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*3. '''Keratitis (LASIK-related)''' | *3. '''Keratitis (LASIK-related)''' | ||
:* Preferred regimen: [[Clarithromycin]] 500 mg PO bid {{and}} | :* Preferred regimen: [[Clarithromycin]] 500 mg PO bid {{and}} [[Tobramycin]] 0.3% 2 gtts q4h {{and}} [[Gatifloxacin]] 0.3% 1 gtt q4h {{or}} [[Moxifloxacin]] 0.5% 1 gtt q4h | ||
==Mycobacterium celatum== | ==Mycobacterium celatum== | ||
Revision as of 15:17, 17 July 2015
Mycobacterium terrae
- 1. In vitro susceptibility
- All six of the isolates from a single center and 90% or more of an additional 22 isolates of M. terrae complex were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Sulfonamides. Recently, 11 isolates of M. terrae complex were also shown to be susceptible to Linezolid
- 2. Antimicrobial therapy
- Based on in vitro susceptibility results
Mycobacterium szulgai
- 1. in vitro susceptibility
- M. szulgai is susceptible in vitro to most antituberculous drugs including Quinolones and newer Macrolides
- 2. Infection
- 2.1 Pulmonary infection
- Three- or four-drug regimen based on susceptibility that includes 12 months of negative sputum cultures while on therapy
- 2.2 Extrapulmonary infection
- Combination anti-tuberculous medications based on in vitro susceptibilities for 4-6 months
Mycobacterium smegmatis
- 1. Mild disease
- Preferred regimen: Doxycycline PO AND Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole PO
- 2. Severe disease
Mycobacterium mucogenicum
- In vitro susceptible agents: Aminoglycosides, Cefoxitin, Clarithromycin, Minocycline, Doxycycline, Quinolones, Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and Imipenem
Mycobacterium malmoense
- 1. In vitro
- Susceptible: Ethambutol, Ethionamide, Kanamycin, and Cycloserine
- Resistant: INH, Streptomycin, Rifampin, and Capreomycin
- 2. Pulmonary M. malmoense infection
- Preferred regimen: INH AND Rifampin AND Ethambutol ± Quinolones AND Macrolides
Mycobacterium immunogenum
- In vitro
- Susceptible: Amikacin and Clarithromycin
- Resistant: Ciprofloxacin, Doxycycline, Cefoxitin, Tobramycin, and Sulfamethoxazole
- Note: The optimal therapy for this organism is unknown; however, successful therapy is likely difficult due to the extensive antibiotic resistance of the organism
Mycobacterium leprae
- 1. Multibacillary Leprosy (Skin smear positive)
- 1.1 Adult
- Preferred regimen: Dapsone 100 mg/day PO AND Rifampin 600 mg PO 4 times per week AND Clofazimine 50 mg PO qd for 12-24 months
- Note: Clofazimine should be supplemented by loading dose 300 mg PO monthly
- 1.2 Pediatric
-
- 2. Paucibacillary Leprosy (Skin Smear negative)
- 3. Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (ENL)
- 3.1 Mild
- Preferred regimen: Rest affect limb, analgesics, follow-up twice a week, check for iridocyclitis; Chloroquine OR Aspirin may be useful
- 3.2 Severe (numerous nodules + fever, ulcerating/pustular ENL, visceral involvement, nodules + neuritis, recurrent ENL)
- Preferred regimen: Prednisolone 30-40 mg/day PO for 1-2 weeks, then taper over 12 weeks
- Alternative regimen (1): (If unresponsive to corticosteroids or if risk of corticosteroids prevent administration) Start Clofazimine 100 mg PO tid for maximum of 12 weeks, taper the dose to 100 mg PO bid for 12 weeks and then 100 mg qd for 12-24 weeks
- Alternative regimen (2): (if not contraindicated) Thalidomide 200-400 mg/day PO, reduced to 50-100 mg/day after 1-2 weeks
- 4. Reversal Reaction
- Preferred regimen: Prednisolone start with 40 mg/day PO then taper by 10 mg twice a week for 12 weeks
Mycobacterium xenopi
- 1. The cornerstone of therapy for M. xenopi
- Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin AND Rifampin AND Ethambutol
- Note: Therapy should be continued until the patient has maintained negative sputum cultures while on therapy for 12 months
- 2. Pulmonary disease
- Preferred regimen: INH AND Rifabutin OR Rifampin AND Ethambutol AND Clarithromycin ± Streptomycin
- Note: A quinolone, preferably Moxifloxacin, could be substituted for one of the antituberculous drugs
- 3. Extrapulmonary disease
- Note: Therapy for extrapulmonary disease would include the same agents as for pulmonary disease
Mycobacterium ulcerans
- 1. Preulcerative lesions
- Excision and primary closure, Rifampin monotherapy, or heat therapy
- 2. Established ulcers
- Most antimycobacterial agents are ineffective for the treatment of the ulcer; Surgical debridement combined with skin grafting is the usual treatment of choice
- 3. Control complications of the ulcer
- Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin AND Rifampin
Swine influenza
- 1. Condition1: Patients who have severe or progressive clinical illness
- Preferred regimen: Oseltamivir 150 mg PO bid
- Note(1): Treatment duration depends on clinical response
- Note(2): Where the clinical course remains severe or progressive, despite 5 or more days of antiviral treatment, monitoring of virus replication and shedding, and antiviral drug susceptibility testing is desirable
- Note(3): Antiviral treatment should be maintained without a break until virus infection is resolved or there is satisfactory clinical improvement
- Note(4): Patients who have severe or progressive clinical illness, but who are unable to take oral medication may be treated with Oseltamivir administered by nasogastric or orogastric tube
- 2. Condition2: In situations where oseltamivir is not available, or not possible to use, patients who have severe or progressive clinical illness
- 3. Condition3: Severely immunosuppressed patients
- Antiviral chemoprophylaxis would be considered by using Oseltamivir OR Zanamivir
Mycobacterium simiae
- Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin AND Moxifloxacin AND Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
Mycobacterium foruitum
- 1. In vitro isolates
- Susceptible agents: Amikacin (100%), Ciprofloxacin and Ofloxacin (100%), Sulfonamides (100%), Cefoxitin (50%), Imipenem (100%), Clarithromycin (80%), and Doxycycline (50%)
- 2. Disease
- 2.1 M. fortuitum lung disease
- At least two agents with in vitro activity against the clinical isolate should be given for at least 12 months of negative sputum cultures
- 2.2 Serious skin, bone, and soft tissue M fortuitum disease
- At least two agents with in vitro activity against the clinical isolate should be given for a minimum of 4 months; For bone infections, 6 months of therapy is recommended
Mycobacterium scrofulaceum
- Susceptibility data are lacking and standard treatment regimens for M. scrofulaceum are controversial, emphasizing the need to perform susceptibility testing on confirmed disease-producing isolates of M. scrofulaceum
Mycobacterium marinum
- 1. In vitro M. marinum isolates
- Susceptible: Rifampin, Rifabutin, Ethambutol, Clarithromycin, Sulfonamides, and Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole
- Intermediately susceptible: Streptomycin, Doxycycline, and Minocycline
- Resistant: Isoniazid and Pyrazinamide
- Note: Two active agents for 1 to 2 months after resolution of symptoms, typically 3 to 4 months in total
- 2. Infection
- 2.1 skin and soft tissue infections
- Preferred regimen (1): Clarithromycin AND Ethambutol
- Preferred regimen (2): Ethambutol AND Rifampin
- Note: Azithromycin can replace Clarithromycin
- 2.2 osteomyelitis or deep structure infection
- Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin AND Ethambutol AND Rifampin
Mycobacterium kansasii
- 1. pulmonary disease
- Preferred regimen: Rifampin 10 mg/kg/day (maximum, 600 mg) PO AND Ethambutol 15 mg/kg/ day PO AND Isoniazid 5 mg/kg/day (maximum 300 mg) PO AND Pyridoxine 50 mg/day PO
- Note: Treatment duration for M. kansasii lung disease should include 12 months of negative sputum cultures
- 2. Rifampin-resistant M. kansasii disease
- Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin OR Azithromycin OR Moxifloxacin OR Ethambutol OR Sulfamethoxazole OR Streptomycin
- Note(1): Use three-drug regimen
- Note(2): Patients undergoing therapy for M. kansasii lung disease should have close clinical monitoring with frequent sputum examinations for mycobacterial culture throughout therapy
- 3. Disseminated M. kansasii disease
- Note: The treatment regimen for disseminated disease should be the same as for pulmonary disease
Mycobacterium gordonae
- Preferred regimen: Ethambutol OR Rifabutin OR Clarithromycin OR Linezolid OR Fluoroquinolones
- Susceptibility: Amikacin, Rifamycin, Fluoroquinolones, Streptomycin, and Macrolides
- Note(1): Ethambutol has limited activity
- Note(2): Optimal therapy is not determined, but multidrug therapies including Clarithromycin appear to be more effective than those without Clarithromycin
Mycobacterium haemophilum
- 1. In vitro
- Susceptible: Amikacin, Clarithromycin, Ciprofloxacin, Rifampin, and Rifabutin
- Less susceptible: Doxycycline and Sulfonamides
- 2. Infection
- 2.1 Disseminated disease
- Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin AND Rifampin AND Rifabutin AND Ciprofloxacin
Mycobacterium chelonae
- Mycobacterium chelonae [20]
- 1. Localized infections
- Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin 500 mg PO bid
- Alternative regimen: Azithromycin
- 2. Disseminated or extensive disease
- 2.1 monotherapy
- Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin 500 mg PO bid for 6 months
- 2.2 multidrug therapy
- preferred regimen: Clarithromycin 500 mg PO bid AND Tobramycin 5 mg/kg IV q24h OR Imipenem 0.5-1 g IV q6h OR Linezolid 600 mg IV/PO q12h/bid for 4-8 weeks
- Alternative regimen: Moxifloxacin 400 mg PO qd AND Linezolid 600 mg PO bid
- Note(1): During initial treatment, multidrug therapy may prevent development of acquired resistance
- Note(2): Total treatment duration is 6 months
- 3. Keratitis (LASIK-related)
- Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin 500 mg PO bid AND Tobramycin 0.3% 2 gtts q4h AND Gatifloxacin 0.3% 1 gtt q4h OR Moxifloxacin 0.5% 1 gtt q4h
Mycobacterium celatum
- Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin AND Ethambutol AND Ciprofloxacin ± Rifabutin
Mycobacterium avium complex
- 1. Treatment of MAC pulmonary disease [22]
- 1.1 Patients with nodular/bronchiectatic disease
- Preferreday regimen: Clarithromycin 1,000 mg three times weekly OR Azithromycin 500–600 mg three times weekly AND Ethambutol 25 mg/kg three times weekly AND Rifampin 600 mg three times weekly
- Note: Patients should be treated until culture negative on therapy for 1 year
- 1.2 Patients with fibrocavitary or severe nodular/bronchiectatic disease
- Preferreday regimen: Clarithromycin 500–1,000 mg/day OR Azithromycin 250–300 mg/day OR Rifampin 600 mg/day OR Rifabutin 150–300 mg/day AND Ethambutol 15 mg/kg/day
- Note(1): Amikacin OR Streptomycin threetimes-weekly can be used early in therapy
- Note(2): Patients should be treated until culture negative on therapy for 1 year
- 2. Disseminateday MAC disease
- Preferreday regimen: Clarithromycin 1,000 mg/day OR Azithromycin 250 mg/day AND Ethambutol 15 mg/kg/day ± Rifabutin 150–350 mg/day
Mycobacterium bovis
- Note: Is intrinsically resistant to Pyrazinamide (PZA). The treatment of M. bovis is extrapolated from experience with the treatment of PZA-resistant M. tuberculosis
- 1. Pulmonary and most extrapulmonary disease
- Preferred regimen: Isoniazid AND Rifampin AND Ethambutol for 2 months, followed by Isoniazid AND Rifampin for 7 months
- 2. Meningitis
- Preferred regimen: Isoniazid AND Rifampin AND Ethambutol for 2 months, followed by Isoniazid AND Rifampin for 10 months
Mycobacterium abscessus
- 1.Limited, localized extrapulmonary disease [24]
- Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin 500 mg PO bid ± Amikacin 10-15 mg/kg/day IV or 25 mg/kg three times weekly for 4 months
- 2.Pulmonary or serious extrapulmonary disease
- Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin 500 mg PO bid AND Amikacin 15 mg/kg/day IV AND Cefoxitin 2g IV q4h OR Imipenem 1g IV q6h for at least 2-4 months
- Note: If limited by adverse effects, then switch to Clarithromycin 500 mg PO bid or 1000 mg XR qd OR Azithromycin 250 mg PO qd
- Alternative regimen(1): Tigecycline 100 mg IV loading dose, then 50 mg IV q12h
- Note: could be substituted as one of the injectables
- Alternative regimen(2): Linezolid 600 mg PO bid or 600 mg PO qd AND Clarithromycin
- Note: Could replace parental tx if not tolerated or feasible
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Standard Regimens for new patients [25]
- Adult
- Initial phase
- Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 300 mg PO (5 mg/kg/day) qd for 8 weeks AND Rifampicin 600 mg PO (10 mg/kg/day) qd for 8 weeks AND Pyrazinamide 2 g PO (25 mg/kg/day) qd for 8 weeks AND Ethambutol 1.6 g PO (15 mg/kg/day) qd for 8 weeks
- Alternative regimen (1): Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO for 2 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO for 2 weeks (10 mg/kg/day) AND Pyrazinamide 2 g/day PO for 2 weeks (25 mg/kg/day) AND Ethambutol 1.6 g PO for 2 weeks (15 mg/kg/day), followed by Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO twice weekly for 6 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO twice weekly for 6 weeks (10 mg/kg/day) AND Pyrazinamide 2 g/day PO twice weekly for 6 weeks AND Ethambutol 1.6 g PO for 2 weeks (15 mg/kg/day)
- Alternative regimen (2): Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO thrice weekly for 8 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO thrice weekly for 8 weeks (10 mg/kg/day) AND Pyrazinamide 2g/day PO thrice weekly for 8 week (25 mg/kg/day) AND Ethambutol 1.6 g PO thrice weekly for 8 weeks (15 mg/kg/day)
- Continuation phase
- Preferred regimen (1): Isoniazid 300 mg PO (5 mg/kg/day) qd AND Rifampicin 600 mg PO (10 mg/kg/day) qd for 18 weeks
- Preferred regimen (2): Isoniazid 300 mg PO twice weekly (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO twice weekly (10 mg/kg/day) for 18 weeks
- Alternative regimen (1): Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO biweekly for 18 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO biweekly for 18 weeks (10 mg/kg/day)
- Alternative regimen (2): Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO thrice weekly for 18 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO thrice weekly for 18 weeks (10 mg/kg/day)
- Pediatric
- Initial phase
- Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 10 mg/kg PO (Max: 300 mg/day) AND Rifampicin 15 mg/kg PO (Max: 600 mg/day) AND Pyrazinamide 35 mg/kg PO (Max: 2 g/day) AND Ethambutol 20 mg/kg PO (Max: 1.6 g/day), each for 8 weeks
- Continuation phase
- Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 10 mg/kg PO (Max: 300 mg/day) AND Rifampicin 15 mg/kg PO (Max: 600 mg/day), each drug daily for 18 weeks
- MDR Tuberculosis [26]
- Adult
- Preferred regimen: Pyrazinamide 20–30 mg/kg OR Ethambutol 15–25 mg/kg OR Rifabutin 5 mg/kg AND Capreomycin 15 mg/kg OR Kanamycin 15 mg/kg OR Amikacin 7.5-10 mg/kg OR Streptomycin 12–18 mg/kg AND Levofloxacin 500-1000 mg OR Moxifloxacin 400 mg OR Ofloxacin 400 mg AND Ethionamide 15-20 mg/kg OR Protionamide 15-20 mg/kg OR Cycloserine 10-15 mg/kg OR Terizidone 10-20 mg/kg OR Para-aminosalicylic acid 8-12 g/d divided q8-12h
- Pediatric
- Preferred regimen: Pyrazinamide 20-30 mg/kg (Max: 600 mg) OR Ethambutol 15-20 mg/kg OR Rifabutin 5 mg/kg AND Capreomycin 15-30 mg/kg (Max: 1000 mg) OR Kanamycin 15-30 mg/kg (Max: 1000 mg) OR Amikacin 15-22.5 mg/kg (Max: 1000 mg) OR Streptomycin 12-18 mg/kg AND Levofloxacin 7.5-10 mg/kg OR Moxifloxacin 7.5-10 mg/kg OR Ofloxacin 15-20 mg/kg divided q12h (Max:800 mg) AND Ethionamide 15-20 mg/kg divided q12h (Max: 1000 mg) OR Protionamide 15-20 mg/kg divided q12h (Max: 1000 mg) OR Cycloserine 10-20 mg/kg (Max: 1000 mg) OR Terizidone 10-20 mg/kg (Max: 1000 mg) OR Para-aminosalicylic acid 150 mg/kg divided q8-12h(Max: 12 000 mg)
- XDR Tuberculosis [27]
- Adult
- Preferred regimen: Pyrazinamide 20–30 mg/kg OR Ethambutol 15–25 mg/kg OR Rifabutin 5 mg/kg AND Ethionamide 15-20 mg/kg OR Protionamide 15-20 mg/kg OR Cycloserine 10-15 mg/kg OR Terizidone 10-20 kg/mg OR Para-aminosalicylic acid 8-12 g/d divided q8-12h AND Clofazimine 50 mg/d AND 300 mg once a month OR Amoxicillin/clavulanate 500 mg/125 mg q12h OR Linezolid 300-600 mg OR Imipenem 500mg q6h OR Clarithromycin 500-1000 mg q12h OR Thioacetazone 2.5 mg/kg OR Isoniazid (high-dose) 16–20 mg/kg
- Pediatric
- Preferred regimen: Pyrazinamide 20-30 mg/kg (Max: 600 mg) OR Ethambutol 15 mg/kg OR Rifabutin 5 mg/kg AND Ethionamide 15-20 mg/kg (Max: 1000 mg) OR Protionamide 15-20 mg/kg (Max: 1000 mg) OR Cycloserine 10-20 mg/kg (Max: 1000 mg) OR Terizidone 10-20 mg/kg (Max: 1000 mg) OR Para-aminosalicylic acid 150 mg/kg/d divided q8-12h AND Clofazimine 50 mg/d AND 300 mg once a month OR Amoxicillin/clavulanate OR Linezolid 300-600 mg OR Imipenem 500mg q6h OR Clarithromycin 500-1000 mg q12h OR Thioacetazone 2.5 mg/kg OR Isoniazid (high-dose) 16–20 mg/kg
Bacteroides fragilis
- 1. Monotherapy
- Preferred regimen: Imipenem (Primaxin) OR Ertapenem OR Meropenem OR Doripenem 0.5-1.0 g IV q6h OR Piperacillin-tazobactam (Zosyn) 3.375 g IV q6h OR Ampicillin-sulbactam (Unasyn) 1-2 g IV q6h OR Tigecycline (Tygacil) 100 mg IV, then 50 mg IV q12h
- 2. Combination therapy
- Preferred regimen: Metronidazole 0.75-1.0 g IV q12h AND Cefotaxime 1.5-2 g IV q6h OR Aztreonam 1-2 g IV q8h OR Ceftriaxone 1 g IV q12h
Acinetobacter baumannii
- Preferred regimen: Imipenem (Primaxin) 0.5-1 g IV q6h OR Ampicillin/sulbactam (Unasyn) 3g q4h OR Cefepime (Maxipime) 1-2 g IV q8h OR Colistin 2.5 mg/kg IV q12h OR Tigecycline (Tygacil) 100 mg IV, then 50 mg IV q12h OR Amikacin 7.5 mg/kg q12h IV or 15 mg/kg/day IV
- Alternative regimen: Ceftriaxone 1-2g IV every day OR Cefotaxime 2-3g IV q6-8h OR Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) 400 mg IV q8-12h or 750 mg PO bid OR TMP-SMX 15-20 mg (TMP)/kg/day IV divided 3 or 4 doses/day or 2 DS PO bid
Vibrio vulnificus
- 1. Sepsis or Soft Tissue Infection Antibiotic Management
- Preferred regimen: Doxycycline 100 mg IV q12h AND Ceftazidime 2 g IV q8h OR Fluoroquinolone
- Alternative regimen (1): Cefotaxime 2 g IV q6h AND Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q12h OR Moxifloxacin 400 mg IV q24h OR Levofloxacin 750 mg IV q24h
- Alternative regimen (2): Cefotaxime AND Minocycline
- 2. Gastroenteritis
- Most cases self-limiting
- Maintain hydration: oral or parenteral routes
- Role of Doxycycline or Fluoroquinolones unclear, does not appear to shorten duration of non-cholera gastroenteritis
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Vibrio cholerae
- Preferred regimen: Tetracycline 500 PO qid OR Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid OR Azithromycin 1000 mg PO single dose OR Erythromycin 250 mg PO qid OR TMP/SMX 160 mg/800 mg (DS) PO bid OR Ampicillin 500 mg PO qid OR Ciprofloxacin 250 mg PO qd-bid
- Note(1): Duration of antibiotic 1-3 days.
- Note(2): Administer antibiotic as soon as vomiting ceases
Treponema pallidum
References
- ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
- ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
- ↑ Tortoli, E.; Besozzi, G.; Lacchini, C.; Penati, V.; Simonetti, M. T.; Emler, S. (1998-04). "Pulmonary infection due to Mycobacterium szulgai, case report and review of the literature". The European Respiratory Journal. 11 (4): 975–977. ISSN 0903-1936. PMID 9623706. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
- ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
- ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
- ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
- ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
- ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
- ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
- ↑ WHO Guidelines for Pharmacological Management of Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) 2009 and Other Influenza Viruses. WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2010. PMID 23741777. Retrieved 2015-07-14.
- ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
- ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
- ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
- ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
- ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
- ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
- ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
- ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
- ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
- ↑ Gilbert, David (2015). The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy. Sperryville, Va: Antimicrobial Therapy. ISBN 978-1930808843.
- ↑ Griffith, Daviday E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richarday J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, anday prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory anday Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. Unknown parameter
|pmiday=ignored (help) - ↑ American Thoracic Society. CDC. Infectious Diseases Society of America (2003). "Treatment of tuberculosis". MMWR Recomm Rep. 52 (RR-11): 1–77. PMID 12836625.
- ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
- ↑ Treatment of tuberculosis guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2010. ISBN 9789241547833.
- ↑ "The use of delamanid in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis" (PDF).
- ↑ "WHO".
- ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
- ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
- ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
- ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.