Avian influenza risk factors: Difference between revisions
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{{Avian influenza}} | {{Avian influenza}} | ||
{{CMG}} | {{CMG}} | ||
==Overview== | |||
The risk from [[avian influenza]] is generally low to most people, because the [[virus]]es do not usually infect humans. However, confirmed cases of human [[infection]] from several subtypes of avian [[influenza]] [[infection]] have been reported since 1997. Most cases of avian [[influenza]] [[infection]] in humans have resulted from contact with [[infection|infected]] poultry, or contaminated environments. Human to human transmission is still rare and inefficient. | |||
== Risk Factors == | |||
== | * The most important risk factor for human [[infection]] with [[avian influenza]] is '''exposure to infected live or dead [[poultry]]''' (whether direct or indirect) or to '''environments that may be contaminated''', such as live bird markets. <ref>Liu B, Havers F, Chen E, et al. Risk factors for influenza A(H7N9) disease--China, 2013. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(6):787-94. [http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/59/6/787.long PMID: 24928293]</ref><ref name=":0">Avian Influenza Factsheet. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian_influenza/en/ Accessed on April 22, 2015 | ||
The risk | </ref><ref name=":1">Avian Influenza A Virus Infections in Humans. Centers for Disease Control. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/avian-in-humans.htm Accessed on April 22, 2015. | ||
</ref><ref name=":2">Dinh PN, Long HT, Tien NT, et al. Risk factors for human infection with avian influenza A H5N1, Vietnam, 2004. Emerging Infect Dis. 2006;12(12):1841-7. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3291373/ PMC3291373]</ref> | |||
* Such exposure is highest among individuals that handle, slaughter, defeather infected poultry, or handle carcasses of infected poultry. <ref name=":1" /> | |||
* Preparing poultry for consumption, especially in household settings, is also an important risk factor.<ref name=":2" /> | |||
* ''Other less substantiated risk factors include: '' | |||
** Consumption of dishes made of raw contaminated poultry<ref name=":0" /> | |||
** Lack of an indoor water source<ref name=":2" /> | |||
** Exposure to infected individuals<ref name=":0" /> | |||
* The spread of avian influenza viruses from one ill person to another has been reported very rarely, and has been inefficient and not sustained.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | <references />{{WS}} | ||
Revision as of 20:37, 22 April 2015
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
The risk from avian influenza is generally low to most people, because the viruses do not usually infect humans. However, confirmed cases of human infection from several subtypes of avian influenza infection have been reported since 1997. Most cases of avian influenza infection in humans have resulted from contact with infected poultry, or contaminated environments. Human to human transmission is still rare and inefficient.
Risk Factors
- The most important risk factor for human infection with avian influenza is exposure to infected live or dead poultry (whether direct or indirect) or to environments that may be contaminated, such as live bird markets. [1][2][3][4]
- Such exposure is highest among individuals that handle, slaughter, defeather infected poultry, or handle carcasses of infected poultry. [3]
- Preparing poultry for consumption, especially in household settings, is also an important risk factor.[4]
- Other less substantiated risk factors include:
- The spread of avian influenza viruses from one ill person to another has been reported very rarely, and has been inefficient and not sustained.[2]
References
- ↑ Liu B, Havers F, Chen E, et al. Risk factors for influenza A(H7N9) disease--China, 2013. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(6):787-94. PMID: 24928293
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Avian Influenza Factsheet. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian_influenza/en/ Accessed on April 22, 2015
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Avian Influenza A Virus Infections in Humans. Centers for Disease Control. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/avian-in-humans.htm Accessed on April 22, 2015.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Dinh PN, Long HT, Tien NT, et al. Risk factors for human infection with avian influenza A H5N1, Vietnam, 2004. Emerging Infect Dis. 2006;12(12):1841-7. PMC3291373