Epistaxis causes: Difference between revisions

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===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{columns-list|2|
{{columns-list|3|
*[[Abnormal nasal anatomy]]
*[[Abnormal nasal anatomy]]  
*[[Accelerated hypertension]]
*[[Accelerated hypertension]]
*[[Acute cholinergic dysautonomia]]
*[[Coagulopathy|Acquired coagulation disorders]]
*[[Factor XIII deficiency|Acquired factor XIII deficiency]]
*[[Acth]]
*[[Acthar]]
*Acute cholinergic dysautonomia
*[[Acute erythroleukemia]]
*[[Acute erythroleukemia]]
*[[Acute leukemia]]
*[[Acute leukemia]]
*[[Acute lymphocytic leukemia]]
*[[Acute lymphocytic leukemia]]  
*[[Acute promyelocytic leukemia]]
*[[Acute promyelocytic leukemia]]
*[[Respiratory tract infection|Acute respiratory tract infections]]
*[[Acute sinusitis]]
*[[Acute sinusitis]]
*[[Adhesive abuse]]
*[[Adenoid cystic carcinoma]]
*[[ADP platelet receptor P2Y12 deficiency]]
*[[Adenoidectomy]]
*[[Aerosol abuse]]
*[[Adhesive abuse]]  
*[[Aging]]<ref name="pmid3747017">{{cite journal |author=Janzen VD |title=Rhinological disorders in the elderly |journal=J Otolaryngol |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=228–30 |year=1986 |month=August |pmid=3747017 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[P2Y12|ADP platelet receptor p2y12 deficiency]]  
*[[Inhalant|Aerosol abuse]]
*[[Aging]]
*[[Alcohol]]
*[[Alcohol]]
*[[Allergic rhinitis]]
*[[Alcohol abuse]]
*[[Allegra]]
*[[Allergic]]
*[[Allergic rhinitis]]  
*[[Allergies]]
*[[Allergies]]
*[[Ammonia]]
*[[Ammonia]]
*[[Angiofibroma]]
*[[Anemia]]
*[[Anticoagulants]]<ref name="pmid23053175">{{cite journal |author=Edwards CP, Shehata N, Faughnan ME |title=Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia patients can tolerate anticoagulation |journal=Ann. Hematol. |volume=91 |issue=12 |pages=1959–68 |year=2012 |month=December |pmid=23053175 |doi=10.1007/s00277-012-1553-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22970730">{{cite journal |author=Chen BC, Viny AD, Garlich FM, ''et al.'' |title=Hemorrhagic complications associated with dabigatran use |journal=Clin Toxicol (Phila) |volume=50 |issue=9 |pages=854–7 |year=2012 |month=November |pmid=22970730 |doi=10.3109/15563650.2012.721888 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Aneurysm |Aneurysm of the carotid artery]]
*[[Antiplatelet medication]]
*[[Aneurysm|Aneurysm of the carotid artery]]
*[[Antrochoanal polyps]]
*[[Angiofibroma]]
*[[Anticoagulant]]
*[[Anticoagulants]]
*[[Antiplatelet drug|Antiplatelet medication]]
*[[Nasal polyp|Antrochoanal polyps]]
*[[Antrostomy]]
*[[Antrostomy]]
*[[Aplastic anemia]]<ref name="pmid21453618">{{cite journal |author=Wali R, Fadoo Z, Adil S, Naqvi MA |title=Aplastic anemia: clinicohaematological features, treatment and outcome analysis |journal=J Coll Physicians Surg Pak |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=219–22 |year=2011 |month=April |pmid=21453618 |doi=04.2011/JCPSP.219222 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Aplastic anemia]]
*[[Argentinean hemorrhagic fever]]
*[[Argentinean hemorrhagic fever]]
*[[Asphyxiation]]
*[[Asphyxiation]]
*[[Aspirin]]
*[[Aspirin]]
*[[Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome ]]
*[[Atherosclerosis]]
*[[Autoimmune thrombocytopenia]]
*[[Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome]]  
*[[Banti syndrome]]
*[[Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura|Autoimmune thrombocytopenia]]
*[[Barotrauma]]<ref name="pmid23397871">{{cite journal |author=Gunn DJ, O'Hagan S |title=Unilateral optic neuropathy from possible sphenoidal sinus barotrauma after recreational scuba diving: a case report |journal=Undersea Hyperb Med |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=81–6 |year=2013 |pmid=23397871 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Upper respiratory tract infection|Bacterial upper respiratory infections]]
*[[Benign mucosal pemphigoid]]
*[[Banti's syndrome]]  
*[[Benign nose tumors]]
*[[Barotrauma]]
*[[Bernard-Soulier syndrome]]
*[[Cicatricial pemphigoid|Benign mucosal pemphigoid]]
*[[Biliary cirrhosis]]
*[[Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma|Benign nose tumors]]
*[[Bernard-Soulier syndrome]]  
*[[Biliary cirrhosis]]  
*[[Bing-Neel syndrome]]
*[[Bing-Neel syndrome]]
*[[Biphenyl]]
*[[Biphenyl]]
*[[Bleeding diathesis]]
*[[Bleeding disorders]]
*[[Bleeding tendency]]
*[[Bleeding tendency]]
*[[Blood dyscrasias]]
*[[Dyscrasia|Blood dyscrasias]]
*[[Blood vessel disorders ]]
*[[Anticoagulant|Blood thinning medications]]
*[[Blood vessel disorders]]
*[[Physical trauma|Blunt or penetrating facial trauma]]
*[[Blunt trauma]]
*[[Bolivian hemorrhagic fever]]
*[[Bolivian hemorrhagic fever]]
*[[Borates rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Borate|Borates rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Brodifacoum rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Brodifacoum|Brodifacoum rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Broken nose]]
*[[Broken nose]]  
*[[Bromadiolone rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Bromadiolone|Bromadiolone rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Brown snake rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Brown snake rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Butorphanol]]
*[[Butorphanol]]  
*[[Calcium sulfate]]
*[[Calcium sulfate]]
*[[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation]]
*[[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation]]
*[[Chemical irritants]]
*[[Chemical irritants]]
*[[Child abuse]]
*[[Chlorophacinone rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Chlorophacinone rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis|Cholestasis, progressive familial intrahepatic]]
*[[Christmas disease]]
*[[Christmas disease]]
*[[Chromates rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Chromates rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Chronic kidney disease]]
*[[Excoriation|Chronic excoriation ]]
*[[Irritation|Chronic irritation of the nasal mucosa]]
*[[Chronic kidney disease]]  
*[[Chronic leukemia]]
*[[Chronic leukemia]]
*[[Chronic sinusitis]]
*[[Chronic nasal trauma]]
*[[Chronic vitamin A toxicity]]
*[[Rhinitis|Chronic rhinitis ]]
*[[Chronic sinusitis]]  
*[[Chronic usage of drying agents]]
*[[Nasal spray|Chronic usage of nasal sprays]]
*[[Chronic use of nasal medication]]
*[[Vitamin A|Chronic vitamin A toxicity]]
*[[Cirrhosis]]
*[[Cirrhosis]]
*[[Clopidogrel]]<ref name="pmid22970730">{{cite journal |author=Chen BC, Viny AD, Garlich FM, ''et al.'' |title=Hemorrhagic complications associated with dabigatran use |journal=Clin Toxicol (Phila) |volume=50 |issue=9 |pages=854–7 |year=2012 |month=November |pmid=22970730 |doi=10.3109/15563650.2012.721888 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Clemastine|Clemastine fumarate]]
*[[Clove (herbal agent)]]
*[[Clopidogrel]]
*[[Clove|Clove (herbal agent)]]
*[[Coagulation disorders]]
*[[Coagulopathies]]
*[[Coagulopathies]]
*[[Coagulopathy]]
*[[Coarctation of the aorta]]
*[[Coarctation of the aorta]]
*[[Cocaine]]
*[[Cocaine]]
*[[Cold air]]
*[[Cold air]]
*[[Common cold]]
*[[Cold weather]]
*[[Congenital afibrinogenemia]]
*[[Common cold]]  
*[[Congenital afibrinogenemia]]  
*[[Congenital hypoplastic anemia]]
*[[Congenital hypoplastic anemia]]
*[[Congential fibrinogen deficiency]]
*[[Congenital syphilis]]
*[[Factor I Deficiency|Congential fibrinogen deficiency]]
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
*[[Connective tissue disease]]
*[[Corticosteroids]]
*[[Corticotropin]]  
*[[Coumachlor rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Coumachlor rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Coumafuryl rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Coumafuryl rodenticide poisoning]]  
*[[Coumatetralyl rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Coumatetralyl rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Cystic fibrosis]]
*[[Cystic fibrosis]]
*[[Defibrination syndrome]]
*[[Defibrination syndrome]]
*[[Dengue hemorrhagic fever]]
*[[Dental extraction]]
*[[Dental extraction]]
*[[Desmopressin]]
*[[Desmopressin]]
*[[Deviated septum]]<ref name="pmid23250538">{{cite journal |author=Bobrov VM |title=[Classification and clinical observation of rhinoliths in the adult patients] |language=Russian |journal=Vestn. Otorinolaringol. |volume= |issue=5 |pages=88–90 |year=2012 |pmid=23250538 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Desmopressin]]
*[[Deviated septum]]
*[[Dialysis]]
*[[Dialysis]]
*[[Difenacoum rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Difenacoum rodenticide poisoning]]  
*[[Difethialone rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Difethialone rodenticide poisoning]]  
*[[Diphacinone rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Diphacinone rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Diquat Dibromide]]
*[[Diquat|Diquat dibromide]]  
*[[Dry air]]
*[[Disorders of blood vessels]]
*[[Dry nasal mucosa]]
*Dry air
*[[Endoscopic sinus procedures]]
*Dry nasal mucosa  
*Dry nasal passages
*[[Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery|Endoscopic sinus procedures]]
*[[Irritation|Environmental irritants]]
*[[Epstein's syndrome]]
*[[Epstein's syndrome]]
*[[Essential hypertension]]
*[[Essential hypertension]]
*[[Essential thrombocythemia]]
*[[Essential thrombocythemia]]
*[[Esthesioneuroblastoma]]
*[[Esthesioneuroblastoma]]
*[[Ethmoidal polyps]]
*[[Esthesioneuroblastoma]]
*[[Facial surgery]]
*[[Nasal polyp|Ethmoidal polyps]]
*[[Dieting|Excessive dieting]]
*[[Exertion]]
*[[Facial trauma]]
*[[Facial trauma]]
*[[Factor V deficiency]]
*[[Oral and maxillofacial surgery|Facial surgery]]
*[[Factor V Quebec]]
*[[Facial trauma]]
*[[Factor VII deficiency]]
*[[Factor V|Factor V deficiency]]
*[[Factor X deficiency]]
*[[Factor VII|Factor VII deficiency]]
*[[Familial platelet syndrome with predisposition to acute myelogenous leukemia]]
*[[Factor X|Factor X deficiency]]  
*[[Fanconi's anemia]]
*[[Dyscrasia|Familial blood dyscrasias]]
*[[Grey platelet syndrome|Familial platelet syndrome ]]
*[[Fanconi's anemia]]
*[[Fexofenadine]]
*[[Fexofenadine]]
*[[Fexofenadine]]
*[[Flurbiprofen]]
*[[Flurbiprofen]]
*[[Fluticasone]] (spray)
*[[Fluticasone Nasal Spray (patient information)|Fluticasone (spray)]]
*[[Foreign body]]
*[[Foreign bodies]]
*[[Formaldehyde]]
*[[Formaldehyde]]
*[[Glycogen Storage Disease]]
*[[Frequent nose blowing ]]
*[[Hantavirus]]
*[[Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery|Functional endoscopic sinus surgery]]
*[[Ginseng]]
*[[Glycogen storage disease]]
*[[Granulomatosis]]  
*[[Hantavirosis ]]
*[[Head injury]]
*[[Head injury]]
*[[Hemophilia]]
*[[Heart failure]]
*[[Hemangioma]]
*[[Hemangioma]]
*[[Hematological malignancy]]
*[[Hematological malignancy]]
*[[Hemoglobin Lepore syndrome]]
*[[Hemoglobin Lepore syndrome]]
*[[Hemoglobin S/hemoglobin O (Arab)]]
*[[Hemoglobin SC]]
*[[Hemoglobin SC]]
*[[Hemophilia]]
*[[Hemophilia]]
*[[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia]]
*[[Hepatic cirrhosis]]
*[[Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome]]
*[[Hepatitis]]
*[[Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia]]  
*[[Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome]]
*[[Heroin]]
*[[Heroin]]
*[[Histrelin]]
*[[Histrelin]]
*[[Humidity]]
*[[Hypertension]]
*[[Hypertension]]
*[[Hypertension, systemic]]
*[[Ibuprofen]]
*[[Ibuprofen]]
*[[Idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis]]
*[[Mediastinitis|Idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis]]
*[[Immune thrombocytopenic purpura]]
*[[Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]]  
*[[Immune thrombocytopenic purpura]]
*[[Coagulopathy|Inability of the blood to clot]]
*[[Increased nasal venous pressure]]
*[[Increased nasal venous pressure]]
*[[Indandione rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Indandione rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Infection]]
*[[Infectious diseases]]
*[[Inflammatory disorders]]
*[[Inhalant abuse]]
*[[Inhalant abuse]]
*[[Inhaled corticosteroids]]
*[[Corticosteroids|Inhaled corticosteroids]]
*[[Inhaled irritants]]
*[[Inhaled irritants]]  
*[[Intranasal rhabdomyosarcoma]]
*[[Coagulopathy|Inherited  coagulation disorders]]
*[[Rhabdomyosarcoma|Intranasal rhabdomyosarcoma]]
*[[Intranasal tumors]]
*[[Intranasal tumors]]
*[[Inverting papilloma]]
*[[Inverted papilloma]]
*[[Isotretinoin]]
*[[Isotretinoin]]
*[[Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma]]
*[[Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma]]
*[[Lenvatinib]]
*[[Leprosy]]
*[[Leprosy]]
*[[Leukemia]]<ref name="pmid23153630">{{cite journal |author=Alessandrini M, Micarelli A, Mugnaini F, De Padova A, Pavone I, Bruno E |title=Unusual case of oral chronic lymphocytic leukemia presenting as recurrent epistaxis and asymptomatic intraoral swelling |journal=Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac |volume=113 |issue=6 |pages=455–7 |year=2012 |month=December |pmid=23153630 |doi=10.1016/j.stomax.2012.10.001 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Leukaemia]]
*[[Leukocyte adhesion deficiency]]
*[[Leukocyte adhesion deficiency]]
*[[Localized skin or soft tissue infection]]
*[[Skin and soft-tissue infections|Localized skin infection]]
*[[Loratadine]]
*[[Loratadine]]
*Low moisture content
*Low relative humidity
*[[Lymphomatoid granulomatosis]]
*[[Lymphomatoid granulomatosis]]
*[[Machupo virus]]
*[[Machupo virus]]
*[[Malignant hypertension]]
*[[Malignant hypertension]]  
*[[Malnutrition]]<ref name="pmid21984062">{{cite journal |author=Reiss M, Reiss G |title=Epistaxis: some aspects of laterality in 326 patients |journal=Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol |volume=269 |issue=3 |pages=905–9 |year=2012 |month=March |pmid=21984062 |doi=10.1007/s00405-011-1790-9 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Malnutrition]]  
*[[Matikus rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Matikus rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Maxillary sinus carcinoma]]
*[[Relative humidity]]
*[[Maxillofacial injury]]
*[[Maxillary sinus carcinoma]]  
*[[May-Hegglin anomaly]]
*[[Maxillofacial trauma|Maxillofacial injury]]
*[[Menopause]]
*[[May Hegglin anomaly|May-hegglin anomaly]]
*[[Medications]]
*[[Melanoma]]
*[[Menopause]]  
*[[Metaldehyde]]
*[[Metaldehyde]]
*[[Barotrauma pathophysiology|Middle ear barotrauma]]
*[[Mouser rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Mouser rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis]]
*[[Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis]]
*[[Mucormycosis]]
*[[Mucormycosis]]
*[[Irritation|Mucosal irritation of the nasal mucosa ]]
*[[Myelodysplastic syndromes]]
*[[Myelodysplastic syndromes]]
*[[Myeloproliferative diseases]]
*[[Myeloproliferative diseases]]
Line 295: Line 367:
*[[Nasal cancer]]
*[[Nasal cancer]]
*[[Nasal cannula]]
*[[Nasal cannula]]
*[[Nasal congestion]]
*[[Nasal colonization with staphylococcus aureus]]
*[[Nasal excoriation]]
*[[Nasal congestion]]  
*[[Nasal foreign body]]
*[[Diphtheria|Nasal diphtheria]]
*[[Excoriation|Nasal excoriation]]
*[[Foreign body|Nasal foreign body]]
*[[Nasal fracture]]
*[[Nasal fracture]]
*[[Nasal infection]]
*[[Nasal infection]]
*[[Nasal obstruction]]<ref name="pmid9846466">{{cite journal |author=Baum ED, Boudousquie AC, Li S, Mirza N |title=Sarcoidosis with nasal obstruction and septal perforation |journal=Ear Nose Throat J |volume=77 |issue=11 |pages=896–8, 900–2 |year=1998 |month=November |pmid=9846466 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23250538">{{cite journal |author=Bobrov VM |title=[Classification and clinical observation of rhinoliths in the adult patients] |language=Russian |journal=Vestn. Otorinolaringol. |volume= |issue=5 |pages=88–90 |year=2012 |pmid=23250538 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Nasal neoplasm]]
*[[Nasal polyps]]<ref name="pmid23250538">{{cite journal |author=Bobrov VM |title=[Classification and clinical observation of rhinoliths in the adult patients] |language=Russian |journal=Vestn. Otorinolaringol. |volume= |issue=5 |pages=88–90 |year=2012 |pmid=23250538 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Nasal Congestion|Nasal obstruction]]
*[[Nasal septum deviation]]
*[[Nasal polyp]]
*[[Nasal trauma]]<ref name="pmid12481392">{{cite journal |author=Vignes S, Chaillet M, Cabane J, Piette JC |title=[Nasal septal perforation and systemic disease] |language=French |journal=Rev Med Interne |volume=23 |issue=11 |pages=919–26 |year=2002 |month=November |pmid=12481392 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23397871">{{cite journal |author=Gunn DJ, O'Hagan S |title=Unilateral optic neuropathy from possible sphenoidal sinus barotrauma after recreational scuba diving: a case report |journal=Undersea Hyperb Med |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=81–6 |year=2013 |pmid=23397871 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Deviated septum|Nasal septum deviation]]
*[[Nasal tumor]]<ref name="pmid23405730">{{cite journal |author=Bracci M, Mariotti L, Staffolani S, ''et al.'' |title=[Sinonasal carcinoma and exposure to wood and leather dust: analysis of 36 cases] |language=Italian |journal=G Ital Med Lav Ergon |volume=34 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=612–4 |year=2012 |pmid=23405730 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Nasal sprays]]
*[[Corticosteroid|Nasal steroids]]
*[[Surgery|Nasal surgery]]
*[[Nasal trauma]]
*[[Nasal tuberculosis]]
*[[Nasal tumor]]
*[[Nasal type natural killer/t-cell lymphoma]]
*[[Nasal ulceration]]
*[[Nasal ulceration]]
*[[Nasal-type extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma]]
*[[Nasogastric tube placement]]
*[[Nasogastric tube placement]]
*[[Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma]]
*[[Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma]]
*[[Nasopharyngeal carcinoma|Nasopharyngeal cancers]]
*[[Nasopharyngeal carcinoma]]
*[[Nasopharyngeal carcinoma]]
*[[Nasotracheal intubation]]
*[[Tracheal intubation|Nasotracheal intubation]]
*[[Nose picking]]
*[[Neoplasm]]
*[[Rhinitis|Non-allergic rhinitis]]
*[[Nose conditions]]
*[[Nose injury]]
*[[Nose-picking]]
*[[Nose-picking]]
*[[Omsk hemorrhagic fever]]
*[[Omsk hemorrhagic fever]]
*[[Orbital decompression]]
*[[Graves' ophthalmopathy |Orbital decompression]]
*[[Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome]]<ref name="pmid23404156">{{cite journal |author=Silva BM, Hosman AE, Devlin HL, Shovlin CL |title=Lifestyle and Dietary Influences on Nosebleed Severity in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia |journal=Laryngoscope |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2013 |month=February |pmid=23404156 |doi=10.1002/lary.23893 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23276024">{{cite journal |author=Jarzabek M, Trojanowski P, Szajner M, Pyra K, Sojka M, Szczerbo-Trojanowska M |title=[Epistaxis in Rendu-Osler-Weber disease treated with selective embolization--case report] |language=Polish |journal=Prz. Lek. |volume=69 |issue=7 |pages=317–9 |year=2012 |pmid=23276024 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Osler-Weber-Rendu Disease|Osler-weber-rendu disease]]
*[[Owren parahemophilia]]
*[[Factor V|Owren parahemophilia]]
*[[Palbociclib]]
*[[Palbociclib]]
*[[Pancytopenia]]
*[[Pancytopenia]]
*[[Pennyroyal oil (herbal agent)]]
*[[Pennyroyal|Pennyroyal oil]]
*[[Pertussis]]
*[[Blood type|People with blood group O]]
*[[Phosphorous]]
*[[Pertussis]]  
*[[Pindborg tumor]]
*[[PFIC]]
*[[Phosphorous acid|Phosphorous]]
*[[Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor|Pindborg tumor]]
*[[Pindone rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Pindone rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Platelet function disorders]]
*[[Giant platelet disorder|Platelet disorders]]
*[[Polychondritis]]
*[[Polychondritis]]
*[[Polycythemia vera]]
*[[Polycythaemia rubra vera]]
*[[Posttraumatic pseudoaneurysm of internal carotid artery]]
*[[Polycythemia vera]]  
*[[Pseudoaneurysm|Post-traumatic pseudoaneurysm]]
*[[Postoperative]]
*Posttraumatic pseudoaneurysm of internal carotid artery  
*[[Prasugrel]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*Pressure gradients
*[[Primary hypertension]]
*[[Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis]]
*[[Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis]]
*[[Prothrombin deficiency]]
*[[Prothrombin deficiency]]
*[[Purpura]]
*[[Pyogenic granuloma]]
*[[Pyogenic granuloma]]
*[[Ratak Plus rodenticide poisoning]]
*Raised venous pressure
*[[Relapsing fever]]
*[[Ramucirumab]]
*[[Rapid weight loss]]
*[[Ratak Plus rodenticide poisoning|Ratak plus rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Relapsing fever]]  
*[[Renal artery stenosis]]
*[[Renal artery stenosis]]
*[[Respiratory tract infection]]<ref name="pmid21153894">{{cite journal |author=Singhi SC, Mathew JL, Jindal A |title=Clinical pearls in respiratory diseases |journal=Indian J Pediatr |volume=78 |issue=5 |pages=603–8 |year=2011 |month=May |pmid=21153894 |doi=10.1007/s12098-010-0270-3 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Renal dialysis]]
*[[Rhabdomyosarcoma]]<ref name="pmid23021978">{{cite journal |author=El Sanharawi A, Coulibaly B, Bessede JP, Aubry K |title=Paranasal sinus rhabdomyosarcoma: A rare tumor of poor prognosis |journal=Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis |volume=130 |issue=1 |pages=26–9 |year=2013 |month=February |pmid=23021978|doi=10.1016/j.anorl.2012.07.002 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Renal disease]]
*[[Rheumatic fever]]
*[[Respiratory tract infection]]
*[[Rhinocerebral mucormycosis]]
*[[Rhabdomyosarcoma]]
*[[Rhinocerebral zygomycosis]]
*[[Rheumatic fever]]  
*[[Rhinoplasty]]
*[[Rhinitis]]
*[[Zygomycosis|Rhinocerebral mucormycosis]]
*[[Zygomycosis|Rhinocerebral zygomycosis]]
*[[Rhinoplasty]]  
*[[Rhinoscleroma]]
*[[Rhinoscleroma]]
*[[Rhinosporidiosis]]
*[[Riociguat]]
*[[Riociguat]]
*[[Rhinosporidiosis]]
*[[Rodend rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Rodend rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Rodenticides]]
*[[Rodenticides]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]<ref name="pmid9846466">{{cite journal |author=Baum ED, Boudousquie AC, Li S, Mirza N |title=Sarcoidosis with nasal obstruction and septal perforation |journal=Ear Nose Throat J |volume=77 |issue=11 |pages=896–8, 900–2 |year=1998 |month=November |pmid=9846466 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12481392">{{cite journal |author=Vignes S, Chaillet M, Cabane J, Piette JC |title=[Nasal septal perforation and systemic disease] |language=French |journal=Rev Med Interne |volume=23 |issue=11 |pages=919–26 |year=2002 |month=November |pmid=12481392 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
*[[Sclerotic vessels]]
*[[Scleroma]]
*[[Secondary biliary cirrhosis]]
*Sclerotic vessels
*[[Pregnancy|Second trimester pregnancy]]  
*[[Secondary hypertension]]
*[[Secondary hypertension]]
*[[Septal deviation]]
*[[Septal deviation]]
*[[Septal granulomas]]
*[[Pyogenic granuloma|Septal granulomas]]  
*[[Septal perforation]]
*[[Nasal septum perforation|Septal perforation]]
*[[Septoplasty]]<ref name="pmid23139676">{{cite journal |author=Rao GN, Rout K, Pal A |title=Central retinal artery occlusion and third cranial nerve palsy following nasal septoplasty |journal=Case Report Ophthalmol |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=321–6 |year=2012 |month=September |pmid=23139676 |pmc=3493008 |doi=10.1159/000343700 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Septoplasty|Septal surgery]]  
*[[Septoplasty]]
*[[Sickle cell anemia]]
*[[Sickle cell anemia]]
*[[Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma]]
*[[Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma]]
*[[Sinus tumor]]<ref name="pmid23021978">{{cite journal |author=El Sanharawi A, Coulibaly B, Bessede JP, Aubry K |title=Paranasal sinus rhabdomyosarcoma: A rare tumor of poor prognosis |journal=Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis |volume=130 |issue=1 |pages=26–9 |year=2013 |month=February |pmid=23021978 |doi=10.1016/j.anorl.2012.07.002 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Sinus surgery]]
*Sinus tumor
*[[Sinusitis]]
*[[Sinusitis]]
*[[Skull fracture]]
*[[Skull fracture]]
*[[Skin and soft-tissue infections |Soft tissue infection]]
*[[Solvent abuse]]
*[[Solvent abuse]]
*[[Sphenoidal fracture]]
*[[Basilar skull fracture|Sphenoidal fracture]]
*[[Squamous cell carcinoma]]
*[[Stachybotrys chartarum]]
*[[Stachybotrys chartarum]]
*[[Stuart factor deficiency]]
*[[Furuncles|Staphylococcal furuncles]]
*[[Streptococcus pyogenes|Streptococcus pyogenes infection]]
*[[Factor X|Stuart factor deficiency]]  
*[[Sulphuric acid]]
*[[Sulphuric acid]]
*[[Superior vena cava syndrome]]
*[[Superior vena cava syndrome]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]<ref name="pmid12481392">{{cite journal |author=Vignes S, Chaillet M, Cabane J, Piette JC |title=[Nasal septal perforation and systemic disease] |language=French |journal=Rev Med Interne |volume=23 |issue=11 |pages=919–26 |year=2002 |month=November |pmid=12481392 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Systemic infection|Systemic infection with nasal congestion]]  
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Talon rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Talon rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Telfast]]
*[[Tetrachloroethylene]]
*[[Tetrachloroethylene]]
*[[Tetryl]]
*[[Tetryl]]  
*[[Thrombasthenia]]
*[[Thrombasthenia]]
*[[Thrombocyopenic purpura]]
*[[Thrombocytopenic purpura]]
*[[Thrombocytopathy]]
*[[Thrombocytopathy]]
*[[Thrombocytopenia]]<ref name="pmid23153630">{{cite journal |author=Alessandrini M, Micarelli A, Mugnaini F, De Padova A, Pavone I, Bruno E |title=Unusual case of oral chronic lymphocytic leukemia presenting as recurrent epistaxis and asymptomatic intraoral swelling |journal=Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac |volume=113 |issue=6 |pages=455–7 |year=2012 |month=December |pmid=23153630 |doi=10.1016/j.stomax.2012.10.001 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Thrombocytopenia]]
*Trauma to [[Little's area]]<ref name="pmid22711391">{{cite journal |author=Verma RK, Bakshi J, Panda NK |title=Ectopic intranasal tooth: an unusual cause of epistaxis in a child |journal=Ear Nose Throat J |volume=91 |issue=6 |pages=242–4 |year=2012 |month=June |pmid=22711391 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Tiagabine]]
*[[Tiagabine]]
*[[Tobacco]]
*[[Tobacco]]
*[[Trauma to Little's area]]
*[[Tobacco smoking]]
*[[Trauma]]
*[[Kiesselbach's plexus|Trauma to Little's area]]
*[[Corticosteroid|Nasal corticosteroids]]
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Tumors]]
*[[Turbinectomy]]
*[[Typhoid fever]]
*[[Typhoid fever]]
*[[Unilateral choanal atresia]]
*[[Choanal atresia|Unilateral choanal atresia]]
*[[Upper respiratory infection]]
*[[Upper respiratory infection]]
*[[Valproic acid]]
*[[valproic acid]]
*[[Vanadium]]
*[[Vanadium]]
*[[Vascular disorders]]
*[[Vascular disorders]]  
*[[Vascular malformation]]
*[[Vascular malformation]]
*[[Viral rhinitis]]
*[[Rhinitis|Viral rhinitis]]
*[[Vitamin C deficiency]]
*[[Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)|Viral  upper respiratory infections]]
*[[Vitamin K deficiency]]
*[[Vitamin C|Vitamin C deficiency]]
*[[Vitamin K|Vitamin K deficiency]]
*[[Volak rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Volak rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Volatile inhalants of abuse]]
*[[Inhalant|Volatile inhalants]]
*[[Volid rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Volid rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Von Gierke disease]]
*[[Von Gierke Disease]]
*[[Von Willebrand disease]]<ref name="pmid22221847">{{cite journal |author=Schneppenheim R |title=The pathophysiology of von Willebrand disease: therapeutic implications |journal=Thromb. Res. |volume=128 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S3–7 |year=2011 |pmid=22221847 |doi=10.1016/S0049-3848(12)70002-6 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Von Willebrand disease]]  
*[[Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia]]
*[[Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia]]
*[[Warfarin]]
*[[Warfarin]]
*[[Wegener's granulomatosis]]<ref name="pmid23416832">{{cite journal |author=Islam MA, Azad AK, Islam MS, Shazzad MN, Haq SA |title=Wegener's Granulomatosis - A Case Report |journal=Mymensingh Med J |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=196–199 |year=2013 |month=January |pmid=23416832 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12481392">{{cite journal |author=Vignes S, Chaillet M, Cabane J, Piette JC |title=[Nasal septal perforation and systemic disease] |language=French |journal=Rev Med Interne |volume=23 |issue=11 |pages=919–26 |year=2002 |month=November |pmid=12481392 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Wegener's]]
*[[Weil's syndrome]]
*[[Wegener's granulomatosis]]  
*[[Weil syndrome]]
*[[Whooping cough]]
*[[Whooping cough]]
*[[X-linked dyserythropoietic anemia and thrombocytopenia]]
*X-linked dyserythropoietic anemia and thrombocytopenia
*[[Zygomycosis]]
*[[Zygomycosis]]
}}
}}


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Revision as of 14:03, 11 September 2015

Epistaxis Microchapters

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Editor in Chief: Liudvikas Jagminas, M.D., FACEP [1] Phone: 401-729-2419; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Marcelo R. Zacarkim, M.D. [2]

Overview

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Accelerated hypertension, Blood vessel disorders , Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Coarctation of the aorta, Essential hypertension, Hemangioma, Hypertension, Malignant hypertension, Posttraumatic pseudoaneurysm of internal carotid artery, Renal artery stenosis, Sclerotic vessels, Secondary hypertension, Superior vena cava syndrome, Vascular disorders, Vascular malformation, Wegener's granulomatosis
Chemical / poisoning Ammonia, Biphenyl, Borates rodenticide poisoning, Brodifacoum rodenticide poisoning, Bromadiolone rodenticide poisoning, Brown snake rodenticide poisoning, Calcium sulfate, Chemical irritants, Chlorophacinone rodenticide poisoning, Chromates rodenticide poisoning, Coumachlor rodenticide poisoning, Coumafuryl rodenticide poisoning, Coumatetralyl rodenticide poisoning, Difenacoum rodenticide poisoning, Difethialone rodenticide poisoning, Diphacinone rodenticide poisoning, Diquat Dibromide, Eltrombopag, Formaldehyde, Indandione rodenticide poisoning, Inhalant abuse, Inhaled irritants, Matikus rodenticide poisoning, Metaldehyde, Mouser rodenticide poisoning, Phosphorous, Pindone rodenticide poisoning, Ratak Plus rodenticide poisoning, Rodend rodenticide poisoning, Rodenticides, Sulphuric acid, Talon rodenticide poisoning, Tetrachloroethylene, Tetryl, Tobacco, Vanadium, Volak rodenticide poisoning, Volid rodenticide poisoning
Dental Dental extraction
Dermatologic Benign mucosal pemphigoid
Drug Side Effect Anticoagulants , Antiplatelet medication, Aspirin, Bicalutamide, Budesonide, Butorphanol, Cefpodoxime, Ciclesonide, Clopidogrel, caspofungin acetate, Clove (herbal agent), Desmopressin, Febuxostat, Fexofenadine, Flurbiprofen, Histrelin, Ibuprofen, Inhaled corticosteroids, Ipratropium bromide, Isotretinoin, Leflunomide, Loratadine, Meropenem,Metipranolol, miltefosine, Narcotics, Olopatadine, Oxcarbazepine, Palbociclib, Pennyroyal oil (herbal agent), Pramipexole, Retapamulin, Rifaximin,riociguat,Romiplostim, Sertraline, Sulindac, Tiagabine, Thalidomide, Topiramate, Triamcinolone acetonide, Trimethadione, Valproic acid, Warfarin, Tobramycin
Ear Nose Throat Abnormal nasal anatomy, Acute sinusitis, Allergic rhinitis, Antrochoanal polyps, Benign nose tumors, Chronic sinusitis, Common cold, Deviated septum, Dry nasal mucosa, Esthesioneuroblastoma, Ethmoidal polyps, Foreign body, Increased nasal venous pressure, Intranasal rhabdomyosarcoma, Intranasal tumors, Inverting papilloma, Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, Maxillary sinus carcinoma, Nasal cancer, Nasal congestion, Nasal excoriation, Nasal foreign body, Nasal obstruction, Nasal polyps, Nasal septum deviation, Nasal tumor, Nasal ulceration, Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Rhinoscleroma, Septal deviation, Septal perforation, Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, Sinus tumor, Sinusitis, Unilateral choanal atresia, Wegener's granulomatosis
Endocrine Cystic fibrosis
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Biliary cirrhosis, Cirrhosis, Secondary biliary cirrhosis
Genetic ADP platelet receptor P2Y12 deficiency, Bernard-Soulier syndrome, Congenital hypoplastic anemia, Congential fibrinogen deficiency, Cystic fibrosis, Epstein's syndrome, Essential thrombocythemia, Familial platelet syndrome with predisposition to acute myelogenous leukemia, Fanconi's anemia, Glycogen Storage Disease, Hemoglobin Lepore syndrome, Hemoglobin S/hemoglobin O (Arab), Hemoglobin SC, Hemophilia, Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome, Leukocyte adhesion deficiency, May-Hegglin anomaly, Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, Owren parahemophilia, Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, Prothrombin deficiency, Sickle cell anemia, Von Gierke disease, Von Willebrand disease, X-linked dyserythropoietic anemia and thrombocytopenia
Hematologic Acute erythroleukemia, Acute leukemia, Acute lymphocytic leukemia, Acute promyelocytic leukemia, Aplastic anemia, Autoimmune thrombocytopenia, Banti syndrome, Bernard-Soulier syndrome, Bing-Neel syndrome, Bleeding tendency, Blood dyscrasias, Christmas disease, Chronic leukemia, Coagulopathies, Congenital afibrinogenemia, Defibrination syndrome, Factor V deficiency, Factor V Quebec, Factor VII deficiency, Factor X deficiency, Fanconi anemia, Hematological malignancy, Hemoglobin Lepore syndrome, Hemoglobin S/hemoglobin O (Arab), Hemoglobin SC, Hemophilia, Leukemia, Myelodysplastic syndromes, Myeloproliferative diseases, Nasal-type extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, Pancytopenia, Platelet function disorders, Polycythemia vera, Stuart factor deficiency, Thrombasthenia, Thrombocyopenic purpura, Thrombocytopathy, Thrombocytopenia, Thrombocyopenic purpura, Von Willebrand's disease, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
Iatrogenic Antrostomy, Dental extraction, Endoscopic sinus procedures, Facial surgery, Nasal cannula, Nasogastric tube placement, Nasotracheal intubation, Orbital decompression, Rhinoplasty, Septoplasty
Infectious Disease Argentinean hemorrhagic fever, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, Hantavirus, Leprosy, Localized skin or soft tissue infection, Lymphomatoid granulomatosis, Machupo virus, Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, Mucormycosis, Nasal infection, Omsk hemorrhagic fever, Pertussis, Pyogenic granuloma, Relapsing fever, Respiratory tract infection, Rheumatic fever, Rhinocerebral mucormycosis, Rhinocerebral zygomycosis, Rhinosporidiosis, Septal granulomas, Stachybotrys chartarum, Tuberculosis, Typhoid fever, Upper respiratory infection, Viral rhinitis, Weil's syndrome, Whooping cough, Zygomycosis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho No underlying causes
Neurologic Acute cholinergic dysautonomia
Nutritional / Metabolic Malnutrition, Vitamin C deficiency, Vitamin K deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic Pregnancy
Oncologic Acute erythroleukemia, Acute leukemia, Acute lymphocytic leukemia, Acute promyelocytic leukemia, Angiofibroma, Benign nose tumors, Esthesioneuroblastoma, Hematological malignancy, Intranasal rhabdomyosarcoma, Intranasal tumors, Inverting papilloma, Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, Leukemia, Maxillary sinus carcinoma, Myelodysplastic syndromes, Nasal cancer, Nasal tumor, Nasal-type extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Pindborg tumor, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, Sinus tumor
Opthalmologic Orbital decompression
Overdose / Toxicity Adhesive abuse, Aerosol abuse, Alcohol, Chronic vitamin A toxicity, Cocaine, Heroin, Solvent abuse, Volatile inhalants of abuse
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Asphyxiation, Barotrauma, Cystic fibrosis, Respiratory tract infection
Renal / Electrolyte Chronic kidney disease, Dialysis, Wegener's granulomatosis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Allergic rhinitis, Allergies, Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome , Autoimmune thrombocytopenia, Immune thrombocytopenic purpura, Polychondritis, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Wegener's granulomatosis
Sexual Cystic fibrosis
Trauma Broken nose, Facial trauma, Head injury, Maxillofacial injury, Nasal fracture, Nasal trauma, Skull fracture, Sphenoidal fracture, Trauma to Little's area
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Aging, Cold air, Dry air, Idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis, Malnutrition, Menopause, Nose picking, Sarcoidosis

Causes in Alphabetical Order

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3

References

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