Milk-alkali syndrome overview: Difference between revisions
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{{Milk-alkali syndrome}} | {{Milk-alkali syndrome}} | ||
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== | ==Overview== | ||
'''Milk-alkali syndrome''', also called Burnett's syndrome in honour of the American physician who first described it, is characterized by [[hypercalcemia]] caused by repeated ingestion of [[calcium]] and absorbable [[alkali]] (such as [[calcium carbonate]], or [[milk]] and [[sodium bicarbonate]]). If untreated, '''milk-alkali syndrome''' may lead to [[metastatic calcification]] and [[renal failure]]. | |||
It was most common in the early 20th century, but there has been a recent increase in the number of cases reported.<ref name="pmid17483976">{{cite journal |author=Caruso JB, Patel RM, Julka K, Parish DC |title=Health-behavior induced disease: return of the milk-alkali syndrome |journal=J Gen Intern Med |volume=22 |issue=7 |pages=1053–5 |year=2007 |month=July |pmid=17483976 |doi=10.1007/s11606-007-0226-0 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11606-007-0226-0}}</ref><ref name="pmid16702792">{{cite journal |author=Beall DP, Henslee HB, Webb HR, Scofield RH |title=Milk-alkali syndrome: a historical review and description of the modern version of the syndrome |journal=Am. J. Med. Sci. |volume=331 |issue=5 |pages=233–42 |year=2006 |month=May |pmid=16702792 |doi= |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?an=00000441-200605000-00001}}</ref> | |||
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=== History and Symptoms === | === History and Symptoms === | ||
Symptoms of milk-alkali syndrome may inculde: [[dizziness]], [[vertigo]], [[confusion]], [[apathy]], [[Nausea and vomiting|nausea, vomiting]], [[anorexia]], distaste for milk, [[headache]], [[anorexia]], [[Itch|pruritus]], [[polydipsia]], [[polyuria]], [[Myalgia|muscle aches]], [[tremor]], [[psychosis]], and abnormal [[Calcification|calcifications]] (keratopathy, [[Kidney|renal]] calcinosis). | Symptoms of milk-alkali syndrome may inculde: [[dizziness]], [[vertigo]], [[confusion]], [[apathy]], [[Nausea and vomiting|nausea, vomiting]], [[anorexia]], distaste for milk, [[headache]], [[anorexia]], [[Itch|pruritus]], [[polydipsia]], [[polyuria]], [[Myalgia|muscle aches]], [[tremor]], [[psychosis]], and abnormal [[Calcification|calcifications]] (keratopathy, [[Kidney|renal]] calcinosis). | ||
=== Physical Examination === | === Physical Examination === | ||
The following should be considered in the physical examination of milk-alkali syndrome: [[vertigo]], [[confusion]], [[apathy]], [[Nausea and vomiting|nausea, vomiting]], [[anorexia]], [[Itch|pruritus]], [[polydipsia]], [[polyuria]], [[Myalgia|muscle aches]], [[tremor]], [[psychosis]], and abnormal [[Calcification|calcifications]] (keratopathy, [[Kidney|renal]] calcinosis). | The following should be considered in the physical examination of milk-alkali syndrome: [[vertigo]], [[confusion]], [[apathy]], [[Nausea and vomiting|nausea, vomiting]], [[anorexia]], [[Itch|pruritus]], [[polydipsia]], [[polyuria]], [[Myalgia|muscle aches]], [[tremor]], [[psychosis]], and abnormal [[Calcification|calcifications]] (keratopathy, [[Kidney|renal]] calcinosis). | ||
=== Laboratory Findings === | === Laboratory Findings === | ||
Revision as of 08:50, 13 July 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Milk-alkali syndrome, also called Burnett's syndrome in honour of the American physician who first described it, is characterized by hypercalcemia caused by repeated ingestion of calcium and absorbable alkali (such as calcium carbonate, or milk and sodium bicarbonate). If untreated, milk-alkali syndrome may lead to metastatic calcification and renal failure.
It was most common in the early 20th century, but there has been a recent increase in the number of cases reported.[1][2]
Overview
Historical Perspective
Pathopysiology
Causes
Differentiating Analgesic nephropathy from other Diseases
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Epidemiology and Demographics
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Study of Choice
Diagnostic Study of Choice
History and Symptoms
Symptoms of milk-alkali syndrome may inculde: dizziness, vertigo, confusion, apathy, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, distaste for milk, headache, anorexia, pruritus, polydipsia, polyuria, muscle aches, tremor, psychosis, and abnormal calcifications (keratopathy, renal calcinosis).
Physical Examination
The following should be considered in the physical examination of milk-alkali syndrome: vertigo, confusion, apathy, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, pruritus, polydipsia, polyuria, muscle aches, tremor, psychosis, and abnormal calcifications (keratopathy, renal calcinosis).
Laboratory Findings
Electrocardiogram
X-ray
CT Scan
MRI
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic studies
Treatment
Medical therapy
Surgery
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy
Future or Investigational Therapies
References
- ↑ Caruso JB, Patel RM, Julka K, Parish DC (2007). "Health-behavior induced disease: return of the milk-alkali syndrome". J Gen Intern Med. 22 (7): 1053–5. doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0226-0. PMID 17483976. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Beall DP, Henslee HB, Webb HR, Scofield RH (2006). "Milk-alkali syndrome: a historical review and description of the modern version of the syndrome". Am. J. Med. Sci. 331 (5): 233–42. PMID 16702792. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)