Hiatus hernia physical examination: Difference between revisions

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VisualWikitext

Revision as of 21:25, 7 February 2018

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].

OR

The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].

Physical Examination

Physical examination of patients with hiatus hernia is usually normal and unhelpful in the diagnosis.
In some cases, hiatus hernia may develop to GERD at which the physical examination is usually associated with the following:

Appearance of the patient

Patients with GERD usually appear ill and uncomfortable due to the retrosternal pain.

Vital signs

Hypertension spicking specially in patients already with pre-existing hypertension.^[1]

HEENT

Lungs

Wheezes
Bronchitis ^[2]

Abdomen

Epigastric tenderness

References

↑ Li ZT, Ji F, Han XW, Wang L, Yue YQ, Wang ZG (2017). "The Role of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Provoking High Blood Pressure Episodes in Patients With Hypertension". J Clin Gastroenterol. doi:10.1097/MCG.0000000000000933. PMID 28961574.
↑ Hom C, Vaezi MF (2013). "Extraesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease". Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 42 (1): 71–91. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2012.11.004. PMID 23452632.

[pmid28961574-1] Li ZT, Ji F, Han XW, Wang L, Yue YQ, Wang ZG (2017). "The Role of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Provoking High Blood Pressure Episodes in Patients With Hypertension". J Clin Gastroenterol. doi:10.1097/MCG.0000000000000933. PMID 28961574.

[pmid23452632-2] Hom C, Vaezi MF (2013). "Extraesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease". Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 42 (1): 71–91. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2012.11.004. PMID 23452632.

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 * Physical examination of patients with hiatus hernia is usually normal and unhelpful in the diagnosis.
 * In some cases, hiatus hernia may develop to GERD at which the physical examination is usually associated with the following:
-*
+===Appearance of the patient===
-===Appearance of the Patient===
+* Patients with GERD usually appear ill and uncomfortable due to the retrosternal [[pain]].
-*Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance].
-===Vital Signs===
+=== Vital signs ===
+* [[Hypertension]] spicking specially in patients already with pre-existing hypertension.<ref name="pmid28961574">{{cite journal| author=Li ZT, Ji F, Han XW, Wang L, Yue YQ, Wang ZG| title=The Role of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Provoking High Blood Pressure Episodes in Patients With Hypertension. | journal=J Clin Gastroenterol | year= 2017 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=28961574 | doi=10.1097/MCG.0000000000000933 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28961574  }}</ref>
-*High-grade / low-grade fever
-*[[Hypothermia]] / hyperthermia may be present
-*[[Tachycardia]] with regular pulse or (ir)regularly irregular pulse
-*[[Bradycardia]] with regular pulse or (ir)regularly irregular pulse
-*Tachypnea / bradypnea
-*Kussmal respirations may be present in _____ (advanced disease state)
-*Weak/bounding pulse / pulsus alternans / paradoxical pulse / asymmetric pulse
-*High/low blood pressure with normal pulse pressure / [[wide pulse pressure]] / [[narrow pulse pressure]]
-===Skin===
-* Skin examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
-OR
-*[[Cyanosis]]
-*[[Jaundice]]
-* [[Pallor]]
-* Bruises
-<gallery widths="150px">
-UploadedImage-01.jpg | Description {{dermref}}
-UploadedImage-02.jpg | Description {{dermref}}
-</gallery>
 ===HEENT===
-* HEENT examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
+* [[Hoarseness]] of voice
-OR
+* [[Laryngitis]]
-* Abnormalities of the head/hair may include ___
+* [[Otitis media]]
-* Evidence of trauma
+* [[Erosion (dental)|Dental erosions]]
-* Icteric sclera
-* [[Nystagmus]]
-* Extra-ocular movements may be abnormal
-*Pupils non-reactive to light / non-reactive to accommodation / non-reactive to neither light nor accommodation
-*Ophthalmoscopic exam may be abnormal with findings of ___
-* Hearing acuity may be reduced
-*[[Weber test]] may be abnormal (Note: A positive Weber test is considered a normal finding / A negative Weber test is considered an abnormal finding. To avoid confusion, you may write "abnormal Weber test".)
-*[[Rinne test]] may be positive (Note: A positive Rinne test is considered a normal finding / A negative Rinne test is considered an abnormal finding. To avoid confusion, you may write "abnormal Rinne test".)
-* [[Exudate]] from the ear canal
-* Tenderness upon palpation of the ear pinnae/tragus (anterior to ear canal)
-*Inflamed nares / congested nares
-* [[Purulent]] exudate from the nares
-* Facial tenderness
-* Erythematous throat with/without tonsillar swelling, exudates, and/or petechiae
-===Neck===
-* Neck examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
-OR
-*[[Jugular venous distension]]
-*[[Carotid bruits]] may be auscultated unilaterally/bilaterally using the bell/diaphragm of the otoscope
-*[[Lymphadenopathy]] (describe location, size, tenderness, mobility, and symmetry)
-*[[Thyromegaly]] / thyroid nodules
-*[[Hepatojugular reflux]]
 ===Lungs===
-* Pulmonary examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
+* [[Wheeze|Wheezes]]
-OR
+* [[Bronchitis]] <ref name="pmid23452632">{{cite journal| author=Hom C, Vaezi MF| title=Extraesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease. | journal=Gastroenterol Clin North Am | year= 2013 | volume= 42 | issue= 1 | pages= 71-91 | pmid=23452632 | doi=10.1016/j.gtc.2012.11.004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23452632  }}</ref>
-* Asymmetric chest expansion / Decreased chest expansion
-*Lungs are hypo/hyperresonant
-*Fine/coarse [[crackles]] upon auscultation of the lung bases/apices unilaterally/bilaterally
-*Rhonchi
-*Vesicular breath sounds / Distant breath sounds
-*Expiratory/inspiratory wheezing with normal / delayed expiratory phase
-*[[Wheezing]] may be present
-*[[Egophony]] present/absent
-*[[Bronchophony]] present/absent
-*Normal/reduced [[tactile fremitus]]
-===Heart===
-* Cardiovascular examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
-OR
-*Chest tenderness upon palpation
-*PMI within 2 cm of the sternum  (PMI) / Displaced point of maximal impulse (PMI) suggestive of ____
-*[[Heave]] / [[thrill]]
-*[[Friction rub]]
-*[[Heart sounds#First heart tone S1, the "lub"(components M1 and T1)|S1]]
-*[[Heart sounds#Second heart tone S2 the "dub"(components A2 and P2)|S2]]
-*[[Heart sounds#Third heart sound S3|S3]]
-*[[Heart sounds#Fourth heart sound S4|S4]]
-*[[Heart sounds#Summation Gallop|Gallops]]
-*A high/low grade early/late [[systolic murmur]] / [[diastolic murmur]] best heard at the base/apex/(specific valve region) may be heard using the bell/diaphgram of the otoscope
-===Abdomen===
-Abdominal examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
-OR
-*[[Abdominal distention]]
-*[[Abdominal tenderness]] in the right/left upper/lower abdominal quadrant
-*[[Rebound tenderness]] (positive Blumberg sign)
-*A palpable abdominal mass in the right/left upper/lower abdominal quadrant
-*Guarding may be present
-*[[Hepatomegaly]] / [[splenomegaly]] / [[hepatosplenomegaly]]
-*Additional findings, such as obturator test, psoas test, McBurney point test, Murphy test
-===Back===
-* Back examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
-OR
-*Point tenderness over __ vertebrae (e.g. L3-L4)
-*Sacral edema
-*Costovertebral angle tenderness bilaterally/unilaterally
-*Buffalo hump
-===Genitourinary===
-* Genitourinary examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
-OR
-*A pelvic/adnexal mass may be palpated
-*Inflamed mucosa
-*Clear/(color), foul-smelling/odorless penile/vaginal discharge
-===Neuromuscular===
+=== Abdomen ===
-* Neuromuscular examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
+* [[Epigastric]] [[tenderness]]
-OR
-*Patient is usually oriented to persons, place, and time
-* Altered mental status
-* Glasgow coma scale is ___ / 15
-* Clonus may be present
-* Hyperreflexia / hyporeflexia / areflexia
-* Positive (abnormal) Babinski / plantar reflex unilaterally/bilaterally
-* Muscle rigidity
-* Proximal/distal muscle weakness unilaterally/bilaterally
-* ____ (finding) suggestive of cranial nerve ___ (roman numerical) deficit (e.g. Dilated pupils suggestive of CN III deficit)
-*Unilateral/bilateral upper/lower extremity weakness
-*Unilateral/bilateral sensory loss in the upper/lower extremity
-*Positive straight leg raise test
-*Abnormal gait (describe gait: e.g. ataxic (cerebellar) gait / steppage gait / waddling gait / choeiform gait / Parkinsonian gait / sensory gait)
-*Positive/negative Trendelenburg sign
-*Unilateral/bilateral tremor (describe tremor, e.g. at rest, pill-rolling)
-*Normal finger-to-nose test / Dysmetria
-*Absent/present dysdiadochokinesia (palm tapping test)
-===Extremities===
-* Extremities examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
-OR
-*[[Clubbing]]
-*[[Cyanosis]]
-*Pitting/non-pitting [[edema]] of the upper/lower extremities
-*Muscle atrophy
-*Fasciculations in the upper/lower extremity
 ==References==