Haff disease differential diagnosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: M. Hassan, M.B.B.S

Differential Diagnosis

Haff disease is known to cause rhabdomyolysis, and therefore, it should be differentiated from other causes of rhabdomyolysis. There are numerous etiologies of rhabdomyolysis and they may be categorized based on the physical, non-physical and genetic factors.

Physical factors

• Trauma
• Excessive muscular activity
• Status epilepticus
• High-grade fever
• Heat stroke
• Electric shock

Non-physical factors

• Medication (e.g., anti-retrovirals, anti-histamines, anti-psychotics, antidepressants, and statins)
• Infection (bacterial, and viral)
• Drugs (e.g., alcohol, heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, ecstasy, and LSD)
• Electrolyte abnormalities (e.g., hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, hyponatremia, and hypernatremia)

Genetic factors

• Autoimmune diseases (e.g., polymyositis and dermatomyositis)
• Metabolic diseases (e.g., diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, primary hyperaldosteronism, primary adrenal insufficiency, central diabetes insipidus, postpartum hypernatremia, and pituitary dysfunction).
• Inherited conditions (e.g., glycogen storage disorders, fatty acid oxidation disorders, mitochondrial myopathies, muscular dystrophies, and RYR1- related myopathies)