Graves' disease risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The most potent risk factor in the development of Graves' disease is genetic susceptibility. Other risk factors include infections, stress and smoking. | The most potent risk factor in the development of Graves' disease is genetic susceptibility. Other risk factors include infections, stress and [[smoking]]. | ||
== Risk Factors == | == Risk Factors == | ||
This table summarizes the risk factors for Graves' disease. | This table summarizes the risk factors for Graves' disease. | ||
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|Genetic susceptibility | |Genetic susceptibility | ||
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* Association with immune related genes (i.e. CTLA-4).<ref name="pmid14570752">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tomer Y, Davies TF |title=Searching for the autoimmune thyroid disease susceptibility genes: from gene mapping to gene function |journal=Endocr. Rev. |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=694–717 |year=2003 |pmid=14570752 |doi=10.1210/er.2002-0030 |url=}}</ref> | * Association with immune related genes (i.e. [[CTLA-4]]).<ref name="pmid14570752">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tomer Y, Davies TF |title=Searching for the autoimmune thyroid disease susceptibility genes: from gene mapping to gene function |journal=Endocr. Rev. |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=694–717 |year=2003 |pmid=14570752 |doi=10.1210/er.2002-0030 |url=}}</ref> | ||
* Association with certain alleles of human leukocyte | * Association with certain alleles of [[human leukocyte antigen]] (HLA) on chromosome 6.<ref name="pmid12973666">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tomer Y, Ban Y, Concepcion E, Barbesino G, Villanueva R, Greenberg DA, Davies TF |title=Common and unique susceptibility loci in Graves and Hashimoto diseases: results of whole-genome screening in a data set of 102 multiplex families |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=736–47 |year=2003 |pmid=12973666 |pmc=1180598 |doi=10.1086/378588 |url=}}</ref> | ||
antigen (HLA) on chromosome 6.<ref name="pmid12973666">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tomer Y, Ban Y, Concepcion E, Barbesino G, Villanueva R, Greenberg DA, Davies TF |title=Common and unique susceptibility loci in Graves and Hashimoto diseases: results of whole-genome screening in a data set of 102 multiplex families |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=736–47 |year=2003 |pmid=12973666 |pmc=1180598 |doi=10.1086/378588 |url=}}</ref> | |||
* The concordance rate in monozygotic twins is 20 to 40 percent. | * The concordance rate in monozygotic twins is 20 to 40 percent. | ||
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|Infection | |Infection | ||
|There are some possible infection that may predispose patient to Graves' disease | |There are some possible infection that may predispose patient to Graves' disease | ||
* Congenital rubella | * [[Congenital rubella]] | ||
* Hepatitis C<ref name="pmid21297381">{{cite journal |vauthors=Menconi F, Hasham A, Tomer Y |title=Environmental triggers of thyroiditis: hepatitis C and interferon-α |journal=J. Endocrinol. Invest. |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=78–84 |year=2011 |pmid=21297381 |doi=10.1007/BF03346699 |url=}}</ref> | * [[Hepatitis C]]<ref name="pmid21297381">{{cite journal |vauthors=Menconi F, Hasham A, Tomer Y |title=Environmental triggers of thyroiditis: hepatitis C and interferon-α |journal=J. Endocrinol. Invest. |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=78–84 |year=2011 |pmid=21297381 |doi=10.1007/BF03346699 |url=}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Stress | |Stress | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2]
Overview
The most potent risk factor in the development of Graves' disease is genetic susceptibility. Other risk factors include infections, stress and smoking.
Risk Factors
This table summarizes the risk factors for Graves' disease.
| Risk Factors | Graves' disease |
|---|---|
| Genetic susceptibility |
|
| Infection | There are some possible infection that may predispose patient to Graves' disease |
| Stress | Some psychotic stress disorders are more common among Graves' patients.[4][5] |
| Smoking | It is associated with Graves' diseases and its' ophtalmopathy.[6] |
References
- ↑ Tomer Y, Davies TF (2003). "Searching for the autoimmune thyroid disease susceptibility genes: from gene mapping to gene function". Endocr. Rev. 24 (5): 694–717. doi:10.1210/er.2002-0030. PMID 14570752.
- ↑ Tomer Y, Ban Y, Concepcion E, Barbesino G, Villanueva R, Greenberg DA, Davies TF (2003). "Common and unique susceptibility loci in Graves and Hashimoto diseases: results of whole-genome screening in a data set of 102 multiplex families". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73 (4): 736–47. doi:10.1086/378588. PMC 1180598. PMID 12973666.
- ↑ Menconi F, Hasham A, Tomer Y (2011). "Environmental triggers of thyroiditis: hepatitis C and interferon-α". J. Endocrinol. Invest. 34 (1): 78–84. doi:10.1007/BF03346699. PMID 21297381.
- ↑ Matos-Santos A, Nobre EL, Costa JG, Nogueira PJ, Macedo A, Galvão-Teles A, de Castro JJ (2001). "Relationship between the number and impact of stressful life events and the onset of Graves' disease and toxic nodular goitre". Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 55 (1): 15–9. PMID 11453947.
- ↑ Sonino N, Girelli ME, Boscaro M, Fallo F, Busnardo B, Fava GA (1993). "Life events in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease. A controlled study". Acta Endocrinol. 128 (4): 293–6. PMID 8498147.
- ↑ Bartalena L, Tanda ML (2009). "Clinical practice. Graves' ophthalmopathy". N. Engl. J. Med. 360 (10): 994–1001. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0806317. PMID 19264688.