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==Overview==
==Overview==
==Differential Diagnosis of Avian Influenza==
==Differential Diagnosis of Avian Influenza==
Influenza should be differentiated from the following diseases or pathogens that cause upper or lower respiratory disease or flu-like symptoms:<ref name="SzewczukThapa2010">{{cite journal|last1=Szewczuk|first1=Elektra|last2=Thapa|first2=Kiran|last3=Anninos|first3=Terry|last4=McPhie|first4=Kenneth|last5=Higgins|first5=Geoff|last6=Dwyer|first6=Dominic E|last7=Stanley|first7=Keith K|last8=Iredell|first8=Jonathan R|title=Rapid semi-automated quantitative multiplex tandem PCR (MT-PCR) assays for the differential diagnosis of influenza-like illness|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=10|issue=1|year=2010|pages=113|issn=1471-2334|doi=10.1186/1471-2334-10-113}}</ref><ref name="LiuSchulze2010">{{cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=Ding Xiang|last2=Schulze|first2=Martin|last3=Nitsche|first3=Andreas|last4=Schweiger|first4=Brunhilde|last5=Biere|first5=Barbara|title=Diagnostic Approach for the Differentiation of the Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1)v Virus from Recent Human Influenza Viruses by Real-Time PCR|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=5|issue=4|year=2010|pages=e9966|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0009966}}</ref>
===Infectious Diseases===
* Other influenza viruses, such as human influenza or swine influenza are in the differential diagnosis of avian influenza.
*Other infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, that are typically responsible for respiratory illness are also in the differential diagnosis of avian influenza:
** [[Adenoviruses]]
** [[Anthrax]] (caused by ''B. anthracis'')
** [[Arenaviruses]]
** [[Cytomegalovirus]] (CMV)
**[[Chlamydia pneumoniae]]
** [[Coronaviruses]] (responsible for [[SARS]] and [[MERS]])
** [[Dengue fever]]
** [[Echovirus]]es
** [[Ebola]] virus infection
** [[Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]]
** [[Herpes]] viruses
** [[HIV]] disease
** [[Histoplasmosis]] and other fungal causes of respiratory disease
** [[Human metapneumovirus]]
** [[Malaria]]
** [[Measles]]
** [[Parainfluenza virus]]
** [[Poliovirus]] infection
** [[Q fever]]
** [[Rhinovirus]]
** [[Respiratory syncytial virus]]
** Other bacterial causes of nasopharyngeal and respiratory infection, such as ''S. pneumoniae'', ''S. aureus'', ''H. influenzae'', ''M. pneumoniae'', ''M. tuberculosis'', ''L. pneumophila''.
===Non-infectious Diseases===
* Asthma
* Bronchiectasis
* Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and Emphysema
* Drugs, such as interferons, monoclonal antibodies, bisphosphonates, and chemotherapeutic agents
* Hematologic malignancies (leukemias and lymphomas)
* Myocarditis
* Metal fume fever
* Pericarditis
* Pulmonary embolism
* Vaccinations (typically transient and mild flu-like illness)
==Differentiating Flu and Common Cold==
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 85%; margin: 3px; width:500px;" align=center
|valign=top|
|+
! style="background: #4479BA; color:#FFF;  width: 150px;" | Symptoms
! style="background: #4479BA; color:#FFF;  width: 200px;" | Flu
! style="background: #4479BA; color:#FFF;  width: 200px;" | Common Cold
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;font-weight: bold" |  Fever
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | High fever (100-102° F)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Rare
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;font-weight: bold" |  Headache
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Common
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Rare
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;font-weight: bold" |  Cough
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Common, moderate to severe
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Mild to moderate
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;font-weight: bold" | Body aches
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Common, may be severe
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Slight
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;font-weight: bold" | Fatigue
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Usual, can last up to 2-3 weeks
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Sometimes
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;font-weight: bold" | Nasal congestion
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Sometimes
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Common
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;font-weight: bold" | Sneezing
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Sometimes
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Common
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;font-weight: bold" | Sore throat
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Sometimes
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Common
|-
| style="padding: 0px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" colspan=3| <small>Adapted from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/Flu/understandingFlu/Pages/overview.aspx |title=National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)- Flu (Influenza)}}</ref></small>
|}


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 17:25, 23 April 2015

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yazan Daaboul, M.D.

Overview

Differential Diagnosis of Avian Influenza

Influenza should be differentiated from the following diseases or pathogens that cause upper or lower respiratory disease or flu-like symptoms:[1][2]

Infectious Diseases

Non-infectious Diseases

  • Asthma
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and Emphysema
  • Drugs, such as interferons, monoclonal antibodies, bisphosphonates, and chemotherapeutic agents
  • Hematologic malignancies (leukemias and lymphomas)
  • Myocarditis
  • Metal fume fever
  • Pericarditis
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Vaccinations (typically transient and mild flu-like illness)

Differentiating Flu and Common Cold
Symptoms Flu Common Cold
Fever High fever (100-102° F) Rare
Headache Common Rare
Cough Common, moderate to severe Mild to moderate
Body aches Common, may be severe Slight
Fatigue Usual, can last up to 2-3 weeks Sometimes
Nasal congestion Sometimes Common
Sneezing Sometimes Common
Sore throat Sometimes Common
Adapted from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) [3]

References

  1. ↑ Szewczuk, Elektra; Thapa, Kiran; Anninos, Terry; McPhie, Kenneth; Higgins, Geoff; Dwyer, Dominic E; Stanley, Keith K; Iredell, Jonathan R (2010). "Rapid semi-automated quantitative multiplex tandem PCR (MT-PCR) assays for the differential diagnosis of influenza-like illness". BMC Infectious Diseases. 10 (1): 113. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-10-113. ISSN 1471-2334.
  2. ↑ Liu, Ding Xiang; Schulze, Martin; Nitsche, Andreas; Schweiger, Brunhilde; Biere, Barbara (2010). "Diagnostic Approach for the Differentiation of the Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1)v Virus from Recent Human Influenza Viruses by Real-Time PCR". PLoS ONE. 5 (4): e9966. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009966. ISSN 1932-6203.
  3. ↑ "National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)- Flu (Influenza)".

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