplatin, caspofungin acetate, cetuximab injection, ciclesonide, clofarabine injection, cyanocobalamin injection, Dalfampridine, darbepoetin alfa injection, daunorubicin, desloratadine, didanosine, diflunisal, dofetilide, donepezil, drotrecogin alfa, Eculizumab, Eliglustat, efalizumab injection, epoetin alfa injection, eszopiclone, etodolac, fenoprofen, fexofenadine, formoterol, fulvestrant, glatiramer injection, ibandronate, Imiglucerase, indinavir, infliximab injection, leflunomide, lenalidomide, Lorcaserin, Losartan and Hydrochlorothiazide, meclofenamate, medroxyprogesterone injection, mefenamic acid, mesalamine, Meropenem, Mifepristone, modafinil, mycophenolate, Nabilone, nabumetone, nateglinide oral, Niacin/simvastatin, Olaparib, olanzapine, oxaliplatin injection, oxcarbazepine, oxybutynin, pergolide, piroxicam, posaconazole, praziquantel, pregabalin, ranibizumab injection, repaglinide, ribavirin, risedronate, rituximab injection, Ramucirumab, Roflumilast, rosiglitazone, salsalate, saquinavir, sargramostim injection, selegiline, sibutramine, Sipuleucel-T, sirolimus, sodium oxybate, solifenacin, sulfinpyrazone, sulindac, sunitinib, tacrolimus topical, tadalafil, tamsulosin, tegaserod, telbivudine, telmisartan, temozolomide, terazosin, Travoprost, Valdecoxib, valganciclovir, valproic acid, valsartan, vancomycin hydrochloride, vardenafil, zolpidem, zonisamide

Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine

Addisons disease, Cushing's Disease, hyperparathyroidism

Environmental Cadmium poisoning
Gastroenterologic

Achalasia, cholelithiasis, pancreatitis, peptic ulcer disease

Genetic

Marfan syndrome, spina bifida, osteogenesis imperfecta, sickle cell disease

Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease

Borreliosis, cat scratch fever, herpes zoster, Pott's disease, rift valley fever, urinary tract infection

Musculoskeletal / Ortho

Abnormal posturing, ankylosing spondylitis, cervical fracture, coxarthrosis, cramp, degenerative disc disease, disc space infection, dorsopathy, gonarthrosis, lumbar disc disease, muscle strain, myelofibrosis, myositis, myotendinosis, osteoarthritis, osteochondroma, osteochondrosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteogenic sarcoma, osteomalacia, osteomyelitis, osteoporosis, paget's disease, piriformis syndrome, poliomyelitis, polymyalgia rheumatica, Pott's disease, psoriatic arthritis, spinal disc herniation, spinal fusion, spinal stenosis, spinal tumor, spondylolisthesis, spondylolysis, spondylosis, sacroiliitis, sciatica, scoliosis, vertebral fractures, vertebral subluxation

Neurologic

Arachnoiditis, cauda equina syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, dural ectasia, epidural abscess, posterior rami syndrome, subarachnoid hemorrhage, syringomyelia, tabes dorsalis, transverse myelitis

Nutritional / Metabolic

Osteomalacia, osteoporosis

Obstetric/Gynecologic

Cervical cancer, childbirth, ectopic pregnancy, endometriosis, menopause, ovarian cancer, pregnancy, salpingitis

Oncologic

Cervical cancer, desmoplastic small round cell tumor, hemangioma, lung cancer, meningioma, multiple myeloma, osteogenic Sarcoma, ovarian cancer

Opthalmologic Reiter's Syndrome
Overdose / Toxicity Bearberry
Psychiatric

Alexithymia, conversion syndrome, psychosomatic, tension myositis syndrome

Pulmonary

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, lung cancer, pleuritis, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism

Renal / Electrolyte

Urinary obstruction, nephrolithiasis, polycystic kidney disease, pyelonephritis, renal osteodystrophy, renal vein thrombosis

Rheum / Immune / Allergy

Ankylosing spondylitis, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, rheumatoid Arthritis

Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma

Injury

Urologic Acute prostatitis
Miscellaneous

Fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, dysraphia, facet Syndrome, mediastinitis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, retroperitoneal hematoma, Scheuermann's disease

Causes in Alphabetical Order


References

  1. ↑ Jandrić S, Antić B (2006). "[Low back pain and degenerative disc disease]". Med Pregl. 59 (9–10): 456–61. doi:10.2298/mpns0610456j. PMID 17345822.
  2. ↑ Nowotny J, Nowotny-Czupryna O, Brzęk A, Kowalczyk A, Czupryna K (2011). "Body posture and syndromes of back pain". Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 13 (1): 59–71. doi:10.5604/15093492.933788. PMID 21393649.
  3. ↑ Oliveira DS, Vélia Ferreira Mendonça L, Sofia Monteiro Sampaio R, Manuel Pereira Dias de Castro-Lopes J, Ribeiro de Azevedo LF (2019). "The Impact of Anxiety and Depression on the Outcomes of Chronic Low Back Pain Multidisciplinary Pain Management-A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study in Pain Clinics with One-Year Follow-up". Pain Med. 20 (4): 736–746. doi:10.1093/pm/pny128. PMID 30010966.
  4. ↑ Katonis P, Kampouroglou A, Aggelopoulos A, Kakavelakis K, Lykoudis S, Makrigiannakis A; et al. (2011). "Pregnancy-related low back pain". Hippokratia. 15 (3): 205–10. PMC 3306025. PMID 22435016.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Idris Z, Ghazali FH, Abdullah JM (2014). "Fibromyalgia and arachnoiditis presented as an acute spinal disorder". Surg Neurol Int. 5: 151. doi:10.4103/2152-7806.143364. PMC 4228496. PMID 25396073.
  6. ↑ Gardner A, Gardner E, Morley T (2011). "Cauda equina syndrome: a review of the current clinical and medico-legal position". Eur Spine J. 20 (5): 690–7. doi:10.1007/s00586-010-1668-3. PMC 3082683. PMID 21193933.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kiser TS, Mauldin CC, Grant R (1997). "Acute low back pain secondary to retroperitoneal hemorrhage in an elderly man". Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 78 (6): 664–5. doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(97)90434-2. PMID 9196476.
  8. ↑ Van Wyngaarden JJ, Ross MD, Hando BR (2014). "Abdominal aortic aneurysm in a patient with low back pain". J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 44 (7): 500–7. doi:10.2519/jospt.2014.4935. PMID 24766359.
  9. ↑ Marcon RM, Cristante AF, Teixeira WJ, Narasaki DK, Oliveira RP, de Barros Filho TE (2013). "Fractures of the cervical spine". Clinics (Sao Paulo). 68 (11): 1455–61. doi:10.6061/clinics/2013(11)12. PMC 3812556. PMID 24270959.
  10. ↑ Bond A, Manian FA (2016). "Spinal Epidural Abscess: A Review with Special Emphasis on Earlier Diagnosis". Biomed Res Int. 2016: 1614328. doi:10.1155/2016/1614328. PMC 5156786. PMID 28044125.
  11. ↑ Perrin A, Bergman C, Hart L (2013). "A 30-year-old industrial worker with upper back pain". Adv Emerg Nurs J. 35 (2): 103–9. doi:10.1097/TME.0b013e3182948e73. PMID 23636041.

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