Lymphangitis causes: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older editNewer edit →
VisualWikitext
Vishal (talk | contribs)
nocaptcha
1,461 edits
Vishal (talk | contribs)
nocaptcha
1,461 edits
No edit summary
Line 4: Line 4:


==Overview==
==Overview==
Lymphangitis is an inflammation of the lymphatic channels following infectious causes such as [[bacteria]], [[viruses]], [[fungi]] and [[parasites]] with [[streptococcus pyogenes]] being the most common cause.  It can also occur in the setting of noninfectious causes like congenital or development abnormalities, surgical procedures, malignancy, radiation, and trauma.
The etiology varies depending on the clinical form of Lymphangitis.
 
==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.  Lymphangitis most often is a sign of a worsening skin infection and may suggest the spreading of the causative organism into the blood, thus it must be treated as such irrespective of the causes.
===Common Causes===
*[[Streptococcus pyogenes|Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci]]<ref name="pmid24308045">{{cite journal| author=| title=Education and imaging. Gastrointestinal: Symmetric lymphangitis of lower limbs originating from a perianal abscess. | journal=J Gastroenterol Hepatol | year= 2013 | volume= 28 | issue= 11 | pages= 1690 | pmid=24308045 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24308045  }} </ref>
===Less Common Causes===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Crohn's disease]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Radiation]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aeromonas hydrophila]],  [[bacillus anthracis]],  [[blastomycosis]],  [[botryomycosis]],  [[brugia malayi]],  [[brugia timori]],  [[Brugia malayi|brugia]],  [[burkholderia pseudomallei]],  [[coccidioidomycosis]],  [[ehrlichiosis|ehrlichia chaffeensis]],  [[ehrlichiosis]],  [[erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae]],  [[erysipelothrix]],  [[filariasis]],  [[francisella tularensis]],  [[fusobacterium nucleatum]],  [[Streptococcus pyogenes|group A beta-hemolytic streptococci]],  [[herpes simplex virus]],  [[histoplasmosis]],  [[leishmania|leishmania braziliensis]],  [[leishmania|leishmania guyanensis]],  [[leishmania|leishmania major]],  [[leishmania|leishmania mexicana]],  [[leishmania|leishmania panamensis]],  [[leishmania|leishmania tropica]],  [[leishmania]],  [[leishmaniasis]],  [[mycobacterium chelonae]],  [[mycobacterium kansasii]],  [[mycobacterium marinum]],  [[mycobacterium tuberculosis]],  [[nocardia]],  [[nocardia|nocardia asteroides]],  [[nocardia|nocardia brasiliensis]],  [[pasteurella multocida]],  [[peptostreptococcus]],  [[Prevotellaceae|prevotella]],  [[pseudomonas]],  [[rat-bite fever]],  [[rhodococcus equi]],  [[Rickettsia|rickettsia africae]],  [[Rickettsia|rickettsia sibirica mongolotimonae]],  [[Rat-bite fever|spirillum minus]],  [[sporothrix schenckii]],  [[sporotrichosis]],  [[staphylococcus aureus]],  [[streptococcus pneumoniae]],  [[streptococcus pyogenes]],  [[Mycosis|systemic mycoses]],  [[tularemia]],  [[wuchereria bancrofti]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Breast cancer]],  [[lung cancer]],  [[lymphoma]],  [[pancreas cancer]],  [[prostate cancer]],  [[stomach cancer]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Contact dermatitis]],  [[tuberculin]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[lymphangitis|Sclerosing lymphangitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[lymphangitis|Sclerosing lymphangitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
Common causes of lymphangitis may be further classified according to clinical form as follows:<ref name=lymphangitis>lymphanitis Mandell, GERALD L. "Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's." Principles and practice of infectious diseases 7 (1995) Accessed on October 12,2016</ref><ref name="pmid8480962">{{cite journal| author=Kostman JR, DiNubile MJ| title=Nodular lymphangitis: a distinctive but often unrecognized syndrome. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1993 | volume= 118 | issue= 11 | pages= 883-8 | pmid=8480962 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8480962  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15207306">{{cite journal| author=Wenner KA, Kenner JR| title=Anthrax. | journal=Dermatol Clin | year= 2004 | volume= 22 | issue= 3 | pages= 247-56, v | pmid=15207306 | doi=10.1016/j.det.2004.03.001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15207306 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8930034">{{cite journal| author=Bruce DM, Heys SD, Eremin O| title=Lymphangitis carcinomatosa: a literature review. | journal=J R Coll Surg Edinb | year= 1996 | volume= 41 | issue= 1 | pages= 7-13 | pmid=8930034 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8930034 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15207306">{{cite journal| author=Wenner KA, Kenner JR| title=Anthrax. | journal=Dermatol Clin | year= 2004 | volume= 22 | issue= 3 | pages= 247-56, v | pmid=15207306 | doi=10.1016/j.det.2004.03.001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15207306  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3046547">{{cite journal| author=Sands M, Brown R| title=Herpes simplex lymphangitis. Two cases and a review of the literature. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 1988 | volume= 148 | issue= 9 | pages= 2066-7 | pmid=3046547 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3046547 }} </ref>
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
<ref name="pmid24275729">{{cite journal| author=Lázaro MJ, López PM, Vall-Mayans M, Fernández BL, Rodríguez-Guardado A| title=A case of late-stage lymphogranuloma venereum in a woman in Europe. | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year= 2013 | volume= 40 | issue= 10 | pages= 792-3 | pmid=24275729 | doi=10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24275729 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18325289">{{cite journal| author=de Sousa R, Duque L, Anes M, Poças J, Torgal J, Bacellar F et al.| title=Lymphangitis in a Portuguese patient infected with Rickettsia sibirica. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 14 | issue= 3 | pages= 529-30 | pmid=18325289 | doi=10.3201/eid1403.070680 | pmc=2570837 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18325289  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18094195">{{cite journal| author=Van Kruiningen HJ, Colombel JF| title=The forgotten role of lymphangitis in Crohn's disease. | journal=Gut | year= 2008 | volume= 57 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-4 | pmid=18094195 | doi=10.1136/gut.2007.123166 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18094195 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27308076">{{cite journal| author=Ergen ŞA, Tiken EE, Öksüz DÇ, Dinçbaş FÖ, Dervişoğlu S, Mandel NM et al.| title=The Role of Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Primary or Recurrent Desmoid Tumors and Long-Term Results. | journal=Balkan Med J | year= 2016 | volume= 33 | issue= 3 | pages= 316-21 | pmid=27308076 | doi=10.5152/balkanmedj.2016.140560 | pmc=4898991 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27308076 }} </ref>
{{col-break|width=33%}}
===Common causes of Acute Lymphangitis===
*[[Aeromonas hydrophila]]
====Infectious causes====
*[[Bacillus anthracis]]
*Group A streptococcus
*[[Blastomycosis]]
*Staphyloccocal aureus
*[[Botryomycosis]]
*Pasteurella multocida
*[[Breast cancer]]
*Wuchereria Bancrofti
*[[Brugia malayi|Brugia]]
===Common causes Chronic Granulomatous Lymphangitis===
*[[Brugia malayi]]
====Infectious causes====
*[[Brugia timori]]
*Sporothrix schencki
*[[Burkholderia pseudomallei]]
*Mycobacterium marium
*[[Coccidioidomycosis]]
*Nocardia brasiliensis
*[[Crohn's disease]]<ref name="pmid18094195">{{cite journal| author=Van Kruiningen HJ, Colombel JF| title=The forgotten role of lymphangitis in Crohn's disease. | journal=Gut | year= 2008 | volume= 57 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-4 | pmid=18094195 | doi=10.1136/gut.2007.123166 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18094195 }} </ref>
*Leishmania braziliensis
*[[Ehrlichiosis|Ehrlichia chaffeensis]]
*Francisella tularensis
*[[Ehrlichiosis]]
===Less common causes of Acute Lymphangitis===
*[[Erysipelothrix]]
====Infectious causes====
*[[Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae]]
*Spirillum Minus
*[[Filariasis]]
*Herpes simplex virus
*[[Francisella tularensis]]
*Ricettsia sibirica monogolotimonae
*[[Fusobacterium nucleatum]]
*Lymphogrnuloma venerum
*[[Streptococcus pyogenes|Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci]]
*Erysipelothrix
*[[Herpes simplex virus]]<ref name="pmid3046547">{{cite journal| author=Sands M, Brown R| title=Herpes simplex lymphangitis. Two cases and a review of the literature. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 1988 | volume= 148 | issue= 9 | pages= 2066-7 | pmid=3046547 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3046547 }} </ref>
*Brugia malayi
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*Brugia timori
*[[Histoplasmosis]]
*Brugia pseudomallei
*[[Leishmania]]
*Bacillus anthracis
*[[Leishmania|Leishmania braziliensis]]
====Malignancy====
*[[Leishmania|Leishmania guyanensis]]
*Breast
*[[Leishmania|Leishmania major ]]
*Lung
*[[Leishmania|Leishmania mexicana ]]
*stomach
*[[Leishmania|Leishmania panamensis]]
*Pancreas
*[[Leishmania|Leishmania tropica]]
*Rectal
*[[Leishmaniasis]]
*Prostate
*[[Lung cancer]]
===Miscellaneous===
*[[Lymphoma]]<ref name="pmid10524863">{{cite journal| author=Wu JW, Chiles C| title=Lymphangitic carcinomatosis from prostate carcinoma. | journal=J Comput Assist Tomogr | year= 1999 | volume= 23 | issue= 5 | pages= 761-3 | pmid=10524863 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10524863 }} </ref>
*Crohn's disease
*[[Mycobacterium chelonae]]
*Radiation
*[[Mycobacterium kansasii]]
===Less common causes of Chronic Granulomatous Lymphangitis===
*[[Mycobacterium marinum]]
====Infectious causes====
*[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis ]]
*Nocardia asteroides
*[[Nocardia]]
*Mycobacterium chelonae
*[[Nocardia|Nocardia asteroides]]
*Leishmania major
*[[Nocardia|Nocardia brasiliensis]]
*Mycobacterium kansasii
*[[Pancreas cancer]]
*Blastomyces dermatitidis
*[[Pasteurella multocida]]
*Coccidioides immitis
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*Cryptococcus neoformans
*[[Peptostreptococcus]]
*Histoplasma capsulatum
*[[Prevotellaceae|Prevotella]]
*Stretococcus pyogenes
*[[Prostate cancer]]
*[[Pseudomonas ]]
*[[Rat-bite fever]]
*[[Rhodococcus equi]]
*[[Rickettsia|Rickettsia africae]]<ref name="pmid18325289">{{cite journal| author=de Sousa R, Duque L, Anes M, Poças J, Torgal J, Bacellar F et al.| title=Lymphangitis in a Portuguese patient infected with Rickettsia sibirica. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 14 | issue= 3 | pages= 529-30 | pmid=18325289 | doi=10.3201/eid1403.070680 | pmc=PMC2570837 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18325289 }} </ref>
*[[Rickettsia|Rickettsia sibirica mongolotimonae]]<ref name="pmid18325289">{{cite journal| author=de Sousa R, Duque L, Anes M, Poças J, Torgal J, Bacellar F et al.| title=Lymphangitis in a Portuguese patient infected with Rickettsia sibirica. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 14 | issue= 3 | pages= 529-30 | pmid=18325289 | doi=10.3201/eid1403.070680 | pmc=PMC2570837 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18325289  }} </ref>
*[[Lymphangitis|Sclerosing lymphangitis]]
*[[Rat-bite fever|Spirillum minus]]
*[[Sporothrix schenckii]]
*[[Sporotrichosis]]
*[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
*[[Stomach cancer]]
*[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]
*[[Streptococcus pyogenes]]
*[[Mycosis|Systemic mycoses]]
*[[Tuberculin]]<ref name="pmid6432121">{{cite journal| author=Morrison JB| title=Lymphangitis after tuberculin tests. | journal=Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) | year= 1984 | volume= 289 | issue= 6442 | pages= 413 | pmid=6432121 | doi= | pmc=PMC1442414 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6432121 }} </ref>
*[[Tularemia]]
*[[Wuchereria bancrofti]]<ref name="pmid21470556">{{cite journal| author=Akogun OB, Akogun MK, Apake E, Kale OO| title=Rapid community identification, pain and distress associated with lymphoedema and adenolymphangitis due to lymphatic filariasis in resource-limited communities of North-eastern Nigeria. | journal=Acta Trop | year= 2011 | volume= 120 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= S62-8 | pmid=21470556 | doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.03.008 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21470556 }} </ref>
{{col-end}}


==References==
==References==
Line 205: Line 64:
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]

Revision as of 19:23, 12 October 2016

Lymphangitis Microchapters

Home

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Causes

Pathophysiology

Differentiating Lymphangitis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

X Ray

CT

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Prevention

Case Studies

Case #1

Lymphangitis causes On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Lymphangitis causes

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Lymphangitis causes

CDC on Lymphangitis causes

Lymphangitis causes in the news

Blogs on Lymphangitis causes

Directions to Hospitals Treating Lymphangitis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Lymphangitis causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vendhan Ramanujam M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

The etiology varies depending on the clinical form of Lymphangitis.

Causes

Common causes of lymphangitis may be further classified according to clinical form as follows:[1][2][3][4][3][5] [6][7][8][9]

Common causes of Acute Lymphangitis

Infectious causes

  • Group A streptococcus
  • Staphyloccocal aureus
  • Pasteurella multocida
  • Wuchereria Bancrofti

Common causes Chronic Granulomatous Lymphangitis

Infectious causes

  • Sporothrix schencki
  • Mycobacterium marium
  • Nocardia brasiliensis
  • Leishmania braziliensis
  • Francisella tularensis

Less common causes of Acute Lymphangitis

Infectious causes

  • Spirillum Minus
  • Herpes simplex virus
  • Ricettsia sibirica monogolotimonae
  • Lymphogrnuloma venerum
  • Erysipelothrix
  • Brugia malayi
  • Brugia timori
  • Brugia pseudomallei
  • Bacillus anthracis

Malignancy

  • Breast
  • Lung
  • stomach
  • Pancreas
  • Rectal
  • Prostate

Miscellaneous

  • Crohn's disease
  • Radiation

Less common causes of Chronic Granulomatous Lymphangitis

Infectious causes

  • Nocardia asteroides
  • Mycobacterium chelonae
  • Leishmania major
  • Mycobacterium kansasii
  • Blastomyces dermatitidis
  • Coccidioides immitis
  • Cryptococcus neoformans
  • Histoplasma capsulatum
  • Stretococcus pyogenes

References

  1. ↑ lymphanitis Mandell, GERALD L. "Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's." Principles and practice of infectious diseases 7 (1995) Accessed on October 12,2016
  2. ↑ Kostman JR, DiNubile MJ (1993). "Nodular lymphangitis: a distinctive but often unrecognized syndrome". Ann Intern Med. 118 (11): 883–8. PMID 8480962.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Wenner KA, Kenner JR (2004). "Anthrax". Dermatol Clin. 22 (3): 247–56, v. doi:10.1016/j.det.2004.03.001. PMID 15207306.
  4. ↑ Bruce DM, Heys SD, Eremin O (1996). "Lymphangitis carcinomatosa: a literature review". J R Coll Surg Edinb. 41 (1): 7–13. PMID 8930034.
  5. ↑ Sands M, Brown R (1988). "Herpes simplex lymphangitis. Two cases and a review of the literature". Arch Intern Med. 148 (9): 2066–7. PMID 3046547.
  6. ↑ Lázaro MJ, López PM, Vall-Mayans M, Fernández BL, Rodríguez-Guardado A (2013). "A case of late-stage lymphogranuloma venereum in a woman in Europe". Sex Transm Dis. 40 (10): 792–3. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000014. PMID 24275729.
  7. ↑ de Sousa R, Duque L, Anes M, Poças J, Torgal J, Bacellar F; et al. (2008). "Lymphangitis in a Portuguese patient infected with Rickettsia sibirica". Emerg Infect Dis. 14 (3): 529–30. doi:10.3201/eid1403.070680. PMC 2570837. PMID 18325289.
  8. ↑ Van Kruiningen HJ, Colombel JF (2008). "The forgotten role of lymphangitis in Crohn's disease". Gut. 57 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1136/gut.2007.123166. PMID 18094195.
  9. ↑ Ergen ŞA, Tiken EE, Öksüz DÇ, Dinçbaş FÖ, Dervişoğlu S, Mandel NM; et al. (2016). "The Role of Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Primary or Recurrent Desmoid Tumors and Long-Term Results". Balkan Med J. 33 (3): 316–21. doi:10.5152/balkanmedj.2016.140560. PMC 4898991. PMID 27308076.

Template:WH Template:WS

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Lymphangitis_causes&oldid=1260770"