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==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
*[[Avian influenza]] was first described by Perroncito in 1878 in northern Italy following an outbreak of contagious disease of poultry. In 1984 and 1901, subsequent outbreaks were reported in [[Italy]], [[Germany]], [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], and [[France]]. | *[[Avian influenza]] was first described by Perroncito in 1878 in northern Italy following an outbreak of contagious disease of poultry.<ref name="pmid18533261">{{cite journal| author=Lupiani B, Reddy SM| title=The history of avian influenza. | journal=Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis | year= 2009 | volume= 32 | issue= 4 | pages= 311-23 | pmid=18533261 | doi=10.1016/j.cimid.2008.01.004 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18533261 }} </ref> In 1984 and 1901, subsequent outbreaks were reported in [[Italy]], [[Germany]], [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], and [[France]].<ref name="pmid18533261">{{cite journal| author=Lupiani B, Reddy SM| title=The history of avian influenza. | journal=Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis | year= 2009 | volume= 32 | issue= 4 | pages= 311-23 | pmid=18533261 | doi=10.1016/j.cimid.2008.01.004 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18533261 }} </ref> | ||
* All viral forms were considered highly pathological avian influenza (HPAI) forms of H7 subtype until mid-1950s. After that, other H subtypes were subsequently isolated. In 1960, a new less virulent "N" subtype of avian influenza was isolated in Germany. | * All viral forms were considered highly pathological avian influenza (HPAI) forms of H7 subtype until mid-1950s. After that, other H subtypes were subsequently isolated. In 1960, a new less virulent "N" subtype of avian influenza was isolated in Germany.<ref name="pmid18533261">{{cite journal| author=Lupiani B, Reddy SM| title=The history of avian influenza. | journal=Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis | year= 2009 | volume= 32 | issue= 4 | pages= 311-23 | pmid=18533261 | doi=10.1016/j.cimid.2008.01.004 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18533261 }} </ref> | ||
* The first major human influenza (influenza A H1N1) pandemic was reported in 1918. The infleunza was an avian-descended virus that underwent adaptive [[mutations]] of unknown mechanisms. | * The first major human influenza (influenza A H1N1) pandemic was reported in 1918. The infleunza was an avian-descended virus that underwent adaptive [[mutations]] of unknown mechanisms. | ||
* The first influenza A H5N1 virus infection in humans was described in 1997 in [[Hong Kong]], where 18 cases were documented (including 6 [[death]]< | * The first influenza A H5N1 virus infection in humans was described in 1997 in [[Hong Kong]], where 18 cases were documented (including 6 [[death]]s).<ref name="pmid9482437">{{cite journal| author=Yuen KY, Chan PK, Peiris M, Tsang DN, Que TL, Shortridge KF et al.| title=Clinical features and rapid viral diagnosis of human disease associated with avian influenza A H5N1 virus. | journal=Lancet | year= 1998 | volume= 351 | issue= 9101 | pages= 467-71 | pmid=9482437 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9482437 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11938498">{{cite journal| author=Chan PK| title=Outbreak of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in Hong Kong in 1997. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2002 | volume= 34 Suppl 2 | issue= | pages= S58-64 | pmid=11938498 | doi=10.1086/338820 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11938498 }} </ref> | ||
* In 2003, the largest non-H5N1 [[outbreak]] occurred in Netherlands, where 89 cases were documented (including 1 [[death]]). It is hypothesized that during the [[Netherlands]] outbreak, the first [[human-to-human transmissio]]<nowiki/>n may have occurred. | * In 2003, the largest non-H5N1 [[outbreak]] occurred in Netherlands, where 89 cases were documented (including 1 [[death]]). It is hypothesized that during the [[Netherlands]] outbreak, the first [[human-to-human transmissio]]<nowiki/>n may have occurred.<ref name="pmid14987882">{{cite journal| author=Koopmans M, Wilbrink B, Conyn M, Natrop G, van der Nat H, Vennema H et al.| title=Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. | journal=Lancet | year= 2004 | volume= 363 | issue= 9409 | pages= 587-93 | pmid=14987882 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15589-X | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14987882 }} </ref> | ||
* In 2003, human-to-human transmission of avian influenza was first reported during the influenza A H5N1 outbreaks in Southeast and Central Asia. | * In 2003, human-to-human transmission of avian influenza was first reported during the influenza A H5N1 outbreaks in Southeast and Central Asia. | ||
* It has been speculated that following genetic mutations, the avian influenza virus may be evolving into more virulent and fatal forms, with increased rates of severe clinical manifestations. | * It has been speculated that following genetic mutations, the avian influenza virus may be evolving into more virulent and fatal forms, with increased rates of severe clinical manifestations.<ref name="pmid16140756">{{cite journal| author=Maines TR, Lu XH, Erb SM, Edwards L, Guarner J, Greer PW et al.| title=Avian influenza (H5N1) viruses isolated from humans in Asia in 2004 exhibit increased virulence in mammals. | journal=J Virol | year= 2005 | volume= 79 | issue= 18 | pages= 11788-800 | pmid=16140756 | doi=10.1128/JVI.79.18.11788-11800.2005 | pmc=PMC1212624 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16140756 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15681421">{{cite journal| author=Govorkova EA, Rehg JE, Krauss S, Yen HL, Guan Y, Peiris M et al.| title=Lethality to ferrets of H5N1 influenza viruses isolated from humans and poultry in 2004. | journal=J Virol | year= 2005 | volume= 79 | issue= 4 | pages= 2191-8 | pmid=15681421 | doi=10.1128/JVI.79.4.2191-2198.2005 | pmc=PMC546577 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15681421 }} </ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 21:06, 22 April 2015
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yazan Daaboul, M.D.
Overview
Avian influenza was first described by Perroncito in 1878 in northern Italy following an outbreak of contagious disease of poultry. In 1918, the avian-descended influenza A H1N1 caused the first major human influenza pandemic. The first avian influenza A H5N1 virus infection in humans was described in 1997 in Hong Kong, where 18 cases were documented (including 6 deaths). The first human-to-human transmission of avian influenza infection was described in 2003 during the outbreaks in Southeast and Central Asia.
Historical Perspective
- Avian influenza was first described by Perroncito in 1878 in northern Italy following an outbreak of contagious disease of poultry.[1] In 1984 and 1901, subsequent outbreaks were reported in Italy, Germany, Austria, Belgium, and France.[1]
- All viral forms were considered highly pathological avian influenza (HPAI) forms of H7 subtype until mid-1950s. After that, other H subtypes were subsequently isolated. In 1960, a new less virulent "N" subtype of avian influenza was isolated in Germany.[1]
- The first major human influenza (influenza A H1N1) pandemic was reported in 1918. The infleunza was an avian-descended virus that underwent adaptive mutations of unknown mechanisms.
- The first influenza A H5N1 virus infection in humans was described in 1997 in Hong Kong, where 18 cases were documented (including 6 deaths).[2][3]
- In 2003, the largest non-H5N1 outbreak occurred in Netherlands, where 89 cases were documented (including 1 death). It is hypothesized that during the Netherlands outbreak, the first human-to-human transmission may have occurred.[4]
- In 2003, human-to-human transmission of avian influenza was first reported during the influenza A H5N1 outbreaks in Southeast and Central Asia.
- It has been speculated that following genetic mutations, the avian influenza virus may be evolving into more virulent and fatal forms, with increased rates of severe clinical manifestations.[5][6]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Lupiani B, Reddy SM (2009). "The history of avian influenza". Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 32 (4): 311–23. doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2008.01.004. PMID 18533261.
- ↑ Yuen KY, Chan PK, Peiris M, Tsang DN, Que TL, Shortridge KF; et al. (1998). "Clinical features and rapid viral diagnosis of human disease associated with avian influenza A H5N1 virus". Lancet. 351 (9101): 467–71. PMID 9482437.
- ↑ Chan PK (2002). "Outbreak of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in Hong Kong in 1997". Clin Infect Dis. 34 Suppl 2: S58–64. doi:10.1086/338820. PMID 11938498.
- ↑ Koopmans M, Wilbrink B, Conyn M, Natrop G, van der Nat H, Vennema H; et al. (2004). "Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands". Lancet. 363 (9409): 587–93. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15589-X. PMID 14987882.
- ↑ Maines TR, Lu XH, Erb SM, Edwards L, Guarner J, Greer PW; et al. (2005). "Avian influenza (H5N1) viruses isolated from humans in Asia in 2004 exhibit increased virulence in mammals". J Virol. 79 (18): 11788–800. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.18.11788-11800.2005. PMC 1212624. PMID 16140756.
- ↑ Govorkova EA, Rehg JE, Krauss S, Yen HL, Guan Y, Peiris M; et al. (2005). "Lethality to ferrets of H5N1 influenza viruses isolated from humans and poultry in 2004". J Virol. 79 (4): 2191–8. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.4.2191-2198.2005. PMC 546577. PMID 15681421.