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{{Oligodendroglioma}}
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{{Oligodendroglioma}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Oligodendroglioma arises from the tripotential [[glial cell|glial precursor cells]] and ''not'' from the bipotential [[oligodendrocyte]]s.<ref name=pathogenesis>General features of oligodendroglioma. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Oligodendroglioma#cite_note-1</ref> Genes associated with the pathogenesis of oligodendroglioma include :*[[translocation|t[1;19][q10;p10]]] (co-deletion of chromosomal arms [[chromosome 1|1p]] and [[chromosome 19|19q]]; most common)
:*''[[mutation|NJDS]]''
:*''[[Isocitrate dehydrogenase|IDH1]]''
:*''[[IDH2]]''
:*''CIC''
:*''[[Far upstream element-binding protein 1|FUBP1]]''
:*''[[p53]]''
:*''[[CD57|Leu-7]]''
:*''[[TCF12|TCF-12]]''
:*''[[Ogt|MGMT]]''
:*''[[P73|TP73]]''
:*''[[EGFR]]''
:*''[[PTEN]]''<ref name=transloc>Molecular genetics of oligodendroglioma. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendroglioma</ref><ref name="pmid21817013">{{cite journal| author=Bettegowda C, Agrawal N, Jiao Y, Sausen M, Wood LD, Hruban RH et al.| title=Mutations in CIC and FUBP1 contribute to human oligodendroglioma. | journal=Science | year= 2011 | volume= 333 | issue= 6048 | pages= 1453-5 | pmid=21817013 | doi=10.1126/science.1210557 | pmc=PMC3170506 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21817013  }} </ref><ref name=prog>Prognosis and treatment of oligodendroglioma. Wikipedia 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendroglioma</ref><ref name="pmid22072542">{{cite journal| author=Yip S, Butterfield YS, Morozova O, Chittaranjan S, Blough MD, An J et al.| title=Concurrent CIC mutations, IDH mutations, and 1p/19q loss distinguish oligodendrogliomas from other cancers. | journal=J Pathol | year= 2012 | volume= 226 | issue= 1 | pages= 7-16 | pmid=22072542 | doi=10.1002/path.2995 | pmc=PMC3246739 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22072542  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26068201">{{cite journal| author=Labreche K, Simeonova I, Kamoun A, Gleize V, Chubb D, Letouzé E et al.| title=TCF12 is mutated in anaplastic oligodendroglioma. | journal=Nat Commun | year= 2015 | volume= 6 | issue=  | pages= 7207 | pmid=26068201 | doi=10.1038/ncomms8207 | pmc=PMC4490400 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26068201  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21937591">{{cite journal| author=Suri V, Jha P, Agarwal S, Pathak P, Sharma MC, Sharma V et al.| title=Molecular profile of oligodendrogliomas in young patients. | journal=Neuro Oncol | year= 2011 | volume= 13 | issue= 10 | pages= 1099-106 | pmid=21937591 | doi=10.1093/neuonc/nor146 | pmc=PMC3177666 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21937591  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9038605">{{cite journal| author=Hagel C, Laking G, Laas R, Scheil S, Jung R, Milde-Langosch K et al.| title=Demonstration of p53 protein and TP53 gene mutations in oligodendrogliomas. | journal=Eur J Cancer | year= 1996 | volume= 32A | issue= 13 | pages= 2242-8 | pmid=9038605 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9038605  }} </ref><ref name="pmiddoi:10.1016/S0090-3019(03)00167-8">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=doi:10.1016/S0090-3019(03)00167-8 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref><ref name="von DeimlingHartmann2005">{{cite journal|last1=von Deimling|first1=A|last2=Hartmann|first2=C|title=Oligodendrogliomas: Impact of molecular genetics on treatment|journal=Neurology India|volume=53|issue=2|year=2005|pages=140|issn=0028-3886|doi=10.4103/0028-3886.16394}}</ref>
==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==
===Pathogenesis===
===Pathogenesis===

Revision as of 14:07, 14 October 2015

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sujit Routray, M.D. [2]

Overview

Oligodendroglioma arises from the tripotential glial precursor cells and not from the bipotential oligodendrocytes.[1] Genes associated with the pathogenesis of oligodendroglioma include :*t[1;19][q10;p10] (co-deletion of chromosomal arms 1p and 19q; most common)




Pathophysiology

Pathogenesis

Genetics

  • There is a strong association of oligodendroglioma with expression of receptor tyrosine kinases that activate PI3K/AKT, RAS/MAP, and PLC/PKC pathways.[10]

Gross Pathology

  • On gross pathology, oligodendroglioma is characterized by a well-circumscribed, gelatinous, gray mass which may expand a gyrus and remodel the skull.[11]
  • Other characteristic gross pathological features associated with oligodendroglioma include:[11][10]
  • Common intracranial sites associated with oligodendroglioma include:[12]

Images

  • Brain: Oligodendroglioma: Gross; natural color, large, well circumscribed lesion in left frontal lobe

    Brain: Oligodendroglioma: Gross; natural color, large, well circumscribed lesion in left frontal lobe

Microscopic Pathology

On microscopic histopathological analysis, oligodendroglioma is characterized by:[10] [13][14][15]

  • Diffusely growing tumor
  • Highly cellular lesion composed of cells resembling fried eggs with:
    • Round nucleus - key feature
    • Distinct cell borders
    • Moderate-to-marked nuclear atypia with speckled "salt-and-pepper" chromatin pattern
    • Clear cytoplasm
      • Some oligodendrogliomas have eosinophilic cytoplasm with focal perinuclear clearing
    • Acutely branched capillary sized vessels - "chicken-wire" like appearance
      • Abundant, delicate appearing; may vaguely resemble a paraganglioma at low power
  • Calcifications - striking feature
  • Perifocal edema - rare
  • Few tumors may exhibit eosinophilic granular bodies
  • Some tumors may show a spongioblastoma-like growth pattern

On microscopic histopathological analysis, anaplastic oligodendroglioma is characterized by:[13]

Gallery

  • Oligodendroglioma low magnification showing the characteristic small, branching, chicken wire-like blood vessels.H&E stain.[16]

    Oligodendroglioma low magnification showing the characteristic small, branching, chicken wire-like blood vessels.H&E stain.[16]

  • Oligodendroglioma high magnification showing highly cellular lesion composed of cells resembling fried eggs with distinct cell borders moderate-to-marked nuclear atypia, and a clear cytoplasm. Acutely branched capillary sized vessels - "chicken-wire" like appearance.[16]

    Oligodendroglioma high magnification showing highly cellular lesion composed of cells resembling fried eggs with distinct cell borders moderate-to-marked nuclear atypia, and a clear cytoplasm. Acutely branched capillary sized vessels - "chicken-wire" like appearance.[16]

  • Low power magnification of oligodendroglioma biopsy specimen showing discrete infiltration of the surrounding brain (HE stain, x40 mag).[17]

    Low power magnification of oligodendroglioma biopsy specimen showing discrete infiltration of the surrounding brain (HE stain, x40 mag).[17]

  • Histopathology of anaplastic oligodendroglioma showing minigemistocytes and mitoses among tumor cells with perinuclear halo. HE stain.[17]

    Histopathology of anaplastic oligodendroglioma showing minigemistocytes and mitoses among tumor cells with perinuclear halo. HE stain.[17]

  • Histopathology of anaplastic oligodendroglioma (MAP2 staining) showing perinuclear immunoreactivity of tumor cells.[17]

    Histopathology of anaplastic oligodendroglioma (MAP2 staining) showing perinuclear immunoreactivity of tumor cells.[17]

  • Histopathology of anaplastic oligodendroglioma (IDH1-R132H staining) showing immunoreactivity of tumor cells indicating presence of the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1-R132H mutation.[17]

    Histopathology of anaplastic oligodendroglioma (IDH1-R132H staining) showing immunoreactivity of tumor cells indicating presence of the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1-R132H mutation.[17]

Immunohistochemistry

Oligodendroglioma is demonstrated by positivity to tumor markers such as:[18][19][10]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 General features of oligodendroglioma. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Oligodendroglioma#cite_note-1
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Molecular genetics of oligodendroglioma. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendroglioma
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bettegowda C, Agrawal N, Jiao Y, Sausen M, Wood LD, Hruban RH; et al. (2011). "Mutations in CIC and FUBP1 contribute to human oligodendroglioma". Science. 333 (6048): 1453–5. doi:10.1126/science.1210557. PMC 3170506. PMID 21817013.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Prognosis and treatment of oligodendroglioma. Wikipedia 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendroglioma
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Yip S, Butterfield YS, Morozova O, Chittaranjan S, Blough MD, An J; et al. (2012). "Concurrent CIC mutations, IDH mutations, and 1p/19q loss distinguish oligodendrogliomas from other cancers". J Pathol. 226 (1): 7–16. doi:10.1002/path.2995. PMC 3246739. PMID 22072542.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Labreche K, Simeonova I, Kamoun A, Gleize V, Chubb D, Letouzé E; et al. (2015). "TCF12 is mutated in anaplastic oligodendroglioma". Nat Commun. 6: 7207. doi:10.1038/ncomms8207. PMC 4490400. PMID 26068201.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Suri V, Jha P, Agarwal S, Pathak P, Sharma MC, Sharma V; et al. (2011). "Molecular profile of oligodendrogliomas in young patients". Neuro Oncol. 13 (10): 1099–106. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nor146. PMC 3177666. PMID 21937591.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Hagel C, Laking G, Laas R, Scheil S, Jung R, Milde-Langosch K; et al. (1996). "Demonstration of p53 protein and TP53 gene mutations in oligodendrogliomas". Eur J Cancer. 32A (13): 2242–8. PMID 9038605.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID doi:10.1016/S0090-3019(03)00167-8 Check |pmid= value (help).
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 von Deimling, A; Hartmann, C (2005). "Oligodendrogliomas: Impact of molecular genetics on treatment". Neurology India. 53 (2): 140. doi:10.4103/0028-3886.16394. ISSN 0028-3886.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Gross appearance of oligodendroglioma. Dr Henry Knipe and Dr Frank Gaillard et al. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/oligodendroglioma
  12. ↑ Gross/radiologic findings of oligodendroglioma. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Oligodendroglioma
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Microscopic features of oligodendroglioma. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Oligodendroglioma
  14. ↑ Ersen, Ayca (2008), Pathology of malignant gliomas: Challenges of everyday practice and the WHO 2007, Turkish Journal of Pathology, retrieved 9 October, 2015 Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  15. ↑ Eskandar EN, Loeffler JS, O'Neill AM, Hunter GJ, Louis DN (2004). "Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 33-2004. A 34-year-old man with a seizure and a frontal-lobe brain lesion". N Engl J Med. 351 (18): 1875–82. doi:10.1056/NEJMcpc049025. PMID 15509821.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Images of microscopic appearance of oligodendroglioma. Wikipedia 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendroglioma
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Images of oligodendroglioma. Libre Pathology 2015. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Oligodendroglioma
  18. ↑ IHC of oligodendroglioma. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Oligodendroglioma
  19. ↑ Hilbig A, Barbosa-Coutinho LM, Netto GC, Bleil CB, Toscani NV (2006). "[Immunohistochemistry in oligodendrogliomas]". Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 64 (1): 67–71. doi:/S0004-282X2006000100014 Check |doi= value (help). PMID 16622556.


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