Avian influenza epidemiology and demographics

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For more information about seasonal human influenza virus that is not associated with animal exposure, see Influenza

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yazan Daaboul, M.D.

Overview

The World Health Organization (WHO) reports an incidence of 3 to 5 million cases of severe influenza disease annually, including 250,000 to 500,000 deaths every year. The case fatality rate per outbreak is highly variable and may range from less than 1 to more than 200 per 100,000 cases. Influenza may infect patients of all age groups, but elderly patients > 65 years, young children (especially patients < 2 years of age), and adolescents are at high risk of developing complications and death. There is no racial or gender predilection for avian influenza infection.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

• The incidence of avian influenza is difficult to extrapolate from the annual incidence of influenza in general.
• The World Health Organization (WHO) reports an incidence of 3 to 5 million cases of severe influenza disease annually, including 250,000 to 500,000 deaths every year.[1]

• The annual incidence may vary significantly depending on whether an influenza outbreak occurs or not.

• During outbreaks, the influenza may infect millions of individuals with an annual mortality rate that ranges between 15,000 (in 2009 influenza pandemic) and 100 million (in 1918 influenza pandemic).

• The case fatality rate per outbreak is also highly variable and may range from less than 1 to more than 200 per 100,000 cases.

Age

• Influenza, including avian influenza, may infect patients of all age groups.

• Determination of specific at-risk patient populations depends on the virus subtype.

• High risk populations are elderly > 65 years, young children (especially patients < 2 years of age), and adolescents.

Race

• There is no racial predilection for avian influenza infection.

Gender

• There is no gender predilection for avian influenza infection.