Kawasaki disease pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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| colspan=" | | colspan="5" |<small>Adapted from the AHA Scientific Statement on the diagnosis, treatment, and long term management of Kawasaki disease</small><ref name="McCrindleRowley2017">{{cite journal|last1=McCrindle|first1=Brian W.|last2=Rowley|first2=Anne H.|last3=Newburger|first3=Jane W.|last4=Burns|first4=Jane C.|last5=Bolger|first5=Anne F.|last6=Gewitz|first6=Michael|last7=Baker|first7=Annette L.|last8=Jackson|first8=Mary Anne|last9=Takahashi|first9=Masato|last10=Shah|first10=Pinak B.|last11=Kobayashi|first11=Tohru|last12=Wu|first12=Mei-Hwan|last13=Saji|first13=Tsutomu T.|last14=Pahl|first14=Elfriede|title=Diagnosis, Treatment, and Long-Term Management of Kawasaki Disease: A Scientific Statement for Health Professionals From the American Heart Association|journal=Circulation|volume=135|issue=17|year=2017|pages=e927–e999|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000484}}</ref> | ||
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! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Gene | ! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Gene | ||
| Line 21: | Line 21: | ||
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Validation Populations | ! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Validation Populations | ||
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Potential Significance | ! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Potential Significance | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[FCGR2A]] | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[FCGR2A]]<ref name="KhorDavila2011">{{cite journal|last1=Khor|first1=C. C.|last2=Davila|first2=S.|last3=Shimizu|first3=C.|last4=Sheng|first4=S.|last5=Matsubara|first5=T.|last6=Suzuki|first6=Y.|last7=Newburger|first7=J. W.|last8=Baker|first8=A.|last9=Burgner|first9=D.|last10=Breunis|first10=W.|last11=Kuijpers|first11=T.|last12=Wright|first12=V. J.|last13=Levin|first13=M.|last14=Hibberd|first14=M. L.|last15=Burns|first15=J. C.|title=Genome-wide linkage and association mapping identify susceptibility alleles in ABCC4 for Kawasaki disease|journal=Journal of Medical Genetics|volume=48|issue=7|year=2011|pages=467–472|issn=0022-2593|doi=10.1136/jmg.2010.086611}}</ref> | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |1q23 | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" |1q23 | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Genome-wide association study|GWAS]] | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Genome-wide association study|GWAS]] | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |European descent, Taiwanese, Koreans, Han Chinese | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" |European descent, Taiwanese, Koreans, Han Chinese | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Low-affinity receptor for [[Fc receptor|Fc]] fragment of [[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]]; risk [[allele]] has lower binding affinity | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Low-affinity receptor for [[Fc receptor|Fc]] fragment of [[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]]; risk [[allele]] has lower binding affinity | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[CASP3]] | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[CASP3]]<ref name="OnouchiOzaki2010">{{cite journal|last1=Onouchi|first1=Yoshihiro|last2=Ozaki|first2=Kouichi|last3=Buns|first3=Jane C.|last4=Shimizu|first4=Chisato|last5=Hamada|first5=Hiromichi|last6=Honda|first6=Takafumi|last7=Terai|first7=Masaru|last8=Honda|first8=Akihito|last9=Takeuchi|first9=Takashi|last10=Shibuta|first10=Shoichi|last11=Suenaga|first11=Tomohiro|last12=Suzuki|first12=Hiroyuki|last13=Higashi|first13=Kouji|last14=Yasukawa|first14=Kumi|last15=Suzuki|first15=Yoichi|last16=Sasago|first16=Kumiko|last17=Kemmotsu|first17=Yasushi|last18=Takatsuki|first18=Shinichi|last19=Saji|first19=Tsutomu|last20=Yoshikawa|first20=Tetsushi|last21=Nagai|first21=Toshiro|last22=Hamamoto|first22=Kunihiro|last23=Kishi|first23=Fumio|last24=Ouchi|first24=Kazunobu|last25=Sato|first25=Yoshitake|last26=Newburger|first26=Jane W.|last27=Baker|first27=Annette L.|last28=Shulman|first28=Stanford T.|last29=Rowley|first29=Anne H.|last30=Yashiro|first30=Mayumi|last31=Nakamura|first31=Yoshikazu|last32=Wakui|first32=Keiko|last33=Fukushima|first33=Yoshimitsu|last34=Fujino|first34=Akihiro|last35=Tsunoda|first35=Tatsuhiko|last36=Kawasaki|first36=Tomisaku|last37=Hata|first37=Akira|last38=Nakamura|first38=Yusuke|last39=Tanaka|first39=Toshihiro|title=Common variants in CASP3 confer susceptibility to Kawasaki disease|journal=Human Molecular Genetics|volume=19|issue=14|year=2010|pages=2898–2906|issn=1460-2083|doi=10.1093/hmg/ddq176}}</ref> | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |4q34-35 | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" |4q34-35 | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Linkage analysis | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Linkage analysis | ||
| Line 37: | Line 35: | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Mediates [[apoptosis]] in immune cells and [[Cardiomyocyte|cardiomyocytes]] | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Mediates [[apoptosis]] in immune cells and [[Cardiomyocyte|cardiomyocytes]] | ||
Risk [[allele]] decreases [[gene transcription]] | Risk [[allele]] decreases [[gene transcription]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[HLA-A2|HLAclass II]] | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[HLA-A2|HLAclass II]]<ref name="OnouchiOzaki2012">{{cite journal|last1=Onouchi|first1=Yoshihiro|last2=Ozaki|first2=Kouichi|last3=Burns|first3=Jane C|last4=Shimizu|first4=Chisato|last5=Terai|first5=Masaru|last6=Hamada|first6=Hiromichi|last7=Honda|first7=Takafumi|last8=Suzuki|first8=Hiroyuki|last9=Suenaga|first9=Tomohiro|last10=Takeuchi|first10=Takashi|last11=Yoshikawa|first11=Norishige|last12=Suzuki|first12=Yoichi|last13=Yasukawa|first13=Kumi|last14=Ebata|first14=Ryota|last15=Higashi|first15=Kouji|last16=Saji|first16=Tsutomu|last17=Kemmotsu|first17=Yasushi|last18=Takatsuki|first18=Shinichi|last19=Ouchi|first19=Kazunobu|last20=Kishi|first20=Fumio|last21=Yoshikawa|first21=Tetsushi|last22=Nagai|first22=Toshiro|last23=Hamamoto|first23=Kunihiro|last24=Sato|first24=Yoshitake|last25=Honda|first25=Akihito|last26=Kobayashi|first26=Hironobu|last27=Sato|first27=Junichi|last28=Shibuta|first28=Shoichi|last29=Miyawaki|first29=Masakazu|last30=Oishi|first30=Ko|last31=Yamaga|first31=Hironobu|last32=Aoyagi|first32=Noriyuki|last33=Iwahashi|first33=Seiji|last34=Miyashita|first34=Ritsuko|last35=Murata|first35=Yuji|last36=Sasago|first36=Kumiko|last37=Takahashi|first37=Atsushi|last38=Kamatani|first38=Naoyuki|last39=Kubo|first39=Michiaki|last40=Tsunoda|first40=Tatsuhiko|last41=Hata|first41=Akira|last42=Nakamura|first42=Yusuke|last43=Tanaka|first43=Toshihiro|title=A genome-wide association study identifies three new risk loci for Kawasaki disease|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=44|issue=5|year=2012|pages=517–521|issn=1061-4036|doi=10.1038/ng.2220}}</ref> | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |6p21.3 | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" |6p21.3 | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Genome-wide association study|GWAS]] | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Genome-wide association study|GWAS]] | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Japanese, Taiwanese, Koreans | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Japanese, Taiwanese, Koreans | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Activation marker for [[immune cells]]; [[antigen presentation]] | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Activation marker for [[immune cells]]; [[antigen presentation]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[BLK (gene)|BLK]] | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[BLK (gene)|BLK]]<ref name="OnouchiOzaki20122">{{cite journal|last1=Onouchi|first1=Yoshihiro|last2=Ozaki|first2=Kouichi|last3=Burns|first3=Jane C|last4=Shimizu|first4=Chisato|last5=Terai|first5=Masaru|last6=Hamada|first6=Hiromichi|last7=Honda|first7=Takafumi|last8=Suzuki|first8=Hiroyuki|last9=Suenaga|first9=Tomohiro|last10=Takeuchi|first10=Takashi|last11=Yoshikawa|first11=Norishige|last12=Suzuki|first12=Yoichi|last13=Yasukawa|first13=Kumi|last14=Ebata|first14=Ryota|last15=Higashi|first15=Kouji|last16=Saji|first16=Tsutomu|last17=Kemmotsu|first17=Yasushi|last18=Takatsuki|first18=Shinichi|last19=Ouchi|first19=Kazunobu|last20=Kishi|first20=Fumio|last21=Yoshikawa|first21=Tetsushi|last22=Nagai|first22=Toshiro|last23=Hamamoto|first23=Kunihiro|last24=Sato|first24=Yoshitake|last25=Honda|first25=Akihito|last26=Kobayashi|first26=Hironobu|last27=Sato|first27=Junichi|last28=Shibuta|first28=Shoichi|last29=Miyawaki|first29=Masakazu|last30=Oishi|first30=Ko|last31=Yamaga|first31=Hironobu|last32=Aoyagi|first32=Noriyuki|last33=Iwahashi|first33=Seiji|last34=Miyashita|first34=Ritsuko|last35=Murata|first35=Yuji|last36=Sasago|first36=Kumiko|last37=Takahashi|first37=Atsushi|last38=Kamatani|first38=Naoyuki|last39=Kubo|first39=Michiaki|last40=Tsunoda|first40=Tatsuhiko|last41=Hata|first41=Akira|last42=Nakamura|first42=Yusuke|last43=Tanaka|first43=Toshihiro|title=A genome-wide association study identifies three new risk loci for Kawasaki disease|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=44|issue=5|year=2012|pages=517–521|issn=1061-4036|doi=10.1038/ng.2220}}</ref> | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |8p23-22 | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" |8p23-22 | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Genome-wide association study|GWAS]] | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Genome-wide association study|GWAS]] | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Japanese, Taiwanese, Koreans | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Japanese, Taiwanese, Koreans | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[B-cell]] receptor [[signal transduction]] | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[B-cell]] receptor [[signal transduction]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |IPTKC | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" |IPTKC<ref name="OnouchiGunji2007">{{cite journal|last1=Onouchi|first1=Yoshihiro|last2=Gunji|first2=Tomohiko|last3=Burns|first3=Jane C|last4=Shimizu|first4=Chisato|last5=Newburger|first5=Jane W|last6=Yashiro|first6=Mayumi|last7=Nakamura|first7=Yoshikazu|last8=Yanagawa|first8=Hiroshi|last9=Wakui|first9=Keiko|last10=Fukushima|first10=Yoshimitsu|last11=Kishi|first11=Fumio|last12=Hamamoto|first12=Kunihiro|last13=Terai|first13=Masaru|last14=Sato|first14=Yoshitake|last15=Ouchi|first15=Kazunobu|last16=Saji|first16=Tsutomu|last17=Nariai|first17=Akiyoshi|last18=Kaburagi|first18=Yoichi|last19=Yoshikawa|first19=Tetsushi|last20=Suzuki|first20=Kyoko|last21=Tanaka|first21=Takeo|last22=Nagai|first22=Toshiro|last23=Cho|first23=Hideo|last24=Fujino|first24=Akihiro|last25=Sekine|first25=Akihiro|last26=Nakamichi|first26=Reiichiro|last27=Tsunoda|first27=Tatsuhiko|last28=Kawasaki|first28=Tomisaku|last29=Nakamura|first29=Yusuke|last30=Hata|first30=Akira|title=ITPKC functional polymorphism associated with Kawasaki disease susceptibility and formation of coronary artery aneurysms|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=40|issue=1|year=2007|pages=35–42|issn=1061-4036|doi=10.1038/ng.2007.59}}</ref> | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |19q13.2 | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" |19q13.2 | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Linkage analysis | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Linkage analysis | ||
| Line 59: | Line 54: | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Japanese, Taiwanese, Koreans, Chinese, Euro- Americans | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Japanese, Taiwanese, Koreans, Chinese, Euro- Americans | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Negative regulator of [[calcineurin]]-[[NFAT]] signaling pathway; risk [[allele]] increases signaling | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Negative regulator of [[calcineurin]]-[[NFAT]] signaling pathway; risk [[allele]] increases signaling | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[CD40]] | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[CD40]]<ref name="OnouchiOzaki20123">{{cite journal|last1=Onouchi|first1=Yoshihiro|last2=Ozaki|first2=Kouichi|last3=Burns|first3=Jane C|last4=Shimizu|first4=Chisato|last5=Terai|first5=Masaru|last6=Hamada|first6=Hiromichi|last7=Honda|first7=Takafumi|last8=Suzuki|first8=Hiroyuki|last9=Suenaga|first9=Tomohiro|last10=Takeuchi|first10=Takashi|last11=Yoshikawa|first11=Norishige|last12=Suzuki|first12=Yoichi|last13=Yasukawa|first13=Kumi|last14=Ebata|first14=Ryota|last15=Higashi|first15=Kouji|last16=Saji|first16=Tsutomu|last17=Kemmotsu|first17=Yasushi|last18=Takatsuki|first18=Shinichi|last19=Ouchi|first19=Kazunobu|last20=Kishi|first20=Fumio|last21=Yoshikawa|first21=Tetsushi|last22=Nagai|first22=Toshiro|last23=Hamamoto|first23=Kunihiro|last24=Sato|first24=Yoshitake|last25=Honda|first25=Akihito|last26=Kobayashi|first26=Hironobu|last27=Sato|first27=Junichi|last28=Shibuta|first28=Shoichi|last29=Miyawaki|first29=Masakazu|last30=Oishi|first30=Ko|last31=Yamaga|first31=Hironobu|last32=Aoyagi|first32=Noriyuki|last33=Iwahashi|first33=Seiji|last34=Miyashita|first34=Ritsuko|last35=Murata|first35=Yuji|last36=Sasago|first36=Kumiko|last37=Takahashi|first37=Atsushi|last38=Kamatani|first38=Naoyuki|last39=Kubo|first39=Michiaki|last40=Tsunoda|first40=Tatsuhiko|last41=Hata|first41=Akira|last42=Nakamura|first42=Yusuke|last43=Tanaka|first43=Toshihiro|title=A genome-wide association study identifies three new risk loci for Kawasaki disease|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=44|issue=5|year=2012|pages=517–521|issn=1061-4036|doi=10.1038/ng.2220}}</ref> | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |20q12-13.2 | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" |20q12-13.2 | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Genome-wide association study|GWAS]] | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Genome-wide association study|GWAS]] | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Japanese, Taiwanese, Koreans | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Japanese, Taiwanese, Koreans | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Risk alleles associated with increased [[Translation (genetics)|translation]] | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Risk alleles associated with increased [[Translation (genetics)|translation]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="5" |'''Abbreviations''': [[BLK (gene)|BLK]]; [[B cell|B-cell]] lymphoid kinase, [[CASP3]];[[Caspase 3]], [[FCGR1A|FCGR]]; Fcγ receptor, [[Genome-wide association study|GWAS]]; [[Genome-wide association study]], [[Human leukocyte antigen|HLA]]; [[human leukocyte antigen]], [[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]]; [[immunoglobulin G]], [[ITPKC]]; [[Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate|inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate kinase-C]], [[Kawasaki disease|KD; Kawasaki disease]], [[NFAT|NFAT; nuclear factor of activated T cells]], and [[Transmission disequilibrium test|TDT; transmission disequilibrium test.]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 03:37, 28 April 2018
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Kawasaki disease Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Kawasaki disease pathophysiology |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Kawasaki disease pathophysiology |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dildar Hussain, MBBS [2]
Overview
The exact pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease is not fully understood. However, it is thought that Kawasaki disease is caused by either environmental, genetic or viral causes. Kawasaki disease is defined as the systemic inflammation of the medium sized arteries and in multiple organs and tissues, which can lead to associated conditions such as hepatitis, interstitial pneumonitis, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, gallbladder hydrops, aseptic meningitis, irritability, myocarditis, pericarditis, valvulitis, pyuria, pancreatitis, and lymphadenopathy. On gross pathology, large or giant coronary artery aneurysms, thrombi containing aneurysms, decreases in luminal diameter, stenosis of the lumen and chronic inflamation are noted. On microscopic histopathological analysis of autopsied cases of Kawasaki disease, intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies are frequently observed in ciliated bronchial epithelial cells.
Pathophysiology
Pathogenesis
The exact pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease is not fully understood.However, it is thought that Kawasaki disease is caused by either environmental, viral or genetic mutations such as, FCGR2A, CASP3, HLAclass II, BLK, IPTKC and CD40.
Genetics
In independent cohort studies, the genes which have been identified to lead to the development of Kawasaki disease include:[1]
| Adapted from the AHA Scientific Statement on the diagnosis, treatment, and long term management of Kawasaki disease[1] | ||||
| Gene | Chromosome Location | Genetic Methods | Validation Populations | Potential Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FCGR2A[2] | 1q23 | GWAS | European descent, Taiwanese, Koreans, Han Chinese | Low-affinity receptor for Fc fragment of IgG; risk allele has lower binding affinity |
| CASP3[3] | 4q34-35 | Linkage analysis
Candidate gene study |
Japanese, Taiwanese, Koreans, Chinese, Euro-Americans | Mediates apoptosis in immune cells and cardiomyocytes
Risk allele decreases gene transcription |
| HLAclass II[4] | 6p21.3 | GWAS | Japanese, Taiwanese, Koreans | Activation marker for immune cells; antigen presentation |
| BLK[5] | 8p23-22 | GWAS | Japanese, Taiwanese, Koreans | B-cell receptor signal transduction |
| IPTKC[6] | 19q13.2 | Linkage analysis | Japanese, Taiwanese, Koreans, Chinese, Euro- Americans | Negative regulator of calcineurin-NFAT signaling pathway; risk allele increases signaling |
| CD40[7] | 20q12-13.2 | GWAS | Japanese, Taiwanese, Koreans | Risk alleles associated with increased translation |
| Abbreviations: BLK; B-cell lymphoid kinase, CASP3;Caspase 3, FCGR; Fcγ receptor, GWAS; Genome-wide association study, HLA; human leukocyte antigen, IgG; immunoglobulin G, ITPKC; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate kinase-C, KD; Kawasaki disease, NFAT; nuclear factor of activated T cells, and TDT; transmission disequilibrium test. | ||||
Associated Conditions
- Inflammation of the coronary arteries leads to the most important clinical outcomes.
- Kawasaki disease is defined by the systemic inflammation of the medium-sized arteries, multiple organs and tissues.
- The systemic inflammation of the medium-sized arteries, organs and tissues can lead to the following associated conditions:[8][9]
| Organ and Tissue | Associated conditions |
|---|---|
| Liver | Hepatitis |
| Lung | Interstitial pneumonitis |
| Gastrointestinal tract | Abdominal pain
Gallbladder hydrops |
| Meninges | Aseptic meningitis |
| Heart | Myocarditis |
| Urinary tract | Pyuria |
| Pancreas | Pancreatitis |
| Lymph nodes | Lymphadenopathy |
Gross Pathology
- On gross pathology, large or giant coronary artery aneurysms, thrombi containing aneurysms, decreases luminal diameter, stenosis of the lumen and chronic inflammation are the usual findings of Kawasaki disease.[10]
- Kawasaki disease mainly involves the muscular arteries and is characterized by the following processes:
- Necrotizing arteritis
- Subacute vasculitis
- Chronic vasculitis
- Luminal myofibroblastic proliferation
Microscopic Pathology
- On microscopic histopathological analysis of autopsied cases of Kawasaki disease, intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies are frequently observed in ciliated bronchial epithelial cells.[11]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 McCrindle, Brian W.; Rowley, Anne H.; Newburger, Jane W.; Burns, Jane C.; Bolger, Anne F.; Gewitz, Michael; Baker, Annette L.; Jackson, Mary Anne; Takahashi, Masato; Shah, Pinak B.; Kobayashi, Tohru; Wu, Mei-Hwan; Saji, Tsutomu T.; Pahl, Elfriede (2017). "Diagnosis, Treatment, and Long-Term Management of Kawasaki Disease: A Scientific Statement for Health Professionals From the American Heart Association". Circulation. 135 (17): e927–e999. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000484. ISSN 0009-7322.
- ↑ Khor, C. C.; Davila, S.; Shimizu, C.; Sheng, S.; Matsubara, T.; Suzuki, Y.; Newburger, J. W.; Baker, A.; Burgner, D.; Breunis, W.; Kuijpers, T.; Wright, V. J.; Levin, M.; Hibberd, M. L.; Burns, J. C. (2011). "Genome-wide linkage and association mapping identify susceptibility alleles in ABCC4 for Kawasaki disease". Journal of Medical Genetics. 48 (7): 467–472. doi:10.1136/jmg.2010.086611. ISSN 0022-2593.
- ↑ Onouchi, Yoshihiro; Ozaki, Kouichi; Buns, Jane C.; Shimizu, Chisato; Hamada, Hiromichi; Honda, Takafumi; Terai, Masaru; Honda, Akihito; Takeuchi, Takashi; Shibuta, Shoichi; Suenaga, Tomohiro; Suzuki, Hiroyuki; Higashi, Kouji; Yasukawa, Kumi; Suzuki, Yoichi; Sasago, Kumiko; Kemmotsu, Yasushi; Takatsuki, Shinichi; Saji, Tsutomu; Yoshikawa, Tetsushi; Nagai, Toshiro; Hamamoto, Kunihiro; Kishi, Fumio; Ouchi, Kazunobu; Sato, Yoshitake; Newburger, Jane W.; Baker, Annette L.; Shulman, Stanford T.; Rowley, Anne H.; Yashiro, Mayumi; Nakamura, Yoshikazu; Wakui, Keiko; Fukushima, Yoshimitsu; Fujino, Akihiro; Tsunoda, Tatsuhiko; Kawasaki, Tomisaku; Hata, Akira; Nakamura, Yusuke; Tanaka, Toshihiro (2010). "Common variants in CASP3 confer susceptibility to Kawasaki disease". Human Molecular Genetics. 19 (14): 2898–2906. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddq176. ISSN 1460-2083.
- ↑ Onouchi, Yoshihiro; Ozaki, Kouichi; Burns, Jane C; Shimizu, Chisato; Terai, Masaru; Hamada, Hiromichi; Honda, Takafumi; Suzuki, Hiroyuki; Suenaga, Tomohiro; Takeuchi, Takashi; Yoshikawa, Norishige; Suzuki, Yoichi; Yasukawa, Kumi; Ebata, Ryota; Higashi, Kouji; Saji, Tsutomu; Kemmotsu, Yasushi; Takatsuki, Shinichi; Ouchi, Kazunobu; Kishi, Fumio; Yoshikawa, Tetsushi; Nagai, Toshiro; Hamamoto, Kunihiro; Sato, Yoshitake; Honda, Akihito; Kobayashi, Hironobu; Sato, Junichi; Shibuta, Shoichi; Miyawaki, Masakazu; Oishi, Ko; Yamaga, Hironobu; Aoyagi, Noriyuki; Iwahashi, Seiji; Miyashita, Ritsuko; Murata, Yuji; Sasago, Kumiko; Takahashi, Atsushi; Kamatani, Naoyuki; Kubo, Michiaki; Tsunoda, Tatsuhiko; Hata, Akira; Nakamura, Yusuke; Tanaka, Toshihiro (2012). "A genome-wide association study identifies three new risk loci for Kawasaki disease". Nature Genetics. 44 (5): 517–521. doi:10.1038/ng.2220. ISSN 1061-4036.
- ↑ Onouchi, Yoshihiro; Ozaki, Kouichi; Burns, Jane C; Shimizu, Chisato; Terai, Masaru; Hamada, Hiromichi; Honda, Takafumi; Suzuki, Hiroyuki; Suenaga, Tomohiro; Takeuchi, Takashi; Yoshikawa, Norishige; Suzuki, Yoichi; Yasukawa, Kumi; Ebata, Ryota; Higashi, Kouji; Saji, Tsutomu; Kemmotsu, Yasushi; Takatsuki, Shinichi; Ouchi, Kazunobu; Kishi, Fumio; Yoshikawa, Tetsushi; Nagai, Toshiro; Hamamoto, Kunihiro; Sato, Yoshitake; Honda, Akihito; Kobayashi, Hironobu; Sato, Junichi; Shibuta, Shoichi; Miyawaki, Masakazu; Oishi, Ko; Yamaga, Hironobu; Aoyagi, Noriyuki; Iwahashi, Seiji; Miyashita, Ritsuko; Murata, Yuji; Sasago, Kumiko; Takahashi, Atsushi; Kamatani, Naoyuki; Kubo, Michiaki; Tsunoda, Tatsuhiko; Hata, Akira; Nakamura, Yusuke; Tanaka, Toshihiro (2012). "A genome-wide association study identifies three new risk loci for Kawasaki disease". Nature Genetics. 44 (5): 517–521. doi:10.1038/ng.2220. ISSN 1061-4036.
- ↑ Onouchi, Yoshihiro; Gunji, Tomohiko; Burns, Jane C; Shimizu, Chisato; Newburger, Jane W; Yashiro, Mayumi; Nakamura, Yoshikazu; Yanagawa, Hiroshi; Wakui, Keiko; Fukushima, Yoshimitsu; Kishi, Fumio; Hamamoto, Kunihiro; Terai, Masaru; Sato, Yoshitake; Ouchi, Kazunobu; Saji, Tsutomu; Nariai, Akiyoshi; Kaburagi, Yoichi; Yoshikawa, Tetsushi; Suzuki, Kyoko; Tanaka, Takeo; Nagai, Toshiro; Cho, Hideo; Fujino, Akihiro; Sekine, Akihiro; Nakamichi, Reiichiro; Tsunoda, Tatsuhiko; Kawasaki, Tomisaku; Nakamura, Yusuke; Hata, Akira (2007). "ITPKC functional polymorphism associated with Kawasaki disease susceptibility and formation of coronary artery aneurysms". Nature Genetics. 40 (1): 35–42. doi:10.1038/ng.2007.59. ISSN 1061-4036.
- ↑ Onouchi, Yoshihiro; Ozaki, Kouichi; Burns, Jane C; Shimizu, Chisato; Terai, Masaru; Hamada, Hiromichi; Honda, Takafumi; Suzuki, Hiroyuki; Suenaga, Tomohiro; Takeuchi, Takashi; Yoshikawa, Norishige; Suzuki, Yoichi; Yasukawa, Kumi; Ebata, Ryota; Higashi, Kouji; Saji, Tsutomu; Kemmotsu, Yasushi; Takatsuki, Shinichi; Ouchi, Kazunobu; Kishi, Fumio; Yoshikawa, Tetsushi; Nagai, Toshiro; Hamamoto, Kunihiro; Sato, Yoshitake; Honda, Akihito; Kobayashi, Hironobu; Sato, Junichi; Shibuta, Shoichi; Miyawaki, Masakazu; Oishi, Ko; Yamaga, Hironobu; Aoyagi, Noriyuki; Iwahashi, Seiji; Miyashita, Ritsuko; Murata, Yuji; Sasago, Kumiko; Takahashi, Atsushi; Kamatani, Naoyuki; Kubo, Michiaki; Tsunoda, Tatsuhiko; Hata, Akira; Nakamura, Yusuke; Tanaka, Toshihiro (2012). "A genome-wide association study identifies three new risk loci for Kawasaki disease". Nature Genetics. 44 (5): 517–521. doi:10.1038/ng.2220. ISSN 1061-4036.
- ↑ McCrindle, Brian W.; Rowley, Anne H.; Newburger, Jane W.; Burns, Jane C.; Bolger, Anne F.; Gewitz, Michael; Baker, Annette L.; Jackson, Mary Anne; Takahashi, Masato; Shah, Pinak B.; Kobayashi, Tohru; Wu, Mei-Hwan; Saji, Tsutomu T.; Pahl, Elfriede (2017). "Diagnosis, Treatment, and Long-Term Management of Kawasaki Disease: A Scientific Statement for Health Professionals From the American Heart Association". Circulation. 135 (17): e927–e999. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000484. ISSN 0009-7322.
- ↑ Amano S, Hazama F, Hamashima Y (July 1979). "Pathology of Kawasaki disease: I. Pathology and morphogenesis of the vascular changes". Jpn. Circ. J. 43 (7): 633–43. PMID 41111.
- ↑ McCrindle, Brian W.; Rowley, Anne H.; Newburger, Jane W.; Burns, Jane C.; Bolger, Anne F.; Gewitz, Michael; Baker, Annette L.; Jackson, Mary Anne; Takahashi, Masato; Shah, Pinak B.; Kobayashi, Tohru; Wu, Mei-Hwan; Saji, Tsutomu T.; Pahl, Elfriede (2017). "Diagnosis, Treatment, and Long-Term Management of Kawasaki Disease: A Scientific Statement for Health Professionals From the American Heart Association". Circulation. 135 (17): e927–e999. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000484. ISSN 0009-7322.
- ↑ Rowley AH, Baker SC, Shulman ST, Garcia FL, Fox LM, Kos IM, Crawford SE, Russo PA, Hammadeh R, Takahashi K, Orenstein JM (February 2008). "RNA-containing cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in ciliated bronchial epithelium months to years after acute Kawasaki disease". PLoS ONE. 3 (2): e1582. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001582. PMC 2216059. PMID 18270572.