Endocarditis causes: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 14:48, 4 June 2015

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Zaghw, M.D. [2]

Overview

Many types of organism can cause infective endocarditis. These are generally isolated by blood culture, where the patient's blood is sampled under sterile conditions, and any growth is noted and identified. It is therefore important to draw blood cultures before initiating antibiotic therapy. 70% of cases of endocarditis are due to the following three pathogens; Streptococcus viridans, Staphylococci and Enterococcus.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Asymmetric septal hypertrophy, Calcific aortic stenosis, Cardiac catheterization, Cardiac surgery, Congenital Heart Disease, Mitral valve prolapse, Prosthetic heart valve, Septal defects, Valve disease, Previous bacterial endocarditis, Rheumatic Heart Disease, Sclerotherapy, Cardiac myxoma, Tetralogy of Fallot, Structural heart disease, Patent ductus arteriosus, Coarctation of the aorta, Calcific valvular disease, Bicuspid aortic valves
Chemical / poisoning	No underlying causes
Dental	Dental extractions, Dental implants, Root canals
Dermatologic	Skin infection
Drug Side Effect	IV drug use
Ear Nose Throat	Adenoidectomy
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic & Genito-Uriner	Biliary tract surgery, Cystoscopy, Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, Urethral dilation, Prostatic surgery, Whipple disease, Ulcerative lesions of the colon due to carcinoma, Ulcerative lesions of the colon due to inflammatory bowel disease, Peritoneovenous shunts for ascites
Genetic	Marfan's Syndrome
Hematologic	No underlying causes
Iatrogenic	Urethral dilation, Prostate surgery, Cystoscopy
Infectious Disease	Diphtheria, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus bovis, Viridans streptococci, Group A streptococcus, Gram negative rods, Enterococuss, Candida, Tuberculosis, Salmonellosis, HIV, Bacteroides, HACEK Group of organism
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	No underlying causes
Neurologic	Ventriculoatrial shunts for hydrocephalus
Nutritional / Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetrics & Gynecology	Childbirth
Oncologic	Paraneoplastic syndrome
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Respiratory infection, Respiratory tract procedures
Renal / Electrolyte	Chronic hemodialysis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Acute rheumatic fever, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Marantic endocarditis, Immune impairment
Trauma	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Surgical systemic-pulmonary shunts and conduits

Causes in Alphabetical Order

3

Epidemiological Clues in Etiological Diagnosis of Culture-Negative Endocarditis^[4]


Epidemiological features	Common Microorganism(s)
Injection drug use	S. aureus oxacillin-resistant strains Coagulase-negative staphylococci β-Hemolytic streptococci Fungi Aerobic Gram-negative bacilli, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Indwelling cardiovascular medical devices	S. aureus Coagulase-negative staphylococci Fungi Aerobic Gram-negative bacilli Corynebacterium sp
Genitourinary disorders Genitourinary infection Genitourinary manipulation pregnancy Delivery Abortion	Enterococcus sp Group B streptococci (S agalactiae) Listeria monocytogenes Aerobic Gram-negative bacilli Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Chronic skin disorders	S. aureus β-Hemolytic streptococci
Poor dental health, dental procedures	Viridans group streptococci “Nutritionally variant streptococci” Abiotrophia defectiva Granulicatella sp Gemella sp HACEK organisms
Alcoholism, cirrhosis	S pneumoniae β-Hemolytic streptococci Bartonella sp Listeria sp Aeromonas sp
Burn patients	S. aureus Aerobic Gram-negative bacilli, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa Fungi
Diabetes mellitus	S. aureus β-Hemolytic streptococci S pneumoniae
Early ( < 1 y) prosthetic valve placement	Coagulase-negative staphylococci S. aureus Aerobic Gram-negative bacilli Fungi Corynebacterium sp Legionella sp
Late ( > 1 y) prosthetic valve placement	Coagulase-negative staphylococci S. aureus Viridans group streptococci Enterococcus species Fungi Corynebacterium sp
Dog–cat exposure	Bartonella sp Pasteurella sp Capnocytophaga sp
Contact with contaminated milk Contact with infected farm animals	Brucella sp Coxiella burnetii Erysipelothrix sp
Homeless, body lice	Bartonella sp
AIDS	Salmonella sp S pneumoniae S. aureus
Pneumonia, meningitis	S pneumoniae
Solid organ transplant	S. aureus Aspergillus fumigatus Enterococcus sp Candida sp
Gastrointestinal lesions	S bovis Enterococcus sp Clostridium septicum

References

↑ Simon S. B. Chew, David Z. Lubowski (2001). "Clostridium septicum and malignancy". Unknown parameter |source= ignored (help)
↑ http://wordnet.com.au/Products/topics_in_infectious_diseases_Aug01.htm Topics in Infectious Diseases Newsletter, August 2001, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
↑ Mirabelle Kelly, MD (June 7, 2005). "HACEK Group Infections".
↑ Baddour, LM.; Wilson, WR.; Bayer, AS.; Fowler, VG.; Bolger, AF.; Levison, ME.; Ferrieri, P.; Gerber, MA.; Tani, LY. (2005). "Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Circulation. 111 (23): e394–434. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.165564. PMID 15956145. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

Template:WH Template:WS

[1] Simon S. B. Chew, David Z. Lubowski (2001). "Clostridium septicum and malignancy". Unknown parameter |source= ignored (help)

[2] ttp://wordnet.com.au/Products/topics_in_infectious_diseases_Aug01.htm Topics in Infectious Diseases Newsletter, August 2001, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

[3] Mirabelle Kelly, MD (June 7, 2005). "HACEK Group Infections".

[4] Baddour, LM.; Wilson, WR.; Bayer, AS.; Fowler, VG.; Bolger, AF.; Levison, ME.; Ferrieri, P.; Gerber, MA.; Tani, LY. (2005). "Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Circulation. 111 (23): e394–434. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.165564. PMID 15956145. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[1]

[2]

[4]

@@ Line 129: / Line 129: @@
 ===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
-{{Multicol}}
+{{columns-list|3|
-*[[ Asymmetric septal hypertrophy]]
+*[[Abiotrophia]]
+*[[Acremonium]]
 *[[Acute rheumatic fever]]
 *[[Adenoidectomy ]]
+*[[Aminoglycoside]]
+*[[Aneurysm of sinus of valsalva]]
+*[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]]
+*[[Aortic insufficiency]]
+*[[Aortic stenosis]]
 *[[Aortic valve regurgitation]]
 *[[Aortic valve stenosis]]
+*[[Aseptic meningitis]]
+*[[Asymmetric septal hypertrophy]]
+*[[Atrial myxoma]]
+*[[Atrioventricular block]]
+*[[Ausrian triad ]]
+*[[Autoimmune disease]]
+*[[Bacteremia]]
+*[[Bacterial endocarditis]]
 *[[Bacteroides]]
+*[[Bartonella]]
+*[[Becker fibroblastic endocarditis]]
+*[[Behcet disease]]
 *[[Bicuspid aortic valves ]]
-*[[Biliary tract]] surgery
+*[[Biliary tract surgery]]
+*[[Brucellosis]]
 *[[Calcific aortic stenosis]]
-*Calcific [[valvular disease]]
+*[[Calcific valvular disease]]
+*[[Campylobacteriosis]]
+*[[Cancer]]
 *[[Candida albicans]]
+*[[Capnocytophaga canimorsus]]
 *[[Cardiac catheterization ]]
 *[[Cardiac myxoma]]
-*[[Cardiac surgery ]]
+*[[Cardiac surgery]]
-*Chronic [[hemodialysis ]]
+*[[Cardiobacterium hominis]]
-*Coagulase-negative [[staphylococci]]
+*[[Cardiomegaly]]
+*[[Carditis]]
+*[[Cat scratch fever]]
+*[[Central venous catheter]]
+*[[Cerebrovascular accident]]
+*[[Cholesterol emboli syndrome]]
+*[[Chronic eosinophilic leukemia]]
+*[[hemodialysis|Chronic hemodialysis]]
+*[[Clostridium sordellii]]
+*[[Coagulase-negative staphylococci]]
 *[[Coarctation of the aorta ]]
-*[[Congenital Heart Disease ]]
+*[[Cocaine]]
+*[[Congenital heart disease ]]
+*[[Coronary artery fistula]]
+*[[Corynebacterium]]
+*[[Coxiella burnetii]]
 *[[Cystoscopy ]]
+*[[Daptomycin]]
 *[[Dental extractions ]]
 *[[Dental implants ]]
 *[[Dental sepsis]]
 *[[Diphtheria ]]
+*[[Ebstein's anomaly]]
+*[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]]
+*[[Eikenella corrodens]]
+*[[Eisenmenger's syndrome]]
+*[[Embolism]]
 *[[Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ]]
 *[[Enterococci ]]
+*[[Enterococcus faecalis]]
+*[[Erysipelas]]
+*[[Erysipeloid of Rosenbach]]
+*[[Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae]]
+*[[Fever]]
+*[[Finegoldia magma]]
+*[[First degree av block]]
+*[[Flucloxacillin]]
 *[[Fungi ]]
-*[[Gram negative]] rods
+*[[Fusidic acid]]
+*[[Gemella haemolysans]]
+*[[Gemella morbillorum]]
+*[[Gonorrhea ]]
+*[[Gram negative rods]]
+*[[Granuloma]]
 *[[Group A streptococcus ]]
-*[[HACEK organisms]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic935.htm|title=HACEK Group Infections|author=Mirabelle Kelly, MD|date= June 7, 2005}}</ref>
+*[[HACEK organisms]] ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic935.htm|title=HACEK Group Infections|author=Mirabelle Kelly, MD|date= June 7, 2005}}</ref>
-*History of [[endocarditis ]]
+*[[Hemophilus aphrophilus]]
-*[[HIV ]]
+*[[Hemophilus parainfluenzae]]
-*[[Immune]] impairment
+*[[Hemophilus paraphrophilus]]
-*Intravascular procedure in settings of [[bacteremia]]
+*[[Hemodialysis]]
-*Intravenous [[catheter]]-related[[ infection ]]
+*[[Heroin]]
-*[[Intravenous drug use ]]
+*[[HIV]]
+*[[Hypereosinophilic syndrome]]
+*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Hypoplastic left heart syndrome]]
+*[[iatrogenic|Iatrogenic infection]]
+*[[Immune complex disease]]
+*[[Infective endocarditis]]
+*[[Intravenous catheter-related infection]]
+*[[Intravenous drug use]]
+*[[Kingella kingae]]
+*[[Lactobacillus rhamnosus]]
+*[[Legionella pneumophila]]
+*[[Libman-sacks endocarditis]]
+*[[Listeria monocytogenes]]
+*[[Loeffler endocarditis]]
+*[[Loeffler eosinophilic endocarditis]]
+*[[Loiasis]]
+*[[Lupus]]
 *[[Marantic endocarditis]]
-{{ColBreak}}
+*[[Melioidosis]]
-*[[Mitral valve prolapse]] with regurgitation
+*[[Meningococcemia]]
+*[[Mesenteric ischemia]]
+*[[Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus]]
+*[[Metronidazole]]
+*[[Micrococcus]]
+*[[Mitogen-activated protein kinase 9]]
+*[[Mitral regurgitation]]
+*[[Mitral stenosis]]
+*[[Mitral valve prolapse]]
+*[[Mitral valve replacement]]
 *[[Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare]]
-*Non-HACEK [[gram-negative bacteria ]]
+*[[Mycobacterium boenickei]]
-*Other [[streptococci ]]
+*[[Mycobacterium brisbanense]]
+*[[Mycobacterium fortuitum]]
+*[[Mycobacterium houstonense]]
+*[[Mycobacterium neworleansense]]
+*[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]
+*[[Myocardial rupture]]
+*[[Narcotic]]
+*[[Neisseria gonorrhoea]]
+*[[Neisseria sicca]]
+*[[Nephrotic syndrome]]
+*[[Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis]]
+*[[Non-hacek gram-negative bacteria ]]
+*[[Ornithine transcarbamylase]]
+*[[Papillary muscle dysfunction]]
 *[[Paraneoplastic syndrome]]
+*[[Parathyroid hormone receptor 1]]
+*[[Pasteurella multocida]]
 *[[Patent ductus arteriosus]]
-*Peritoneovenous [[shunts]] for [[ascites ]]
+*[[Pefloxacin]]
+*[[Penicillin]]
+*[[Peritoneovenous shunts for ascites ]]
+*[[Polymyalgia rheumatica]]
+*[[Postoperative septicemia]]
 *[[Pregnancy ]]
-*Previous [[bacterial]] [[endocarditis ]]
+*[[Propionibacterium acnes]]
-*Prostatic surgery
+*[[Prostatic surgery]]
-*[[Prosthetic heart valve ]]
 *[[Prosthetic heart valves]]
+*[[Pseudomonas alcaligenes]]
+*[[Pseudomonas mendocina]]
+*[[Psittacosis]]
+*[[Pulmonary atresia]]
+*[[Pulmonic regurgitation]]
 *[[Q fever]]
-*[[Respiratory tract]] procedures
+*[[Rat-bite fever]]
-*[[Rheumatic Heart Disease ]]
+*[[Respiratory tract procedures]]
-*Root canals procedure
+*[[Rheumatic fever]]
-*[[S. aureus ]]
+*[[Rheumatic heart disease ]]
+*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
+*[[Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction]]
+*[[Root canals procedure]]
+*[[Rothia dentocariosa]]
 *[[Salmonellosis ]]
+*[[Scarlet fever]]
 *[[Sclerotherapy ]]
-*Septal defects
+*[[Second degree av block]]
-*[[Skin infection ]]
+*[[Sepsis]]
-*[[Staphylococcus epidermidis  ]]
+*[[Septal defects]]
-*[[Streptococcus bovis ]]
+*[[Septic arthritis]]
-*[[Streptococcus]] milleri
+*[[Septicemia ]]
+*[[Serratia]]
+*[[Shock]]
+*[[Splenic infarction]]
+*[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
+*[[Staphylococcus epidermidis]]
+*[[Staphylococcus lugdunensis]]
+*[[Streptobacillary rat bite fever]]
+*[[Streptobacillus]]
+*[[Streptococcus]]
+*[[Streptococcus bovis]]
+*[[Streptococcus milleri]]
+*[[Streptococcus mitis]]
+*[[Streptococcus mutans]]
+*[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]
+*[[Streptococcus sanguinis]]
+*[[Streptococcus suis]]
 *[[Streptococcus viridans]]
-*[[structural heart disease]]
+*[[Streptomycin]]
-*Surgical systemic-pulmonary [[shunts]] and conduits
+*[[Stroke]]
-*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus ]]
+*[[Structural heart disease]]
-*[[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
+*[[Subacute endocarditis]]
+*[[Surgery]]
+*[[Syphilis]]
+*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
+*[[Tetralogy of fallot]]
+*[[Third degree av block]]
+*[[Trichinella spiralis]]
+*[[Tricuspid insufficiency]]
+*[[Tricuspid regurgitation]]
+*[[Tricuspid stenosis]]
+*[[Tropheryma whipplei]]
+*[[Trypanosoma cruzi]]
 *[[Tuberculosis ]]
-*Ulcerative lesions of the [[colon]] due to   [[inflammatory bowel disease ]]
+*[[Turner syndrome]]
-*Ulcerative lesions of the [[colon]] due to [[carcinoma ]]
+*[[Typhoid fever]]
-*[[Urethral]] dilation
+*[[Urinary casts]]
-*[[Ventricular septal defect]]
+*[[Valvular heart disease]]
-*Ventriculoatrial [[shunts]] for [[hydrocephalus ]]
+*[[Vancomycin]]
+*[[Vancomycin-resistant enterococci]]
+*[[Venous catheters]]
+*[[Ventricular septal defect]]
+*[[Ventriculoatrial shunts for hydrocephalus ]]
 *[[Whipple disease]]
-{{EndMultiCol}}
+}}
 ==Epidemiological Clues in Etiological Diagnosis of Culture-Negative Endocarditis<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Baddour | first1 = LM. | last2 = Wilson | first2 = WR. | last3 = Bayer | first3 = AS. | last4 = Fowler | first4 = VG. | last5 = Bolger | first5 = AF. | last6 = Levison | first6 = ME. | last7 = Ferrieri | first7 = P. | last8 = Gerber | first8 = MA. | last9 = Tani | first9 = LY. | title = Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. | journal = Circulation | volume = 111 | issue = 23 | pages = e394-434 | month = Jun | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.165564 | PMID = 15956145 }}</ref>==