Loefflers syndrome pathophysiology: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 23:41, 14 May 2019

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

It is understood that Löffler syndrome is the result of transpulmonary passage of helminth larvae. Helminths, with a pulmonary life cycle are responsible for this syndrome, among them are Ascaris.lumbricoides, Ascaris. suum, Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus, and Strongyloides stercoralis.

Pathophysiology

Pathogenesis

It is understood that Löffler syndrome is the result of transpulmonary passage of helminth larvae. Helminths, with a pulmonary life cycle are responsible for this syndrome, among them are Ascaris lumbricoides, Ascaris suum, Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus, and Strongyloides stercoralis.
Pathogen is usually transmitted via the oral route (Ascaris) or penetrate skin (Necator) to the human host.
Following transmission/ingestion, infecting larvae reach the lungs via the bloodstream, penetrate into alveoli, mature, and ascend the airways before descending the alimentary tract into the small bowel
Ascaris is the most common cause of Löffler syndrome worldwide. On the other hand, migrating larvae of hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus) and Strongyloides are less likely to elicit symptoms or pulmonary eosinophilia.

(picture 1).

The chest radiograph may show round or oval opacities ranging in size from several millimeters to several centimeters in both lung fields; these lesions are more likely to be present when blood eosinophilia exceeds 10 percent. The opacities are migratory and may become confluent in perihilar areas but usually clear spontaneously and completely after several weeks.

Definitive diagnosis of ascariasis at the time of pulmonary symptoms requires detection of Ascaris, Strongyloides, or hookworm larvae in the respiratory secretions. Stool examinations are generally negative at the time of pulmonary symptoms and thus not useful in the diagnosis of Löffler syndrome.

Genetics

[Disease name] is transmitted in [mode of genetic transmission] pattern.

OR

Genes involved in the pathogenesis of [disease name] include:

[Gene1]
[Gene2]
[Gene3]

OR

The development of [disease name] is the result of multiple genetic mutations such as:

[Mutation 1]
[Mutation 2]
[Mutation 3]

Associated Conditions

Conditions associated with [disease name] include:

[Condition 1]
[Condition 2]
[Condition 3]

Gross Pathology

On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

Microscopic Pathology

On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

References

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@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 {{CMG}}
 ==Overview==
-The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.
+It is understood that '''Löffler syndrome''' is the result of '''transpulmonary passage of helminth larvae'''. Helminths, with a pulmonary life cycle are responsible for this syndrome, among them are ''Ascaris.lumbricoides'', ''Ascaris. suum'', ''Ancylostoma duodenale'', ''Necator americanus'', and ''Strongyloides stercoralis.''
-OR
+==Pathophysiology==
+===Pathogenesis===
-It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
+*It is understood that '''Löffler syndrome''' is the result of '''transpulmonary passage of helminth larvae'''. Helminths, with a pulmonary life cycle are responsible for this syndrome, among them are ''[[Ascaris lumbricoides]]'', ''[[Large roundworm of pigs|Ascaris suum]]'', ''[[Ancylostoma duodenale]]'', ''[[Necator americanus]]'', and ''[[Strongyloides stercoralis]].''
+*Pathogen is usually transmitted via the oral route (Ascaris) or penetrate skin (Necator) to the human host.
-OR
+*Following transmission/ingestion, infecting larvae reach the lungs via the bloodstream, penetrate into alveoli, mature, and ascend the airways before descending the alimentary tract into the small bowel
+*''Ascaris'' is the most common cause of Löffler syndrome worldwide. On the other hand, migrating larvae of hookworms (''Ancylostoma duodenale'', ''Necator americanus'') and ''Strongyloides'' are less likely to elicit symptoms or pulmonary eosinophilia.
-[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
+*
-OR
-Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
-OR
+(picture 1).
+The chest radiograph may show round or oval opacities ranging in size from several millimeters to several centimeters in both lung fields; these lesions are more likely to be present when blood eosinophilia exceeds 10 percent. The opacities are migratory and may become confluent in perihilar areas but usually clear spontaneously and completely after several weeks.
-[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
+Definitive diagnosis of ascariasis at the time of pulmonary symptoms requires detection of ''Ascaris'', ''Strongyloides'', or hookworm larvae in the respiratory secretions. Stool examinations are generally negative at the time of pulmonary symptoms and thus not useful in the diagnosis of Löffler syndrome.
-OR
-The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
-OR
-The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
-==Pathophysiology==
-===Physiology===
-The normal physiology of [name of process] can be understood as follows:
-===Pathogenesis===
-*The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not completely understood.
-OR
-*It is understood that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
-*[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
-*Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
-*[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
-*The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
-*The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
 ==Genetics==