Acute retinal necrosis other imaging findings: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Other imaging findings facilitating the diagonsis of Acute retinal necrosis include Fundus Autoflourescence, Fluorescein Angiography, and Optical Coherence Tomography. | Other imaging findings facilitating the diagonsis of Acute [[retinal]] [[necrosis]] include Fundus Autoflourescence, Fluorescein Angiography, and Optical Coherence Tomography. | ||
==Other Imaging Findings== | ==Other Imaging Findings== | ||
===Fundus Autoflourescence=== | ===Fundus Autoflourescence=== | ||
Fundus Autoflourescence (FAF) is an imaging technique that examines [[flourophores]] in the [[neurosensory retina]] and the retinal pigment [[epithelium]], presenting with the following findings indicative of Acute retinal necrosis:<ref name="pmid7890502">{{cite journal |vauthors=Delori FC, Dorey CK, Staurenghi G, Arend O, Goger DG, Weiter JJ |title=In vivo fluorescence of the ocular fundus exhibits retinal pigment epithelium lipofuscin characteristics |journal=Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=718–29 |year=1995 |pmid=7890502 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | Fundus Autoflourescence (FAF) is an imaging technique that examines [[flourophores]] in the [[neurosensory retina]] and the retinal pigment [[epithelium]], presenting with the following findings indicative of Acute [[retinal]] [[necrosis]]:<ref name="pmid7890502">{{cite journal |vauthors=Delori FC, Dorey CK, Staurenghi G, Arend O, Goger DG, Weiter JJ |title=In vivo fluorescence of the ocular fundus exhibits retinal pigment epithelium lipofuscin characteristics |journal=Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=718–29 |year=1995 |pmid=7890502 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Hypoautoflourescence in the [[retina]], in conjunction with hyperflourescent borders, is indicative of Acute retinal necrosis and atrophy of retinal [[pigment]] [[epithelium]].<ref name="FreundMrejen2013">{{cite journal|last1=Freund|first1=K. Bailey|last2=Mrejen|first2=Sarah|last3=Jung|first3=Jesse|last4=Yannuzzi|first4=Lawrence A.|last5=Boon|first5=Camiel J. F.|title=Increased Fundus Autofluorescence Related to Outer Retinal Disruption|journal=JAMA Ophthalmology|volume=131|issue=12|year=2013|pages=1645|issn=2168-6165|doi=10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.5030}}</ref> | *Hypoautoflourescence in the [[retina]], in conjunction with hyperflourescent borders, is indicative of Acute [[retinal]] [[necrosis]] and atrophy of retinal [[pigment]] [[epithelium]].<ref name="FreundMrejen2013">{{cite journal|last1=Freund|first1=K. Bailey|last2=Mrejen|first2=Sarah|last3=Jung|first3=Jesse|last4=Yannuzzi|first4=Lawrence A.|last5=Boon|first5=Camiel J. F.|title=Increased Fundus Autofluorescence Related to Outer Retinal Disruption|journal=JAMA Ophthalmology|volume=131|issue=12|year=2013|pages=1645|issn=2168-6165|doi=10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.5030}}</ref> | ||
**Posterior extension of the hyperflourescent borders may be indicative of spreading [[inflammation]] and Acute retinal necrosis. | **Posterior extension of the hyperflourescent borders may be indicative of spreading [[inflammation]] and Acute [[retinal]] [[necrosis]]. | ||
**Hyperflourescence may also be indicative of reduced ability to block flourophores into the [[retina]] due to damage and degradation.<ref name="pmid26120371">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ward TS, Reddy AK |title=Fundus autofluorescence in the diagnosis and monitoring of acute retinal necrosis |journal=J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect |volume=5 |issue= |pages=19 |year=2015 |pmid=26120371 |pmc=4477008 |doi=10.1186/s12348-015-0042-3 |url=}}</ref> | **Hyperflourescence may also be indicative of reduced ability to block flourophores into the [[retina]] due to damage and degradation.<ref name="pmid26120371">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ward TS, Reddy AK |title=Fundus autofluorescence in the diagnosis and monitoring of acute retinal necrosis |journal=J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect |volume=5 |issue= |pages=19 |year=2015 |pmid=26120371 |pmc=4477008 |doi=10.1186/s12348-015-0042-3 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*FAF is advantageous to color photos due to the ability to more starkly contrast lesions with unaffected [[retinal]] tissue. | *FAF is advantageous to color photos due to the ability to more starkly contrast lesions with unaffected [[retinal]] tissue. | ||
===Fluorescein Angiography=== | ===Fluorescein Angiography=== | ||
Fluorescein angiographic images may indicate evidence of Acute retinal necrosis by displaying [[retinal]] [[vasculature]] and potential [[retinal]] [[hemorrhages]], as well as white-yellow [[necrotic]] lesions.<ref name="pmid12063045">{{cite journal |vauthors=Takei H, Ohno-Matsui K, Hayano M, Mochizuki M |title=Indocyanine green angiographic findings in acute retinal necrosis |journal=Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=330–5 |year=2002 |pmid=12063045 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlFluorescein angiography: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia">{{cite web |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003846.htm |title=Fluorescein angiography: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | Fluorescein angiographic images may indicate evidence of Acute [[retinal]] [[necrosis]] by displaying [[retinal]] [[vasculature]] and potential [[retinal]] [[hemorrhages]], as well as white-yellow [[necrotic]] lesions.<ref name="pmid12063045">{{cite journal |vauthors=Takei H, Ohno-Matsui K, Hayano M, Mochizuki M |title=Indocyanine green angiographic findings in acute retinal necrosis |journal=Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=330–5 |year=2002 |pmid=12063045 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlFluorescein angiography: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia">{{cite web |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003846.htm |title=Fluorescein angiography: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
*Fluorscein angiography can reveal [[optic nerve head]] leakage caused by intraocular [[inflammation]] from the pathogent responsible for ARN.<ref name="pmid20404987">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abu El-Asrar AM, Herbort CP, Tabbara KF |title=Differential diagnosis of retinal vasculitis |journal=Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=202–18 |year=2009 |pmid=20404987 |pmc=2855661 |doi=10.4103/0974-9233.58423 |url=}}</ref> | *Fluorscein angiography can reveal [[optic nerve head]] leakage caused by intraocular [[inflammation]] from the pathogent responsible for ARN.<ref name="pmid20404987">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abu El-Asrar AM, Herbort CP, Tabbara KF |title=Differential diagnosis of retinal vasculitis |journal=Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=202–18 |year=2009 |pmid=20404987 |pmc=2855661 |doi=10.4103/0974-9233.58423 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Imaging may reveal [[occlusion|occlusive]] vasculopathy and periarterial vascular sheathing. | *Imaging may reveal [[occlusion|occlusive]] vasculopathy and periarterial vascular sheathing. | ||
===Optical Coherence Tomography=== | ===Optical Coherence Tomography=== | ||
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) imaging may indicate Acute retinal necrosis with the following:<ref name="pmid16766400">{{cite journal |vauthors=Suzuki J, Goto H, Minoda H, Iwasaki T, Sakai J, Usui M |title=Analysis of retinal findings of acute retinal necrosis using optical coherence tomography |journal=Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm. |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=165–70 |year=2006 |pmid=16766400 |doi=10.1080/09273940600672198 |url=}}</ref> | Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) imaging may indicate Acute [[retinal]] [[necrosis]] with the following:<ref name="pmid16766400">{{cite journal |vauthors=Suzuki J, Goto H, Minoda H, Iwasaki T, Sakai J, Usui M |title=Analysis of retinal findings of acute retinal necrosis using optical coherence tomography |journal=Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm. |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=165–70 |year=2006 |pmid=16766400 |doi=10.1080/09273940600672198 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Reflective inner layers of the [[retina]], indicative of white-yellow [[necrotic]] [[lesions]]. | *Reflective inner layers of the [[retina]], indicative of white-yellow [[necrotic]] [[lesions]]. | ||
**Abnormalities and disorganization in the [[retinal]] structure indicative of [[inflammation]]. | **Abnormalities and disorganization in the [[retinal]] structure indicative of [[inflammation]]. | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.
Overview
Other imaging findings facilitating the diagonsis of Acute retinal necrosis include Fundus Autoflourescence, Fluorescein Angiography, and Optical Coherence Tomography.
Other Imaging Findings
Fundus Autoflourescence
Fundus Autoflourescence (FAF) is an imaging technique that examines flourophores in the neurosensory retina and the retinal pigment epithelium, presenting with the following findings indicative of Acute retinal necrosis:[1]
- Hypoautoflourescence in the retina, in conjunction with hyperflourescent borders, is indicative of Acute retinal necrosis and atrophy of retinal pigment epithelium.[2]
- Posterior extension of the hyperflourescent borders may be indicative of spreading inflammation and Acute retinal necrosis.
- Hyperflourescence may also be indicative of reduced ability to block flourophores into the retina due to damage and degradation.[3]
- FAF is advantageous to color photos due to the ability to more starkly contrast lesions with unaffected retinal tissue.
Fluorescein Angiography
Fluorescein angiographic images may indicate evidence of Acute retinal necrosis by displaying retinal vasculature and potential retinal hemorrhages, as well as white-yellow necrotic lesions.[4][5]
- Fluorscein angiography can reveal optic nerve head leakage caused by intraocular inflammation from the pathogent responsible for ARN.[6]
- Imaging may reveal occlusive vasculopathy and periarterial vascular sheathing.
Optical Coherence Tomography
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) imaging may indicate Acute retinal necrosis with the following:[7]
- Reflective inner layers of the retina, indicative of white-yellow necrotic lesions.
- Abnormalities and disorganization in the retinal structure indicative of inflammation.
- Retinal exudate
- Diminished thickness of the retina.
References
- ↑ Delori FC, Dorey CK, Staurenghi G, Arend O, Goger DG, Weiter JJ (1995). "In vivo fluorescence of the ocular fundus exhibits retinal pigment epithelium lipofuscin characteristics". Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 36 (3): 718–29. PMID 7890502.
- ↑ Freund, K. Bailey; Mrejen, Sarah; Jung, Jesse; Yannuzzi, Lawrence A.; Boon, Camiel J. F. (2013). "Increased Fundus Autofluorescence Related to Outer Retinal Disruption". JAMA Ophthalmology. 131 (12): 1645. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.5030. ISSN 2168-6165.
- ↑ Ward TS, Reddy AK (2015). "Fundus autofluorescence in the diagnosis and monitoring of acute retinal necrosis". J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 5: 19. doi:10.1186/s12348-015-0042-3. PMC 4477008. PMID 26120371.
- ↑ Takei H, Ohno-Matsui K, Hayano M, Mochizuki M (2002). "Indocyanine green angiographic findings in acute retinal necrosis". Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. 46 (3): 330–5. PMID 12063045.
- ↑ "Fluorescein angiography: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia".
- ↑ Abu El-Asrar AM, Herbort CP, Tabbara KF (2009). "Differential diagnosis of retinal vasculitis". Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 16 (4): 202–18. doi:10.4103/0974-9233.58423. PMC 2855661. PMID 20404987.
- ↑ Suzuki J, Goto H, Minoda H, Iwasaki T, Sakai J, Usui M (2006). "Analysis of retinal findings of acute retinal necrosis using optical coherence tomography". Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm. 14 (3): 165–70. doi:10.1080/09273940600672198. PMID 16766400.