Insomnia: Difference between revisions
Ochuko Ajari (talk | contribs) |
Ochuko Ajari (talk | contribs) |
||
| Line 161: | Line 161: | ||
===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== | ===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== | ||
{{columns-list|3| | {{columns-list|3| | ||
*[[4-Aminopyridine]] | *[[4-Aminopyridine]] | ||
*[[Aplysiomorpha|Abalone]] | *[[Aplysiomorpha|Abalone]] | ||
| Line 220: | Line 191: | ||
*[[Andropause]] | *[[Andropause]] | ||
*[[Anemia]] | *[[Anemia]] | ||
*[[Anger]] | *[[Anger]] | ||
*[[Chronic stable angina|Angina]] | *[[Chronic stable angina|Angina]] | ||
*[[Anise|Aniseed]] | *[[Anise|Aniseed]] | ||
*[[Achiote|Annatto]] | |||
*[[Antidepressants]] | *[[Antidepressants]] | ||
*[[Antimony]] | |||
*[[Antioxidants]] | |||
*[[Anxiety disorder]] | *[[Anxiety disorder]] | ||
*[[Aplastic anemia]] | *[[Aplastic anemia]] | ||
| Line 238: | Line 211: | ||
*[[Capsicum|Bell pepper]] | *[[Capsicum|Bell pepper]] | ||
*[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]] | *[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]] | ||
*[[Benzoate]] | |||
*[[Benzodiazepine|Benzodiazepine abuse]] | *[[Benzodiazepine|Benzodiazepine abuse]] | ||
*[[Benzphetamine]] | *[[Benzphetamine]] | ||
*[[Beta blockers|Beta antagonists]] | *[[Beta blockers|Beta antagonists]] | ||
*[[butylated hydroxyanisole|BHA]] | |||
*[[butylated hydroxytoluene|BHT]] | |||
*[[Bipolar disorder|Bipolar affective disorder]] | *[[Bipolar disorder|Bipolar affective disorder]] | ||
*[[Megacystis (fetal)|Bladder distention]] | *[[Megacystis (fetal)|Bladder distention]] | ||
| Line 257: | Line 233: | ||
*[[Hypocalcemia|Calcium deficiency]] | *[[Hypocalcemia|Calcium deficiency]] | ||
*[[Cancer]] | *[[Cancer]] | ||
*[[Carrageenan|Carageenan gum]] | |||
*[[Carmine]] | |||
*[[Cathinone|Cathinone poisoning]] | *[[Cathinone|Cathinone poisoning]] | ||
*[[Celery]] | *[[Celery]] | ||
| Line 267: | Line 245: | ||
*[[Congestive heart failure|Chf]] | *[[Congestive heart failure|Chf]] | ||
*[[Amphetamine|Chronic amphetamine use]] | *[[Amphetamine|Chronic amphetamine use]] | ||
*[[Chronic fatigue syndrome]] | *[[Chronic fatigue syndrome]] | ||
*[[Sleep hygiene|Chronic insomnia disorder]] | *[[Sleep hygiene|Chronic insomnia disorder]] | ||
| Line 273: | Line 250: | ||
*[[Chronic pain]] | *[[Chronic pain]] | ||
*[[Chronic renal failure|Chronic renal disease]] | *[[Chronic renal failure|Chronic renal disease]] | ||
*[[sleep deprivation|Chronic sleep restriction]] | |||
*[[Chronic stress]] | *[[Chronic stress]] | ||
*[[Hypervitaminosis A|Chronic vitamin A toxicity]] | *[[Hypervitaminosis A|Chronic vitamin A toxicity]] | ||
| Line 301: | Line 279: | ||
*[[Demerol withdrawal]] | *[[Demerol withdrawal]] | ||
*[[Dental caries|Dental problem]] | *[[Dental caries|Dental problem]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Depression]] | ||
*[[Depression]] | *[[Depression]] | ||
*[[Desmopressin]] | *[[Desmopressin]] | ||
*[[Dextroamphetamine|Dexamfetamine]] | *[[Dextroamphetamine|Dexamfetamine]] | ||
| Line 336: | Line 313: | ||
*[[Eribulin]] | *[[Eribulin]] | ||
*[[Atopic dermatitis|Erythrodermic eczema]] | *[[Atopic dermatitis|Erythrodermic eczema]] | ||
*[[Erythrosine]] | |||
*[[Escitalopram]] | *[[Escitalopram]] | ||
*[[Ethylbenzene]] | |||
*[[Excessive alcohol]] | *[[Excessive alcohol]] | ||
*[[Caffeine|Excessive caffeine]] | *[[Caffeine|Excessive caffeine]] | ||
| Line 347: | Line 326: | ||
*[[Fennel]] | *[[Fennel]] | ||
*[[Fibromyalgia]] | *[[Fibromyalgia]] | ||
*[[fibromyalgia]] | |||
*[[Fibromyalgia|fibromyalgias]] | |||
*[[Flibanserin]] | *[[Flibanserin]] | ||
*[[Folic acid toxicity]] | *[[Folic acid toxicity]] | ||
*[[Food allergies]] | *[[Food allergies]] | ||
*[[Natural gasoline|Gasoline]] | |||
*[[Gastroesophageal reflux disease]] | *[[Gastroesophageal reflux disease]] | ||
*[[Generalized anxiety disorder]] | *[[Generalized anxiety disorder]] | ||
| Line 360: | Line 342: | ||
*[[Graves disease]] | *[[Graves disease]] | ||
*[[Grief]] | *[[Grief]] | ||
*[[Grief]] | |||
*[[Guar gum]] | |||
*[[Guarana|Guarana overuse]] | *[[Guarana|Guarana overuse]] | ||
*[[Acacia senegal|gum acacia]] | |||
*[[Tragacanth|gum tragacanth]] | |||
*[[Headache|Headache syndromes]] | *[[Headache|Headache syndromes]] | ||
*[[Congestive heart failure|Heart congestion]] | *[[Congestive heart failure|Heart congestion]] | ||
| Line 380: | Line 366: | ||
*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]] | *[[Inflammatory bowel disease]] | ||
*[[Injury]] | *[[Injury]] | ||
*[[Iron deficiency anemia]] | |||
*[[Circadian rhythm sleep disorder|Irregular sleep-wake rhythm disorder]] | *[[Circadian rhythm sleep disorder|Irregular sleep-wake rhythm disorder]] | ||
*[[Contact dermatitis|Irritant contact eczema]] | *[[Contact dermatitis|Irritant contact eczema]] | ||
*[[Coronary heart disease|Ischemic heart disease]] | *[[Coronary heart disease|Ischemic heart disease]] | ||
*[[Isoproterenol (aerosol)]] | *[[Isoproterenol (aerosol)]] | ||
| Line 391: | Line 377: | ||
*[[Lamotrigine]] | *[[Lamotrigine]] | ||
*[[Lead]] | *[[Lead]] | ||
*[[Lecithin]] | |||
*[[Cramp|Leg cramps]] | *[[Cramp|Leg cramps]] | ||
*[[Lentil]] | *[[Lentil]] | ||
| Line 419: | Line 406: | ||
*[[Milnacipran hydrochloride]] | *[[Milnacipran hydrochloride]] | ||
*[[Modafinil]] | *[[Modafinil]] | ||
*[[Monocrotophos]] | |||
*[[Mood disorder]] | *[[Mood disorder]] | ||
*[[Morphine Oral (patient information)|Morphine withdrawal]] | *[[Morphine Oral (patient information)|Morphine withdrawal]] | ||
*[[movement disorders]] | |||
*Mrxs-christianson | *Mrxs-christianson | ||
*[[Monosodium glutamate|Msg]] | *[[Monosodium glutamate|Msg]] | ||
| Line 433: | Line 422: | ||
*[[Nocturia|Night urination]] | *[[Nocturia|Night urination]] | ||
*[[Nightmare|Nightmares]] | *[[Nightmare|Nightmares]] | ||
*[[Nocturia]] | |||
*[[Nocturnal angina pectoris overview|Nocturnal angina]] | *[[Nocturnal angina pectoris overview|Nocturnal angina]] | ||
*[[Nocturnal asthma]] | *[[Nocturnal asthma]] | ||
| Line 447: | Line 437: | ||
*[[Opioid abuse and dependence|Opioid addiction]] | *[[Opioid abuse and dependence|Opioid addiction]] | ||
*[[Opioid withdrawal]] | *[[Opioid withdrawal]] | ||
*[[Overeating]] | *[[Overeating]] | ||
*[[Oxaprozin]] | *[[Oxaprozin]] | ||
| Line 456: | Line 445: | ||
*[[Analgesic|Pain killer addiction]] | *[[Analgesic|Pain killer addiction]] | ||
*[[Panic attack]] | *[[Panic attack]] | ||
*Paradoxical insomnia | |||
*[[Parasomnia|Parasomnias]] | *[[Parasomnia|Parasomnias]] | ||
*[[Parkinson's disease]] | *[[Parkinson's disease]] | ||
| Line 477: | Line 467: | ||
*Poorly ventilated bedroom | *Poorly ventilated bedroom | ||
*[[Posaconazole]] | *[[Posaconazole]] | ||
*[[Post traumatic stress disorder|Post-traumatic stress]] | |||
*[[Post-concussion syndrome|Postconcussive syndrome]] | *[[Post-concussion syndrome|Postconcussive syndrome]] | ||
*[[Postnatal depression|Postpartum depression]] | *[[Postnatal depression|Postpartum depression]] | ||
*[[Pramipexole]] | *[[Pramipexole]] | ||
*[[Pregabalin]] | *[[Pregabalin]] | ||
| Line 487: | Line 477: | ||
*Prescribed medication addiction | *Prescribed medication addiction | ||
*[[Primary affective disorder]] | *[[Primary affective disorder]] | ||
*[[Primary insomnia]] | *[[Primary insomnia]] | ||
*[[Fatal familial insomnia|Prion fatal familial insomnia]] | *[[Fatal familial insomnia|Prion fatal familial insomnia]] | ||
*[[Propranolol]] | *[[Propranolol]] | ||
*[[Prostatitis]] | *[[Prostatitis]] | ||
*[[Itch|pruritus]] | |||
*[[Psychiatric disorders]] | |||
*Psychophysiologic insomnia | *Psychophysiologic insomnia | ||
*Psychotic depression - difficulty falling asleep | *Psychotic depression - difficulty falling asleep | ||
*[[Pyridoxine deficiency]] | *[[Pyridoxine deficiency]] | ||
*[[Pyrimethamine]] | *[[Pyrimethamine]] | ||
*[[Quinoline Yellow SS|Quinoline yellow]] | |||
*[[Quorn]] | *[[Quorn]] | ||
*[[Ramelteon]] | *[[Ramelteon]] | ||
*[[Rape trauma syndrome|Rape trauma syndromes]] | *[[Rape trauma syndrome|Rape trauma syndromes]] | ||
*[[RDX]] | |||
*[[Esophagitis|Reflux esophagitis]] | *[[Esophagitis|Reflux esophagitis]] | ||
*[[Rapid eye movement behavior disorder|Rem-behavior disorder]] | *[[Rapid eye movement behavior disorder|Rem-behavior disorder]] | ||
| Line 513: | Line 506: | ||
*[[Rotigotine]] | *[[Rotigotine]] | ||
*Rye | *Rye | ||
*Sabah overdose | |||
*Salmon | *Salmon | ||
*Scallop | *Scallop | ||
| Line 524: | Line 518: | ||
*Sex at bedtime | *Sex at bedtime | ||
*[[Shift work]] | *[[Shift work]] | ||
*Short-term insomnia disorder | |||
*[[Dyspnea|Shortness of breath]] | *[[Dyspnea|Shortness of breath]] | ||
*[[Sibutramine]] | *[[Sibutramine]] | ||
*[[Silo unloader syndrome]] | *[[Silo unloader syndrome]] | ||
| Line 550: | Line 544: | ||
*[[Sugar snack before bedtime]] | *[[Sugar snack before bedtime]] | ||
*[[Sulfite]] | *[[Sulfite]] | ||
*[[Sunset yellow]] | |||
*[[Suvorexant]] | *[[Suvorexant]] | ||
*[[Tartrazine]] | |||
*[[Tasimelteon]] | *[[Tasimelteon]] | ||
*[[Bruxism|Teeth grinding]] | *[[Bruxism|Teeth grinding]] | ||
| Line 558: | Line 554: | ||
*[[Tension myositis syndrome|Tension myositis related fibromyalgias]] | *[[Tension myositis syndrome|Tension myositis related fibromyalgias]] | ||
*[[Terbutaline]] | *[[Terbutaline]] | ||
*[[Tetryl]] | |||
*[[Beriberi|Thiamine deficiency]] | *[[Beriberi|Thiamine deficiency]] | ||
*[[Thyme]] | *[[Thyme]] | ||
*[[Thyroid disorders]] | *[[Thyroid disorders]] | ||
*[[Tolcapone]] | *[[Tolcapone]] | ||
*[[Toluene]] | |||
*[[Sedative|Tranquilizer addiction]] | *[[Sedative|Tranquilizer addiction]] | ||
*[[Sedative|Tranquilizer withdrawal]] | *[[Sedative|Tranquilizer withdrawal]] | ||
| Line 584: | Line 582: | ||
*[[Zolpidem|Withdrawal of sleeping pills]] | *[[Zolpidem|Withdrawal of sleeping pills]] | ||
*[[Intestinal parasite|Worms]] | *[[Intestinal parasite|Worms]] | ||
*X-linked Angelman-like syndrome | |||
*[[Alprazolam|Xanax withdrawal]] | *[[Alprazolam|Xanax withdrawal]] | ||
*[[Xanthan gum]] | |||
*[[Zonisamide]] | *[[Zonisamide]] | ||
*[[Zucchini]] | *[[Zucchini]] | ||
Revision as of 17:15, 28 September 2015
For patient information click here
| Insomnia | |
| ICD-10 | F51.0, G47.0 |
|---|---|
| ICD-9 | 307.42, 307.41, 780.51, 780.52 |
| DiseasesDB | 26877 |
| MedlinePlus | 000805 |
| MeSH | D007319 |
|
WikiDoc Resources for Insomnia |
|
Articles |
|---|
|
Most recent articles on Insomnia |
|
Media |
|
Evidence Based Medicine |
|
Clinical Trials |
|
Ongoing Trials on Insomnia at Clinical Trials.gov Clinical Trials on Insomnia at Google
|
|
Guidelines / Policies / Govt |
|
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Insomnia
|
|
Books |
|
News |
|
Commentary |
|
Definitions |
|
Patient Resources / Community |
|
Directions to Hospitals Treating Insomnia Risk calculators and risk factors for Insomnia
|
|
Healthcare Provider Resources |
|
Causes & Risk Factors for Insomnia |
|
Continuing Medical Education (CME) |
|
International |
|
|
|
Business |
|
Experimental / Informatics |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Kiran Singh, M.D. [2]
Synonyms and keywords: Insomnia disorder
Overview
Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by an inability to sleep and/or inability to remain asleep for a reasonable period. Insomniacs typically complain of being unable to close their eyes or "rest their mind" for more than a few minutes at a time. Both organic and nonorganic insomnia constitute a sleep disorder.[1][2]
Classification
Types of insomnia
Three types of insomnia exist: transient, acute, and chronic
- Transient insomnia lasts from one night to a few weeks. Most people occasionally suffer from transient insomnia due to such causes as jet lag or short-term anxiety. If this form of insomnia continues to occur from time to time, the insomnia is classified as intermittent.
- Acute insomnia is the inability to consistently sleep well for a period of between three weeks to six months.
- Chronic insomnia is regarded as the most serious; persists almost nightly for at least a month.
Patterns of Insomnia
The pattern of insomnia often is related to the etiology.[3]
- Initial insomnia - difficulty falling asleep at the beginning of the night, often associated with anxiety disorders.
- Middle insomnia - waking during the middle of the night, difficulty maintaining sleep. Often associated with pain syndromes or medical illness.
- Terminal (or late) insomnia - early morning waking. Characteristic of Clinical depression.
Causes
Overview
Life Threatening Causes
Common Causes
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | No underlying causes |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | No underlying causes |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
| Infectious Disease | No underlying causes |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | No underlying causes |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | No underlying causes |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | No underlying causes |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
{{columns-list|3|
- 4-Aminopyridine
- Abalone
- Abecarnil
- Abuse dwarfism syndrome
- Acquired immunodeficiency syndromes
- Acrodynia
- Acute intermittent porphyria
- Acute mountain sickness
- Acute pain
- Acute sinusitis
- Advanced sleep-wake phase disorder
- Ageing
- Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
- Alcohol-induced pseudo-cushing syndrome
- Alcoholism
- Aldehyde syndrome
- Alemtuzumab
- Allergic tension-fatigue syndrome
- Alzheimer disease
- Amantadine
- Amaranth
- Ambien withdrawal
- Amifampridine
- Aminophylline
- Amobarbital sodium
- Amoxicillin
- Amphetamine abuse
- Amphetamine intoxication
- Andropause
- Anemia
- Anger
- Angina
- Aniseed
- Annatto
- Antidepressants
- Antimony
- Antioxidants
- Anxiety disorder
- Aplastic anemia
- Armodafinil
- Arthritis
- Asbestosis
- Ascariasis
- Aspirin
- Asthma
- Ativan withdrawal
- Autoimmune thyroid diseases
- Barbiturate abuse
- Bell pepper
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia
- Benzoate
- Benzodiazepine abuse
- Benzphetamine
- Beta antagonists
- BHA
- BHT
- Bipolar affective disorder
- Bladder distention
- Brain concussion
- Brain injury
- Brain tumor
- Breathing-related sleep disorder
- Bronchial asthma including nocturnal asthma
- Bronchodilators
- Buckwheat
- Buerger's disease
- Bupropion
- Burnout syndrome
- Butorphanol
- Caffeine
- Calcium deficiency
- Cancer
- Carageenan gum
- Carmine
- Cathinone poisoning
- Celery
- Central nervous system depressants
- Central nervous system stimulants
- Central sleep apnea
- Cerebral hemispheric and brainstem strokes
- Chemical-related eczema
- Chestnut
- Chf
- Chronic amphetamine use
- Chronic fatigue syndrome
- Chronic insomnia disorder
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Chronic pain
- Chronic renal disease
- Chronic sleep restriction
- Chronic stress
- Chronic vitamin A toxicity
- Cinnamon
- Circadian rhythm sleep disorder
- Cirrhosis of liver
- Clonazepam
- Clonidine
- Cluster headache
- Cocaine abuse
- Cocaine withdrawal
- Colic
- Combat stress reaction
- Congenital hepatic porphyria
- Congestive cardiac failure
- Crack addiction
- Crack withdrawal
- Creutzfeldt-jakob disease
- Crystal meth addiction
- Cumin
- Cushing's diseases
- Cystitis
- Dalfampridine
- Dapsone
- Daytime napping
- Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder
- Dementia
- Demerol withdrawal
- Dental problem
- Depression
- Depression
- Desmopressin
- Dexamfetamine
- Dexedrine withdrawal
- Diabetes
- Diaphragmatic paralysis
- Diazepam
- Difficulty falling asleep
- Dilaudid withdrawal
- Dimebon
- Discontinuation syndrome
- Disrupted sleep schedules
- Disturbing feelings
- Disturbing thoughts
- Double depression
- Down's syndrome associated alzheimer's disease
- Duodenal ulcers
- Dyssomnia
- Earache
- East African trypanosomiasis
- Ecstasy abuse
- Ecstasy withdrawal
- Eczema
- Efavirenz
- Endogenous depression
- Endogenous insomnia
- Enlarged bladder
- Enlarged prostate
- Environment change
- Environmental allergen related eczema
- Epstein barr virus related fibromyalgias
- Eribulin
- Erythrodermic eczema
- Erythrosine
- Escitalopram
- Ethylbenzene
- Excessive alcohol
- Excessive caffeine
- Exhilaration or excitement
- Extreme temperatures
- Eyelid eczema
- Fatal familial insomnia
- Fear of not sleeping
- Felbamate
- Fennel
- Fibromyalgia
- fibromyalgia
- fibromyalgias
- Flibanserin
- Folic acid toxicity
- Food allergies
- Gasoline
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease
- Generalized anxiety disorder
- Ginseng overuse
- Glenard syndrome
- Glucocorticoids
- Glucose transport defect, blood-brain barrier
- Glut-1 deficiency syndrome
- Gluten allergy
- Graves disease
- Grief
- Grief
- Guar gum
- Guarana overuse
- gum acacia
- gum tragacanth
- Headache syndromes
- Heart congestion
- Heartburn
- Heroin dependence
- Holiday depression
- Hops
- Hunger
- Huntington's disease
- Hydrocodone withdrawal
- Hypertension
- Hyperthyroidism
- Idiopathic insomnia
- Illness
- Inadequate sleep hygiene
- Inborn amino acid metabolism disorder
- Increased arousal
- Indigestion
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Injury
- Iron deficiency anemia
- Irregular sleep-wake rhythm disorder
- Irritant contact eczema
- Ischemic heart disease
- Isoproterenol (aerosol)
- Jet lag
- Kidney disease
- Kleine-levin-critchley syndrome
- Lacosamidemepenzolate
- Lamotrigine
- Lead
- Lecithin
- Leg cramps
- Lentil
- Lettuce
- Light
- Lisdexamfetamine
- Lorazepam
- Lsd addiction
- Lyme disease
- Lysergic acid diethylamide
- Major life events
- Mania
- Marie-seé syndrome
- Melatonin
- Menopause
- Menstruation
- Mental retardation, microcephaly, epilepsy and ataxia syndrome
- Mental retardation, x-linked craniofacial dysmorphology epilepsy ophthalmoplegia cerebellar atrophy
- Mental stimulation before bedtime
- Mercury poisoning
- Meropenem
- Methcathinone
- Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
- Methylphenidate
- Middle ear infection
- Mild traumatic brain injury
- Milk
- Milnacipran hydrochloride
- Modafinil
- Monocrotophos
- Mood disorder
- Morphine withdrawal
- movement disorders
- Mrxs-christianson
- Msg
- Mussel
- Mycosis fungoides, familial
- [[Narcolepsy]
- Narcolepsy without cataplexy
- Narcotic addiction
- Neuromuscular disorders including painful peripheral neuropathies
- Niacin
- Night eating syndrome
- Night urination
- Nightmares
- Nocturia
- Nocturnal angina
- Nocturnal asthma
- Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy type 1
- Nocturnal myoclonus
- Nocturnal panic disorder
- Noise
- Non-dust mites
- Normal aging
- Normal sleep variations
- Not enough exercise
- Obstructive sleep apnea
- Olivopontocerebellar atrophy
- Opioid addiction
- Opioid withdrawal
- Overeating
- Oxaprozin
- Oxazepam
- Oxycontin addiction
- Oxycontin withdrawal
- Pain
- Pain killer addiction
- Panic attack
- Paradoxical insomnia
- Parasomnias
- Parkinson's disease
- Parsley
- Peptic ulcer disease
- Peramivir
- Percocet withdrawal
- Pergolide
- Periodic limb movements in sleep
- Perry syndrome
- Phenol sulfotransferase deficiency
- Phentermine
- Physical discomfort
- Pick's disease
- Pickwickian syndrome
- Pierre robin's sequence
- Pineal teratoma
- Pinealoma
- Pituitary tumors
- Plantain
- Poorly ventilated bedroom
- Posaconazole
- Post-traumatic stress
- Postconcussive syndrome
- Postpartum depression
- Pramipexole
- Pregabalin
- Pregnancy
- Premenstrual dysphoric disorders
- Premenstrual syndrome
- Prescribed medication addiction
- Primary affective disorder
- Primary insomnia
- Prion fatal familial insomnia
- Propranolol
- Prostatitis
- pruritus
- Psychiatric disorders
- Psychophysiologic insomnia
- Psychotic depression - difficulty falling asleep
- Pyridoxine deficiency
- Pyrimethamine
- Quinoline yellow
- Quorn
- Ramelteon
- Rape trauma syndromes
- RDX
- Reflux esophagitis
- Rem-behavior disorder
- Renal failure
- Renon-delille syndrome
- Resistance to thyroid stimulating hormone
- Respiratory muscle paralysis
- Restless leg syndrome
- Rett's syndromes
- Rheumatoid arthritis related fibromyalgias
- Right parietal lobe syndrome
- Ritalin withdrawal
- Rolandic epilepsy
- Rotigotine
- Rye
- Sabah overdose
- Salmon
- Scallop
- Schizophrenia
- Seafood allergy
- Sedative dependence
- Seizures
- Selegiline
- Sesame
- Severe chronic pain
- Sex at bedtime
- Shift work
- Short-term insomnia disorder
- Shortness of breath
- Sibutramine
- Silo unloader syndrome
- Sinusitis
- Situational stress
- Situational/acute insomnia
- Sle related fibromyalgias
- Sleep apnea
- Sleep disorder
- Sleep paralysis
- Sleep schedule problems
- Sleep state misperception
- Sleep-disordered breathing
- Sleeping area distractions
- Sleeping pill addiction
- Smoking especially at bedtime
- Somnambulism
- Sopite syndromes
- Steroid withdrawal syndrome
- Stress
- Stress-related eczema
- Substance abuse
- Substance/medication-induced sleep disorder, insomnia type
- Sugar snack before bedtime
- Sulfite
- Sunset yellow
- Suvorexant
- Tartrazine
- Tasimelteon
- Teeth grinding
- Temazepam
- Temperature-related eczema
- Tendency to repress emotions
- Tension myositis related fibromyalgias
- Terbutaline
- Tetryl
- Thiamine deficiency
- Thyme
- Thyroid disorders
- Tolcapone
- Toluene
- Tranquilizer addiction
- Tranquilizer withdrawal
- Traumatic brain injury causing post-traumatic insomnia
- Tribavirin
- Trigeminal neuralgia
- Ulcer pain
- Uncomfortably high or low temperature
- Uremia
- Urinary tract infection
- Varenicline
- Variegate porphyria
- Vicodin withdrawal
- Vilazodone
- Vitamin B1 toxicity
- Vitamin B12 deficiency
- Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome
- West African trypanosomiasis
- Wheat
- Whiplashs
- Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
- Withdrawal of sleeping pills
- Worms
- X-linked Angelman-like syndrome
- Xanax withdrawal
- Xanthan gum
- Zonisamide
- Zucchini
}}
Insomnia can be caused by:
- Psychoactive drugs or stimulants, including certain medication, herbs, caffeine, cocaine, ephedrine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, MDMA, methamphetamine and modafinil
- Hormone shifts such as those that preceed menstruation and those during menopause
- Psychological problems like fear, stress, anxiety, emotional or mental tension, work problems, financial stress, unsatisfactory sex life
- Mental Disorders such as clinical depression, bipolar disorder, general anxiety disorder, sleep disorders
- Disturbances of the circadian rhythm such as shift work and jet lag
- Certain neurological disorders, brain lesions, or a history of Traumatic brain injury
- Medical conditions such as Hyperthyroidism and Wilson's Syndrome
- Drugs: Acamprosate calcium, acetaminophen, Asenapine maleate Atovaquone, caspofungin acetate, Dolutegravir, Elvitegravir, Leuprolide, levofloxacin, Megestrol, Oxandrolone, Nandrolone, Pertuzumab, Pirfenidone, Rasagiline, Romiplostim, Secobarbital sodium, Sulfasalazine, Trifluoperazine, Varenicline.
Insomnia also sometimes occurs for no apparent reason.[3] An overactive mind or physical pain may also be causes. Finding the underlying cause of insomnia is usually necessary to cure it. Insomnia can be common after the loss of a loved one, even months or a year after the death, if they are not grieving correctly (pretending they are over it when they are not).
Acute
- Environment changes
- Extremes of temperature
- Illness
- Injury
- Light
- Noise
- Poor bed
- Situational stress
Chronic
- Angina
- Anxiety
- Arthritis pain
- Asthma
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia
- Bipolar Disorder
- Caffeine
- Cancer pain
- Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Chronic Renal Disease
- Cluster headaches
- Congestive Heart Failure
- Dementia
- Depression
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Drugs- Armodafinil, Clomifene, Diflunisal, Eculizumab, Efavirenz, Fluvoxamine, Levofloxacin, Naltrexone, Ofloxacin, Oxymetazoline, Paroxetine, Phentermine, Ribavirin, Rifaximin, Romiplostim, Sulindac, Tacrolimus, Temozolomide, Thalidomide, Topiramate, Varenicline
- Fibromyalgia
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
- Hyperthyroidism
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
- Mania
- Menopause
- Nocturnal panic disorder
- Other movement disorders
- Pain
- Parkinson's Disease
- Peptic Ulcer Disease
- Poor sleep hygiene
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
- Pregnancy
- Pruritis
- Psychosis
- Reflux esophagitis
- Schizophrenia
- Seizures
- Sleep Apnea
- Uremia
- Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Other
- Circadian rhythm disorders
- Idiopathic insomnia
- Drugs
- Narcolepsy
- Obstructive sleep apnea
- Periodic limb movement disorder
- Prion fatal familial insomnia
- Psychophysiologic insomnia
- REM-behavior disorder
- Restless leg syndrome (RLS)
- Sleep state misperception
Differential Diagnosis
- Breathing-related sleep disorders
- Delayed sleep phase and shift work types of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder
- Narcolepsy
- Normal sleep variations
- Parasomnias
- Restless legs syndrome
- Situational/acute insomnia
- Substance/medication-induced sleep disorder, insomnia type[4]
Epidemiology and Demographics
Prevalence
The prevalence of insomnia disorder is 10,000-20,000 per 100,000 (10%-20%) in the primary care setting.[4]
According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services in year 2007, approximately 64 million Americans suffer from insomnia each year.[5] Insomnia tends to increase with age and affects about 40 percent of women and 30 percent of men.[6] The average American gets 7 hours of sleep, instead of the 8 to 10 hours recommended by doctors. Children however are recommended more than 8 hours.
Risk Factors
- Advancing age
- Anxiety or worry-prone personality
- Chronic daily stress
- Cognitive styles
- Familial disposition
- Fear of not sleeping
- Female gender
- High altitude
- Increased arousal
- Irregular sleep scheduling
- Excessive caffeine use
- Irregular sleep schedules
- Light
- Major life events (e.g., illness, separation)
- Noise
- Poor sleep habits
- Poor sleep hygiene practices
- Tendency to repress emotions
- Uncomfortably high or low temperature[4]
Diagnosis
Patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome are often mis-diagnosed with insomnia. If the patient has trouble getting to sleep, but has normal sleep architecture once asleep, a circadian rhythm disorder is a more likely cause.
Diagnostic Criteria
DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Insomnia Disorder[4]
| “ |
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
Specify if:
Specify if:
Note:Acute and short-term insomnia (i.e., symptoms lasting less than 3 months but otherwise meeting all criteria with regard to frequency, intensity, distress, and/or impairment)should be coded as an other specified insomnia disorder. |
” |
Insomnia versus poor sleep quality
Poor sleep quality can occur as a result of sleep apnea or major depression. Poor sleep quality is caused by the individual not reaching stage 4 or delta sleep which has restorative properties. There are, however, people who are unable to achieve stage 4 sleep due to brain damage who still lead perfectly normal lives.
- Sleep apnea is a condition that occurs when a sleeping person's breathing is interrupted, thus interrupting the normal sleep cycle. With the obstructive form of the condition, some part of the sleeper's respiratory tract loses muscle tone and partially collapses. People with obstructive sleep apnea often do not remember awakening or having difficulty breathing, but they complain of excessive sleepiness during the day. Central sleep apnea interrupts the normal breathing stimulus of the central nervous system, and the individual must actually wake up to resume breathing. This form of apnea is often related to a cerebral vascular condition, congestive heart failure, and premature aging.
Major depression leads to alterations in the function of the hypothalamus and pituitary causing excessive release of cortisol which can lead to poor sleep quality.
Nocturnal polyuria or excessive nighttime urination can be very disturbing to sleep.[7] Nocturnal polyuria can be nephrogenic (related to kidney disease) or it may be due to prostate enlargement or hormonal influences. Deficiencies in vasopressin, which is either caused by a pituitary problem or by insensitivity of the kidney to the effects of vasopressin, can lead to nocturnal polyuria. Excessive thirst or the use of diuretics can also cause these symptoms.
Treatment
In many cases, insomnia is caused by another disease or psychological problem. In this case, medical or psychological help may be useful.
Medications
Many insomniacs rely on sleeping tablets and other sedatives to get rest. All sedative drugs have the potential of causing psychological dependence where the individual cannot psychologically accept that they can sleep without drugs. Certain classes of sedatives such as benzodiazepines and newer nonbenzodiazepine drugs can also cause physical dependence which manifests in withdrawal symptoms if the drug is not carefully titrated down.
In comparing the options, a systematic review found that benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepines have similar efficacy which was insignificantly more than for antidepressants.[8] Benzodiazepines had an insignificant tendency for more adverse drug reactions.[8]
Benzodiazepines
The most commonly used class of hypnotics prescribed for insomnia are the benzodiazepines. Benzodiazepines bind unselectively to the GABAA receptor.[8] This includes drugs such as temazepam, diazepam, lorazepam, flurazepam, nitrazepam and midazolam. These medications can be addictive, especially after taking them over long periods of time.
Non-benzodiazepines
Nonbenzodiazepine prescription drugs, including the nonbenzodiazepines zolpidem(Stilnoct) and zopiclone(Imovane), are more selective for the GABAA receptor[8] and may have a cleaner side effect profile than the older benzodiazepines; however, there are controversies over whether these non-benzodiazepine drugs are superior to benzodiazepines. These drugs appear to cause both psychological dependence and physical dependence, and can also cause the same memory and cognitive disturbances as the benzodiazepines along with morning sedation.
Antidepressants
Some antidepressants such as mirtazapine, trazodone and doxepin have a sedative effect, and are prescribed off label to treat insomnia. The major drawback of these drugs is that they have antihistaminergic, anticholinergic and antiadrenergic properties which can lead to many side effects. Some also alter sleep architecture.
Melatonin
Melatonin has proved effective for some insomniacs in regulating the sleep/waking cycle, but lacks definitive data regarding efficacy in the treatment of insomnia. Melatonin agonists, including Ramelteon (Rozerem), seem to lack the potential for abuse and dependence. This class of drugs has a relatively mild side effect profile and lower likelihood of causing morning sedation.
Antihistamines
The antihistamine diphenhydramine is widely used in nonprescription sleep aids, with a 50 mg recommended dose mandated by the FDA. In the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and other countries, a 50 to 100 mg recommended dose is permitted. While it is available over the counter, the effectiveness of these agents may decrease over time and the incidence of next-day sedation is higher than for most of the newer prescription drugs. Dependence does not seem to be an issue with this class of drugs.
Atypical antipsychotics
Low doses of certain atypical antipsychotics such as quetiapine (Seroquel) are also prescribed for their sedative effect but the danger of neurological and cognitive side effects make these drugs a poor choice to treat insomnia.
Other substances
Some insomniacs use herbs such as valerian, chamomile, lavender, hops, and passion-flower. Valerian has undergone multiple studies and appears to be modestly effective.[9][10][11] Cannabis has also been suggested as a very effective treatment for insomnia. [12]
Alcohol may have sedative properties, but the REM sleep suppressing effects of the drug prevent restful, quality sleep. Middle-of-the-night awakenings due to polyuria or other effects from alcohol consumption are common, and hangovers can also lead to morning grogginess.
Insomnia may be a symptom of magnesium deficiency, or lower magnesium levels. A healthy diet containing magnesium, can help to improve sleep in individuals without an adequate intake of magnesium.[13]
Other reports cite the use of an elixir of cider vinegar and honey but the evidence for this is only anecdotal. [14]
Non-medicinal, complimentary and alternative medicine
Recent research has shown that cognitive behavior therapy can be more effective than medication in controlling insomnia [4]. In this therapy, patients are taught improved sleep habits and relieved of counter-productive assumptions about sleep.[15]
Some traditional remedies for insomnia have included drinking warm milk before bedtime, taking a warm bath in the evening; exercising vigorously for half an hour in the afternoon, eating a large lunch and then having only a light evening meal at least three hours before bed, avoiding mentally stimulating activities in the evening hours, and making sure to get up early in the morning and to retire to bed at a reasonable hour.
Using aromatherapy, including jasmine oil, lavender oil, Mahabhringaraj and other relaxing essential oils, may also help induce a state of restfulness. Horlicks is marketed as a sleeping aid.
Many believe that listening to slow paced music will help insomniacs fall asleep. [16]
The more relaxed a person is, the greater the likelihood of getting a good night's sleep. Relaxation techniques such as meditation have been shown to help people sleep. Such techniques can lower stress levels from both the mind and body, which leads to a deeper, more restful sleep.
Traditional Chinese medicine has included treatment for insomnia. A typical approach may utilize acupuncture, dietary and lifestyle analysis, herbology and other techniques, with the goal of resolving the problem at a subtle level.
In the Buddhist tradition, people suffering from insomnia or nightmares may be advised to meditate on "loving-kindness", or metta. This practice of generating a feeling of love and goodwill is claimed to have a soothing and calming effect on the mind and body[17]. This is claimed to stem partly from the creation of relaxing positive thoughts and feelings, and partly from the pacification of negative ones. In the Mettā (Mettanisamsa) Sutta[18], Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, tells the gathered monks that easeful sleep is one benefit of this form of meditation.
See also
- Chronic colestites, also known as "total insomnia"
- Fatal familial insomnia
- Sleep deprivation
- Delayed sleep phase disorder
- Actigraphy
References
- ↑ http://www3.who.int/icd/currentversion/fr-icd.htm?gf50.htm+f510
- ↑ http://www3.who.int/icd/currentversion/fr-icd.htm?gg40.htm+g47
- ↑ http://www.paralumun.com/sleeplessness.htm
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 0890425558.
- ↑ "Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)". Retrieved 2007-12-16.
- ↑ "Insomnia". Retrieved 2007-12-16.
- ↑ Sleep issues in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 2005. pp. 64, S12–20. Unknown parameter
|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|accessmonth=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Friesen C, Bialy L, Tubman M, Ospina M, Klassen TP, Witmans M. The efficacy and safety of drug treatments for chronic insomnia in adults: a meta-analysis of RCTs. J Gen Intern Med. 2007 Sep;22(9):1335-50. Epub 2007 Jul 10. PMID 17619935
- ↑ Donath F, Quispe S, Diefenbach K, Maurer A, Fietze I, Roots I (2000). "Critical evaluation of the effect of valerian extract on sleep structure and sleep quality". Pharmacopsychiatry. 33 (2): 47–53. PMID 10761819.
- ↑ Morin CM, Koetter U, Bastien C, Ware JC, Wooten V (2005). "Valerian-hops combination and diphenhydramine for treating insomnia: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial". Sleep. 28 (11): 1465–71. PMID 16335333.
- ↑ Meolie AL, Rosen C, Kristo D; et al. (2005). "Oral nonprescription treatment for insomnia: an evaluation of products with limited evidence". Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. 1 (2): 173–87. PMID 17561634.
- ↑ http://www.cannabis.net/medical-marijuana/pot-docs.html
- ↑ Hornyak M, Voderholzer U, Hohagen F, Berger M, Riemann D (1998). "Magnesium therapy for periodic leg movements-related insomnia and restless legs syndrome: an open pilot study". Sleep. 21 (5): 501–5. PMID 9703590.
- ↑ "Cider Vinegar and Insomnia".
- ↑ [PhD, Gregg] (September 27, 2004). "Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Pharmacotherapy for Insomnia: A Randomized Controlled Trial and Direct Comparison". Archives of Internal Medicine. 164 (17): 1888–1896. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help); Check|author-link1=value (help) - ↑ Robinson SB, Weitzel T, Henderson L (2005). "The Sh-h-h-h Project: nonpharmacological interventions". Holistic nursing practice. 19 (6): 263–6. PMID 16269944.
- ↑ Lutz A, Greischar LL, Rawlings NB, Ricard M, Davidson RJ (2004). "Long-term meditators self-induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (46): 16369–73. doi:10.1073/pnas.0407401101. PMID 15534199.
- ↑ http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an11/an11.016.than.html
Template:Diseases of the nervous system Template:SleepSeries2