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==Causes==
==Causes==
The three most common organisms responsible for infective endocarditis are ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'', ''[[Streptococci]]'' of the viridans group, and [[Staphylococcus|coagulase negative Staphylococci]]. Other ''Streptococci'' and ''[[Enterococcus|Enterococci]]'' are also a frequent cause of infective endocarditis. [[HACEK]] group of micro-organisms and [[fungi]] are seen less frequently.<ref name=abc> Infective endocarditis. Wikipedia (2015). URL=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infective_endocarditis#Pathogenesis Accessed on September 22, 2015</ref><ref name=Murdoch>{{cite journal|last=Murdoch|first=DR|title=Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine|date=9 March 2009|volume=169|issue=5|pages=463–73|pmid=19273776|doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2008.603|pmc=3625651|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
===Life Threatening Causes===
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
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*[[Streptococcus bovis]]
*[[Streptococcus bovis]]
*[[Streptococcus viridans]]
*[[Streptococcus viridans]]
The predominant pathogens that account for 70% of cases of infective endocarditis include the following three gram-positive cocci:
#Viridans group streptococci, although the incidence is decreasing
#Staphylococcus species incidence is increasing
#Enterococcus species
===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Zaghw, M.D. [2] Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [3]
Overview
The majority of cases of infective endocarditis are due to bacteria.[1] Common causes of infective endocarditis include Streptococcus viridans , Staphylococci , and Enterococcus .[1]
Causes
The three most common organisms responsible for infective endocarditis are Staphylococcus aureus , Streptococci of the viridans group, and coagulase negative Staphylococci . Other Streptococci and Enterococci are also a frequent cause of infective endocarditis. HACEK group of micro-organisms and fungi are seen less frequently.[1] [2]
Life Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Common Causes
Causes by Organ System
Cardiovascular
Acute rheumatic fever , aneurysm of sinus of valsalva , aortic insufficiency , aortic stenosis , aortic valve regurgitation , aortic valve stenosis , asymmetric septal hypertrophy , atrial myxoma , atrioventricular block , Austrian triad , bacterial endocarditis , Becker fibroblastic endocarditis , bicuspid aortic valves , calcific aortic stenosis , calcific valvular disease , cardiac catheterization , cardiac myxoma , cardiac surgery , cardiomegaly , carditis , central venous catheter , cerebrovascular accident , cholesterol emboli syndrome , coarctation of the aorta , congenital heart disease , coronary artery fistula , Ebstein's anomaly , Eisenmenger's syndrome , embolism , first degree AV block , hypertrophic cardiomyopathy , hypoplastic left heart syndrome , infective endocarditis , Libman-Sacks endocarditis , Loeffler endocarditis , marantic endocarditis , mesenteric ischemia , mitral regurgitation , mitral stenosis , mitral valve prolapse , mitral valve replacement , myocardial rupture , nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis , papillary muscle dysfunction , patent ductus arteriosus , prosthetic heart valves , pulmonary atresia , pulmonic regurgitation , rheumatic heart disease , right ventricular outflow tract obstruction , second degree AV block , shock , stroke , structural heart disease , subacute endocarditis , tetralogy of Fallot , third degree AV block , tricuspid insufficiency , tricuspid regurgitation , tricuspid stenosis , valvular heart disease , ventricular septal defect
Chemical / poisoning
No underlying causes
Dental
Dental extractions , dental implants , dental sepsis , root canals procedure , rothia dentocariosa
Dermatologic
Behcet disease , scarlet fever
Drug Side Effect
Aminoglycoside , cocaine , daptomycin , flucloxacillin , fusidic acid , heroin , intravenous drug use , metronidazole , narcotic , pefloxacin , penicillin , streptomycin , vancomycin
Ear Nose Throat
Adenoidectomy
Endocrine
No underlying causes
Environmental
No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic & Genito-Uriner
Biliary tract surgery , endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography , peritoneovenous shunts for ascites , sclerotherapy , splenic infarction , Whipple disease
Genetic
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome , mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 , parathyroid hormone receptor 1 , Turner syndrome
Hematologic
Antiphospholipid syndrome , chronic eosinophilic leukemia , hypereosinophilic syndrome
Iatrogenic
Cystoscopy ,iatrogenic infection
Infectious Disease
Abiotrophia , acremonium , acute rheumatic fever , aseptic meningitis , Austrian triad , bacteremia , bacterial endocarditis , bacteroides , bartonella , brucellosis , campylobacteriosis , candida albicans , capnocytophaga canimorsus , cardiobacterium hominis , cat scratch fever , clostridium sordellii , coagulase-negative staphylococci , corynebacterium , coxiella burnetii , diphtheria , eikenella corrodens , enterococci , enterococcus faecalis , erysipelas , erysipeloid of rosenbach , erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae , fever , finegoldia magna , fungi , gemella haemolysans , gemella morbillorum , gonorrhea , granuloma , group A streptococcus , HACEK organisms , haemophilus aphrophilus , haemophilus parainfluenzae , haemophilus paraphrophilus , HIV , iatrogenic infection , infective endocarditis , kingella kingae , lactobacillus rhamnosus , legionella pneumophila , listeria monocytogenes , loiasis , melioidosis , meningococcemia , methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus , micrococcus , mycobacterium avium-intracellulare , mycobacterium boenickei , mycobacterium brisbanense , mycobacterium fortuitum , mycobacterium houstonense , mycobacterium neworleansense , mycobacterium tuberculosis , neisseria gonorrhoea , neisseria sicca , non-HACEK gram-negative bacteria , pasteurella multocida , postoperative septicemia , propionibacterium acnes , pseudomonas alcaligenes , pseudomonas mendocina , psittacosis , Q fever , rat-bite fever , rheumatic fever , rothia dentocariosa , salmonellosis , scarlet fever , sepsis , septic arthritis , septicemia , serratia , staphylococcus aureus , staphylococcus epidermidis , staphylococcus lugdunensis , streptobacillary rat-bite fever , streptobacillus , streptococcus bovis , streptococcus milleri , streptococcus mitis , streptococcus mutans , streptococcus pneumoniae , streptococcus sanguinis , streptococcus suis , streptococcus viridans , streptococcus , syphilis , trichinella spiralis ,tropheryma whipplei , trypanosoma cruzi , tuberculosis , typhoid fever , vancomycin-resistant enterococci , Whipple disease
Musculoskeletal / Ortho
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome , sclerotherapy
Neurologic
Antiphospholipid syndrome , aseptic meningitis , Austrian triad , cerebrovascular accident , stroke , ventriculoatrial shunts for hydrocephalus
Nutritional / Metabolic
Ornithine transcarbamylase
Obstetrics & Gynecology
Antiphospholipid syndrome , Pregnancy
Oncologic
Atrial myxoma , cancer , cardiac myxoma , chronic eosinophilic leukemia , paraneoplastic syndrome
Opthalmologic
No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity
No underlying causes
Psychiatric
No underlying causes
Pulmonary
Respiratory tract procedures
Renal / Electrolyte
Chronic hemodialysis , hemodialysis , nephrotic syndrome , urinary casts
Rheum / Immune / Allergy
Acute rheumatic fever , antiphospholipid syndrome , autoimmune disease , Behcet disease , immune complex disease , lupus , paraneoplastic syndrome , polymyalgia rheumatica , rheumatic fever , rheumatoid arthritis , systemic lupus erythematosus
Trauma
No underlying causes
Urologic
Cystoscopy , prostatic surgery
Miscellaneous
Surgery
Causes in Alphabetical Order
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3
Epidemiological Clues in Etiological Diagnosis of Culture-Negative Endocarditis[6]
Epidemiological features
Common Microorganism(s)
Injection drug use
Indwelling cardiovascular medical devices
Genitourinary disorders
Genitourinary infection
Genitourinary manipulation
pregnancy
Delivery
Abortion
Chronic skin disorders
Poor dental health, dental procedures
Viridans group streptococci
“Nutritionally variant streptococci”
Abiotrophia defectiva
Granulicatella sp
Gemella sp
HACEK organisms
Alcoholism, cirrhosis
Burn patients
S. aureus
Aerobic Gram-negative bacilli, including
Diabetes mellitus
Early ( < 1 y) prosthetic valve placement
Late ( > 1 y) prosthetic valve placement
Dog–cat exposure
Contact with contaminated milk
Contact with infected farm animals
Homeless, body lice
AIDS
Pneumonia, meningitis
Solid organ transplant
Gastrointestinal lesions
References
↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Infective endocarditis. Wikipedia (2015). URL=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infective_endocarditis#Pathogenesis Accessed on September 21, 2015
↑ Murdoch, DR; et al. (9 March 2009). "Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study" . Archives of Internal Medicine . 169 (5): 463–73. doi :10.1001/archinternmed.2008.603 . PMC 3625651 . PMID 19273776 .
↑ Simon S. B. Chew, David Z. Lubowski (2001). "Clostridium septicum and malignancy" .
↑ http://wordnet.com.au/Products/topics_in_infectious_diseases_Aug01.htm Topics in Infectious Diseases Newsletter, August 2001, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
↑ Mirabelle Kelly, MD (June 7, 2005). "HACEK Group Infections" .
↑ Baddour, LM.; Wilson, WR.; Bayer, AS.; Fowler, VG.; Bolger, AF.; Levison, ME.; Ferrieri, P.; Gerber, MA.; Tani, LY. (2005). "Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Circulation . 111 (23): e394–434. doi :10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.165564 . PMID 15956145 .
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